The Experts below are selected from a list of 1668 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David Hostler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of firefighter Protective garments, self-contained breathing apparatus and exertion in the heat on postural sway.
Ergonomics, 2016Co-Authors: Scott C. White, David HostlerAbstract:AbstractFire suppression wearing Thermal Protective Clothing (TPC) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) challenges a firefighter’s balance and may explain firefighter falls. Postural control based on force plate centre of pressure (COP) was compared for healthy subjects wearing TPC and SCBA before and after 20 min of heavy physical exertion in hot conditions. Baseline measures with and without TPC and SCBA (two different SCBA cylinder masses) were compared before and after exertion that included elements of fire suppression activities in an environmental chamber. COP excursion and variability increased with exertion for TPC and SCBA conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. The two different cylinder masses had no significant effect. Wearing TPC and SCBA when physically stressed in a hot environment increases postural sway and exacerbates postural control. Subjects compensated for the extra mass and adjusted to control postural sway with the addition of TPC and SCBA, but the stress protocol...
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A randomized controlled trial of aspirin and exertional heat stress activation of platelets in firefighters during exertion in Thermal Protective Clothing.
Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 2014Co-Authors: David Hostler, Joe Suyama, Francis X Guyette, Charity G. Moore, Riana R. Pryor, Priya Khorana, Serina J. Mcentire, Diane M. Comer, Steven E ReisAbstract:Purpose. Platelet aggregation is enhanced in firefighters following short bouts of work in Thermal Protective Clothing (TPC). We sought to determine if aspirin therapy before and/or following exert...
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Validation of the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations.
Perceptual and motor skills, 2013Co-Authors: Fredric L. Goss, Julia Morley, Joe Suyama, Michael Gallagher, Robert J. Robertson, Luke Haile, David HostlerAbstract:Summary.—Concurrent and construct validation of the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations was examined in a sample of 16 adult men and 5 adult women. Concurrent validity was established by regressing OMNI ratings of Thermal sensation against core and skin temperatures obtained during treadmill walking while wearing fire- fighter Thermal-Protective Clothing in temperatures between 33 and 35°C. Construct validity was established by regressing the OMNI scale against a construct-specific visual analogue scale. OMNI scale responses accounted for statistically significant variance in both skin temperature and core temperature (48% and 51%, respectively) and visual analogue scale responses (84%). Concurrent and construct validity were established for the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations in healthy adults performing treadmill walking while wearing fire fighter Thermal Protective Clothing.
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use of Thermal imagery for estimation of core body temperature during precooling exertion and recovery in wildland firefighter Protective Clothing
Prehospital Emergency Care, 2012Co-Authors: Thirimachos Bourlai, Joe Suyama, Steven E Reis, Riana R. Pryor, David HostlerAbstract:AbstractBackground. Monitoring core body temperature to identify heat stress in first responders and in individuals participating in mass gatherings (e.g., marathons) is difficult. Objective. This study utilized high-sensitivity Thermal imaging technology to predict the core temperature of human subjects at a distance while performing simulated field operations wearing Thermal Protective garments. Methods. Six male subjects participating in a study of precooling prior to exertion in wildland firefighter Thermal Protective Clothing had Thermal images of the face captured with a high-resolution Thermal imaging camera concomitant with measures of core and skin temperature before, during, and after treadmill exercise in a heated room. Correlations and measures of agreement between core temperature and Thermal imaging–based temperature were performed. Results. The subjects walked an average (± standard deviation) of 42.6 (±5.9) minutes and a distance of 4.2 (±0.6) km on the treadmill. Mean heart rate at the en...
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cognitive function following treadmill exercise in Thermal Protective Clothing
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2012Co-Authors: Julia Morley, Gillian Beauchamp, Joe Suyama, Francis X Guyette, Steven E Reis, Clifton W Callaway, David HostlerAbstract:Occupational injuries are common among firefighters who perform strenuous physical exertion in extreme heat. The Thermal Protective Clothing (TPC) worn by firefighters inhibits normal thermoregulation, placing the firefighter at risk of hypohydration and hyperthermia that may result in cognitive decline. We tested whether cognitive function changes after treadmill exercise in TPC. In an initial study (Cog 1), ten healthy volunteers performed up to 50 min of treadmill exercise while wearing TPC in a heated room. A battery of neurocognitive tests evaluating short-term memory, sustained and divided attention, and reaction time was administered immediately before and after exercise. In a follow-up study (Cog 2), 19 healthy volunteers performed a similar exercise protocol with the battery of cognitive tests administered pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and serially up to 120 min after exercise. Subjects performed 46.4 ± 4.6 and 48.1 ± 3.6 min of exercise in the Cog 1 and Cog 2, respectively. In both studies heart rate approached age predicted maximum, body mass was reduced 1.0–1.5 kg, and body core temperature increased to levels similar to what is seen after fire suppression. Neurocognitive test scores did not change immediately after exercise. Recall on a memory test was reduced 60 and 120 min after exercise. The mean of the 10 slowest reaction times increased in the 120 min after exercise. Fifty minutes of treadmill exercise in TPC resulted in near maximal physiologic strain but alterations in neurocognitive performance were not noted until an hour or more following exercise in TPC.
Guowen Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of microencapsulated phase change materials on the Thermal behavior of multilayer Thermal Protective Clothing
The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020Co-Authors: Hui Zhang, Guowen Song, Xianfei Liu, Hongyang YangAbstract:Microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) are increasingly seen as an adequate tool for heat management. The addition of a MPCM layer into a typical firefighters’ Protective Clothing can be ...
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Effect of Compression on Contact Heat Transfer in Thermal Protective Clothing Under Different Moisture Contents
Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 2019Co-Authors: Jie Yang, Guowen SongAbstract:Contact burns pose a serious threat on firefighters’ health, safety, and job performance. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of compression and moisture content on Thermal protec...
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Modeling steam heat transfer in Thermal Protective Clothing under hot steam exposure
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018Co-Authors: Guowen Song, Chunhui XiangAbstract:Abstract Understanding heat and moisture transport in Thermal Protective Clothing is essential to identifying how to protect the safety of workers subjected to steam leakage. This study develops a numerical model for simulating heat and moisture transfer in Thermal Protective fabric when exposed to hot steam. This model considers the impinging jet flow between steam nozzle and fabric, the non-transient equilibrium between three phases, the steam flow within the fabric induced by the pressure gradient, the dynamic moisture absorption, and possible phase changes during the process. Additionally, skin bio-heat transfer and Henriques burn integral models are incorporated into the steam heat transfer model to predict skin burn. Simulated fabric and skin temperatures from the model are validated with experimental results. The behavior of steam heat transfer and influencing factors on steam Protective performance of fabric are analyzed. The results reveal that the pressurized steam can penetrate rapidly through the Protective fabric and induce skin burn. The increase of fabric thickness insignificantly improves the steam Protective performance, while the initial moisture content and the porosity of fabric both play an important role in improving the steam Protective performance of Clothing.
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Application of waterproof breathable fabric in Thermal Protective Clothing exposed to hot water and steam
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Yun Su, Rui Li, Guowen SongAbstract:A hot water and steam tester was used to examine Thermal Protective performance of waterproof and breathable fabric against hot water and steam hazards. Time to cause skin burn and Thermal energy absorbed by skin during exposure and cooling phases was employed to characterize the effect of configuration, placing order and properties of waterproof and breathable fabric on the Thermal Protective performance. The difference of Thermal Protective performance due to hot water and steam hazards was discussed. The result showed that the configuration of waterproof and breathable fabric presented a significant effect on the Thermal Protective performance of single- and double-layer fabric system, while the difference between different configurations in steam hazard was greater than that in hot water hazard. The waterproof and breathable fabric as outer layer provided better protection than that as inner layer. Increasing thickness and moisture regain improved the Thermal Protective performance of fabric system. Additionally, the Thermal energy absorbed by skin during the cooling phase was affected by configuration, thickness and moisture regain of fabric. The findings will provide technical data to improve performance of Thermal Protective Clothing in hot water and steam hazards.
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An exploration of enhancing Thermal Protective Clothing performance by incorporating aerogel and phase change materials
Fire and Materials, 2017Co-Authors: Hui Zhang, Guowen Song, Haitao Ren, Juan CaoAbstract:Summary Thermal liners play a critical role in Thermal Protective performance for firefighter gear. Effective engineering of textile material is necessary to enhance this Protective performance. A modified Thermal Protective erformance (TPP) tester was used to study the influence of incorporating aerogel and microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) in Thermal liners (including a traditional Thermal liner, phase-change layer, and aerogel layer) and the relevant parameters associated with enhanced Thermal liner performance. Two different phase-transition temperature (45°C and 50°C) of MPCM were selected. The samples were exposed to a medium intensity radiation of 15 kW/m2 for 240 seconds, and a skin burn model was applied for second-degree burn prediction. Given the selected, results showed that the best TPP in this study was achieved when the phase-transition temperature of MPCM was 45°C and the layering order consisted of the traditional Thermal layer (closest to heat source), followed by an aerogel layer, and a final MPCM layer. The predicted second-degree burn time was 218.3 seconds and increased by 90% compared with only containing traditional Thermal liner with a thickness of 5 mm. For all 3 materials contained in the Thermal liner, the relationship between absorbed energy and predicted second-degree skin burn time indicated that they had a remarkable negative linear correlation (R2 was 0.9792). The experimental data and predicted results were in good agreement, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9911. The findings provide a scientific basis for future textile engineering and a novel approach to improve TPP.
Ramasamy Alagirusamy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Numerical investigation of the effect of air gap orientations and heterogeneous air gap in Thermal Protective Clothing on skin burn
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Udayraj, Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Numerical model for heat transfer through air gap in Thermal Protective Clothing was coupled with bio-heat transfer model for multi-layer human skin. Coupled CFD-radiation heat transfer model was used for heat transfer through air gap and Pennes' bio-heat transfer model was used for heat transfer through human skin. First and second degree skin burn times were calculated using Henriques' burn integral. Effect of air gap width and air gap orientations were analyzed on heat transfer through air gap and skin burn injuries. Significant impact of air gap width and air gap orientations were observed in first and second degree burn times. First and second degree burn times and hence the Thermal protection were found to be higher in case of vertical air gap orientations as compared to horizontal air gap orientations. Air gap orientation influences the Thermal protection more at higher air gap widths. Analysis were also performed for determining outcome of heterogeneous air gaps on heat transfer through air gap and Protective performance. Heterogeneous air gap cases results in more heat transfer and lower Thermal protection as compared to homogeneous air gap cases for both the air gap orientations. Further, effect of fold aspect ratio was also analyzed on first and second degree burn times in case of the heterogeneous air gap.
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heat and mass transfer through Thermal Protective Clothing a review
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Thermo-physiological comfort and safety of the people who are working as firefighter, industrial worker, military personnel and race car driver are major concerns. This led to the significant amount of research in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing over the past several years. In this manuscript, a brief review of the research and development in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing is presented and it primarily focusses the studies dealing with the heat and mass transfer aspects in Thermal Protective Clothing. Experimental methods and standards used to analyze the performance of Thermal Protective Clothing are discussed. Advancement in modeling of heat and mass transfer through porous fabrics are highlighted. Heat transfer modeling in air gaps between fabric and human skin as well as bio-heat transfer models used in the performance analysis of Thermal Protective Clothing are also explained. Effect of various parameters like physical and thermo-physical properties of fabrics, air gap, moisture, exposure conditions on Protective performance of fabrics are discussed. Recent trends in research in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing are summarized along with suggestions for future research.
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Estimation of radiative properties of Thermal Protective Clothing
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Udayraj, Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Thermal Protective Clothing provides more safety and time to allow wearer to complete task or escape from external high heat or fire exposures. Radiation heat transfer is significant in such high temperature conditions. In the present work, radiative properties of various fabrics used for Thermal Protective Clothing are estimated. Experimentally measured spectral directional–hemispherical reflectance and transmittance data available from literature are used to predict some of the radiative properties. A coupled finite volume radiative transfer equation solver along with genetic algorithm is used for this purpose. Radiative properties of some commonly used fabrics in Thermal Protective Clothing at various heat source temperatures are predicted. Effects of pyrolysis on these properties are also analyzed. It is found that the extinction coefficient of the outermost layer of Thermal Protective Clothing is very high as compared to the other inner layers, and it plays a significant role in blocking heat transfer to the skin. Scattering in fabrics used for Thermal Protective Clothing is also found significant.
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Heat and mass transfer through Thermal Protective Clothing – A review
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Udayraj, Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Thermo-physiological comfort and safety of the people who are working as firefighter, industrial worker, military personnel and race car driver are major concerns. This led to the significant amount of research in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing over the past several years. In this manuscript, a brief review of the research and development in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing is presented and it primarily focusses the studies dealing with the heat and mass transfer aspects in Thermal Protective Clothing. Experimental methods and standards used to analyze the performance of Thermal Protective Clothing are discussed. Advancement in modeling of heat and mass transfer through porous fabrics are highlighted. Heat transfer modeling in air gaps between fabric and human skin as well as bio-heat transfer models used in the performance analysis of Thermal Protective Clothing are also explained. Effect of various parameters like physical and thermo-physical properties of fabrics, air gap, moisture, exposure conditions on Protective performance of fabrics are discussed. Recent trends in research in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing are summarized along with suggestions for future research.
Joe Suyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A randomized controlled trial of aspirin and exertional heat stress activation of platelets in firefighters during exertion in Thermal Protective Clothing.
Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 2014Co-Authors: David Hostler, Joe Suyama, Francis X Guyette, Charity G. Moore, Riana R. Pryor, Priya Khorana, Serina J. Mcentire, Diane M. Comer, Steven E ReisAbstract:Purpose. Platelet aggregation is enhanced in firefighters following short bouts of work in Thermal Protective Clothing (TPC). We sought to determine if aspirin therapy before and/or following exert...
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Validation of the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations.
Perceptual and motor skills, 2013Co-Authors: Fredric L. Goss, Julia Morley, Joe Suyama, Michael Gallagher, Robert J. Robertson, Luke Haile, David HostlerAbstract:Summary.—Concurrent and construct validation of the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations was examined in a sample of 16 adult men and 5 adult women. Concurrent validity was established by regressing OMNI ratings of Thermal sensation against core and skin temperatures obtained during treadmill walking while wearing fire- fighter Thermal-Protective Clothing in temperatures between 33 and 35°C. Construct validity was established by regressing the OMNI scale against a construct-specific visual analogue scale. OMNI scale responses accounted for statistically significant variance in both skin temperature and core temperature (48% and 51%, respectively) and visual analogue scale responses (84%). Concurrent and construct validity were established for the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations in healthy adults performing treadmill walking while wearing fire fighter Thermal Protective Clothing.
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use of Thermal imagery for estimation of core body temperature during precooling exertion and recovery in wildland firefighter Protective Clothing
Prehospital Emergency Care, 2012Co-Authors: Thirimachos Bourlai, Joe Suyama, Steven E Reis, Riana R. Pryor, David HostlerAbstract:AbstractBackground. Monitoring core body temperature to identify heat stress in first responders and in individuals participating in mass gatherings (e.g., marathons) is difficult. Objective. This study utilized high-sensitivity Thermal imaging technology to predict the core temperature of human subjects at a distance while performing simulated field operations wearing Thermal Protective garments. Methods. Six male subjects participating in a study of precooling prior to exertion in wildland firefighter Thermal Protective Clothing had Thermal images of the face captured with a high-resolution Thermal imaging camera concomitant with measures of core and skin temperature before, during, and after treadmill exercise in a heated room. Correlations and measures of agreement between core temperature and Thermal imaging–based temperature were performed. Results. The subjects walked an average (± standard deviation) of 42.6 (±5.9) minutes and a distance of 4.2 (±0.6) km on the treadmill. Mean heart rate at the en...
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cognitive function following treadmill exercise in Thermal Protective Clothing
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2012Co-Authors: Julia Morley, Gillian Beauchamp, Joe Suyama, Francis X Guyette, Steven E Reis, Clifton W Callaway, David HostlerAbstract:Occupational injuries are common among firefighters who perform strenuous physical exertion in extreme heat. The Thermal Protective Clothing (TPC) worn by firefighters inhibits normal thermoregulation, placing the firefighter at risk of hypohydration and hyperthermia that may result in cognitive decline. We tested whether cognitive function changes after treadmill exercise in TPC. In an initial study (Cog 1), ten healthy volunteers performed up to 50 min of treadmill exercise while wearing TPC in a heated room. A battery of neurocognitive tests evaluating short-term memory, sustained and divided attention, and reaction time was administered immediately before and after exercise. In a follow-up study (Cog 2), 19 healthy volunteers performed a similar exercise protocol with the battery of cognitive tests administered pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and serially up to 120 min after exercise. Subjects performed 46.4 ± 4.6 and 48.1 ± 3.6 min of exercise in the Cog 1 and Cog 2, respectively. In both studies heart rate approached age predicted maximum, body mass was reduced 1.0–1.5 kg, and body core temperature increased to levels similar to what is seen after fire suppression. Neurocognitive test scores did not change immediately after exercise. Recall on a memory test was reduced 60 and 120 min after exercise. The mean of the 10 slowest reaction times increased in the 120 min after exercise. Fifty minutes of treadmill exercise in TPC resulted in near maximal physiologic strain but alterations in neurocognitive performance were not noted until an hour or more following exercise in TPC.
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estimating core temperature with external devices after exertional heat stress in Thermal Protective Clothing
Prehospital Emergency Care, 2012Co-Authors: Riana R. Pryor, Julia Morley, Joe Suyama, Francis X Guyette, Steven E Reis, Jennifer R Seitz, David HostlerAbstract:ABSTRACTBackground. Temperature measurement is important for emergency medical services (EMS) providers when identifying and treating heat illness or infection. Direct measures of body core temperature (Tc) are often expensive (ingestible capsules) or impractical (rectal probes) in the field. Multiple devices for estimating Tc have been adopted by EMS providers, with little understanding of the agreement between these devices and Tc. Objective. To examine the agreement between the results of five external thermometers and Tc after subjects experienced physical exertion while wearing Protective Clothing. Methods. Fifty firefighters completed treadmill walking in Thermal Protective Clothing in a hot environment. Measurements of core, temporal, tympanic, forehead, and skin temperatures were obtained during a 20-minute recovery period simulating emergency incident rehabilitation. Results. The mean bias of external thermometers ranged from −1.31°C to −3.28°C when compared with Tc and exceeded the predetermined...
Udayraj - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer model for Thermal Protective Clothing
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Udayraj, Faming WangAbstract:Abstract A three-dimensional heat transfer model for analyzing heat transfer through Thermal Protective Clothing subjected to flame and radiant heat exposures is developed in the present work. The developed model takes into consideration coupled conduction-radiation heat transfer in the fabric. Heat transfer through air gaps that exist between Clothing and human body is analyzed using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model which accounts for coupled conduction, natural convection and radiation heat transfer. Fabric and air properties are considered temperature dependent. The developed model is validated with experimental results for high intensity flame and radiant heat exposures. The developed model is also coupled with a bio-heat transfer model to predict second degree burn time. Analysis is carried out for horizontal and vertical orientations of two different air gap widths for both type of heat exposures. Detailed parametric study is conducted to analyze the effect of various fabric parameters such as fabric thickness, fabric extinction coefficient along with parameters related to heat exposure like flame heat transfer coefficient and types of heat exposure. Significant effect of these parameters are found on heat transfer results and second degree burn predictions. Effect of simplifying assumptions considered in previous heat transfer models for Thermal Protective Clothing like consideration of constant thermo-physical properties of fabric and neglecting convection is the air gap is also analyzed and discussed. Results of the study suggest that such simplifying assumptions can lead to considerable deviation in the heat transfer analysis as well as second degree burn prediction and thus depicts the importance of the model developed in the present work.
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Numerical investigation of the effect of air gap orientations and heterogeneous air gap in Thermal Protective Clothing on skin burn
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Udayraj, Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Numerical model for heat transfer through air gap in Thermal Protective Clothing was coupled with bio-heat transfer model for multi-layer human skin. Coupled CFD-radiation heat transfer model was used for heat transfer through air gap and Pennes' bio-heat transfer model was used for heat transfer through human skin. First and second degree skin burn times were calculated using Henriques' burn integral. Effect of air gap width and air gap orientations were analyzed on heat transfer through air gap and skin burn injuries. Significant impact of air gap width and air gap orientations were observed in first and second degree burn times. First and second degree burn times and hence the Thermal protection were found to be higher in case of vertical air gap orientations as compared to horizontal air gap orientations. Air gap orientation influences the Thermal protection more at higher air gap widths. Analysis were also performed for determining outcome of heterogeneous air gaps on heat transfer through air gap and Protective performance. Heterogeneous air gap cases results in more heat transfer and lower Thermal protection as compared to homogeneous air gap cases for both the air gap orientations. Further, effect of fold aspect ratio was also analyzed on first and second degree burn times in case of the heterogeneous air gap.
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Estimation of radiative properties of Thermal Protective Clothing
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Udayraj, Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Thermal Protective Clothing provides more safety and time to allow wearer to complete task or escape from external high heat or fire exposures. Radiation heat transfer is significant in such high temperature conditions. In the present work, radiative properties of various fabrics used for Thermal Protective Clothing are estimated. Experimentally measured spectral directional–hemispherical reflectance and transmittance data available from literature are used to predict some of the radiative properties. A coupled finite volume radiative transfer equation solver along with genetic algorithm is used for this purpose. Radiative properties of some commonly used fabrics in Thermal Protective Clothing at various heat source temperatures are predicted. Effects of pyrolysis on these properties are also analyzed. It is found that the extinction coefficient of the outermost layer of Thermal Protective Clothing is very high as compared to the other inner layers, and it plays a significant role in blocking heat transfer to the skin. Scattering in fabrics used for Thermal Protective Clothing is also found significant.
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Heat and mass transfer through Thermal Protective Clothing – A review
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Udayraj, Prabal Talukdar, Apurba Das, Ramasamy AlagirusamyAbstract:Abstract Thermo-physiological comfort and safety of the people who are working as firefighter, industrial worker, military personnel and race car driver are major concerns. This led to the significant amount of research in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing over the past several years. In this manuscript, a brief review of the research and development in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing is presented and it primarily focusses the studies dealing with the heat and mass transfer aspects in Thermal Protective Clothing. Experimental methods and standards used to analyze the performance of Thermal Protective Clothing are discussed. Advancement in modeling of heat and mass transfer through porous fabrics are highlighted. Heat transfer modeling in air gaps between fabric and human skin as well as bio-heat transfer models used in the performance analysis of Thermal Protective Clothing are also explained. Effect of various parameters like physical and thermo-physical properties of fabrics, air gap, moisture, exposure conditions on Protective performance of fabrics are discussed. Recent trends in research in the field of Thermal Protective Clothing are summarized along with suggestions for future research.