The Experts below are selected from a list of 654 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Geoffrey K Isbister - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Severe rhabdomyolysis from red-bellied black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenoming despite antivenom.
    Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Adeline Y.l. Lim, Puneet N. Singh, Geoffrey K Isbister
    Abstract:

    Envenoming by the Australian red-bellied black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) causes non-specific systemic symptoms, anticoagulant coagulopathy, myotoxicity and local effects. Current management for systemic envenoming includes administration of one vial of Tiger Snake antivenom within 6 h of the bite to prevent myotoxicity. We present a case of severe rhabdomyolysis in a 16 year old male which developed despite early administration of one vial of Tiger Snake antivenom. Free venom was detected after the administration of antivenom concurrent with rapidly decreasing antivenom concentrations. The case suggests that insufficient antivenom was administered and the use of larger doses of antivenom need to be explored for red-bellied black Snake envenoming.

  • Clinical features of serum sickness after Australian Snake antivenom.
    Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Nicole M. Ryan, Michael A. Downes, Geoffrey K Isbister
    Abstract:

    Serum sickness is a delayed immune reaction in which the immune system responds to a protein in antiserum as a potentially harmful substance and mounts an IgG-mediated antibody response. A 32 year-old female patient had systemic envenoming following a bite by a red-bellied black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus). She was treated with Tiger Snake antivenom and recovered over 24 h and did not develop myotoxicity. She then presented with local pain, itching and swelling, which was partially treated with antihistamines. Eleven days after the bite she presented again with symptoms of worsening serum sickness including rash on the upper legs, joint and muscle pain in arms, ankles and knees, and nausea. The patient was prescribed five days of prednisone 50 mg/day, antihistamine 10 mg/day and analgesia 1000 mg/day and improved over 2 days. She had no further problems on follow up at 4 months. This case highlights that serum sickness can cause significant effects after the treatment of Snake envenoming. It develops 5-14 days after antivenom administration and has characteristic clinical and laboratory features. Severe cases of serum sickness can result in morbidity but it appears to respond well to corticosteroid treatment.

  • Cross-neutralisation of the neurotoxic effects of Egyptian cobra venom with commercial Tiger Snake antivenom
    Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Rachelle Kornhauser, Margaret A. O'leary, Geoffrey K Isbister, Nathan Dunstan, Wayne C. Hodgson
    Abstract:

    Cross-neutralisation has been demonstrated for haemorrhagic venoms including Echis spp. and Cerastes spp. and for Australia elapid procoagulant toxins. A previous study showed that commercial Tiger Snake antivenom (TSAV) was able to neutralise the systemic effects of the Egyptian cobra, Naja haje, in vivo but it is unclear if this was true cross-neutralisation. The aim of the current study was to determine whether TSAV can neutralise the in vitro neurotoxic effects of N. haje venom. Both Notechis scutatus (10 μg/ml) and N. haje (10 μg/ml) venoms caused inhibition of indirect (supramaximal V, 0.1 Hz, 0.2 msec.) twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve–muscle preparation with t90 values (i.e. the time to produce 90% inhibition of the original twitch height) of 26 ± 1 min. (n = 4) and 36 ± 4 min.; (n = 4). This effect at 10 μg/ml was significantly attenuated by the prior addition of TSAV (5 U/ml). A comparison of the reverse-phase HPLC profiles of both venoms showed some similarities with peak elution times, and SDS-PAGE analysis elucidated comparable bands across both venoms. Further analysis using Western immunoblotting indicated TSAV was able to detect N. haje venom, and enzyme immunoassay showed that in-house biotinylated polyclonal monovalent N. scutatus antibodies were able to detect N. haje venom. These findings demonstrate cross-neutralisation between different and geographically separated Snakes supporting potential immunological similarities in Snake toxin groups for a large range of Snakes. This provides more evidence that antivenoms could be developed against specific toxin groups to cover a large range of Snakes.

  • Thrombotic microangiopathy in two Tiger Snake envenomations.
    Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2011
    Co-Authors: Andrew Casamento, Geoffrey K Isbister
    Abstract:

    Thrombotic microangiopathies are a rare group of disorders with features such as microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. Thrombotic microangiopathy has been previously reported in association with envenomation from a number of Snake species. We present the first two reported cases of thrombotic microangiopathy caused by envenomation from the common Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus). Both patients had classical features of thrombotic microangiopathy with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure commencing in the first 48 hours after envenomation. The presentations and recovery were similar to case presentations of other Snakebite envenomation associated thrombotic microangiopathies. Normal ADAMTS13 activity suggests that plasmapharesis may not be beneficial, although this needs further investigation.

  • Clinical effects of red-bellied black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP-11)
    The Medical Journal of Australia, 2010
    Co-Authors: Andrew Churchman, Simon G A Brown, Nicholas A Buckley, Alan S Tankel, Chris Gavaghan, Colin B. Page, Anna Holdgate, Geoffrey K Isbister
    Abstract:

    Objective: To describe the clinical features and laboratory findings in patients with definite red-bellied black Snake (RBBS; Pseudechis porphyriacus) bites, including correlation with results of venom assays. Design, patients and setting: Prospective cohort study of patients with definite RBBS bites, recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project from January 2002 to June 2010. Main outcome measures: Clinical and laboratory features of envenoming; peak venom concentrations and antivenom treatment. Results: There were 81 definite RBBS bites; systemic envenoming occurred in 57 patients (70%) and local envenoming alone occurred in one patient. Systemic envenoming was characterised by local envenoming in 55 patients (96%), systemic symptoms in 54 patients (95%), anticoagulant coagulopathy with a raised activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in 35 patients (61%) and myotoxicity in seven patients (12%). One patient required non-invasive ventilation for severe myotoxicity that resulted in muscle weakness. Three patients developed local ulceration. There were no deaths. Twenty-two envenomed patients (39%) received Tiger Snake or black Snake antivenom, and administration within 6 hours of the bite was associated with normalisation of the aPTT. Eight patients (36%) had immediate hypersensitivity reactions to antivenom, including one case of anaphylaxis. The median peak venom concentration in 37 systemically envenomed patients with serum available was 19 ng/mL (interquartile range, 12–50 ng/mL; range, 3–360 ng/mL), which did not correlate with clinical severity. In 17 patients who received antivenom and had venom concentration measured, no venom was detected in serum after the first antivenom dose, including nine who were given one vial of Tiger Snake antivenom. Conclusion: RBBS envenoming caused local effects, systemic symptoms, anticoagulant coagulopathy and, uncommonly, myotoxicity. One vial of Tiger Snake or black Snake antivenom appears to be sufficient to remove venom and neutralise reversible effects, but

Simon G A Brown - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tiger Snake notechis spp envenoming australian Snakebite project asp 13
    The Medical Journal of Australia, 2012
    Co-Authors: Nicholas A Buckley, Simon G A Brown
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical syndrome associated with definite Tiger Snake (Notechis spp) envenoming and to examine the ability of Tiger Snake antivenom (TSAV) to bind free venom in vivo. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a prospective cohort study within the Australian Snakebite Project, reviewing all definite Tiger Snake envenoming cases between October 2004 and June 2011. Definite cases were identified by venom-specific enzyme immunoassay or expert Snake identification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical effects of Tiger Snake envenoming; peak venom concentrations; number of vials of antivenom administered. RESULTS: Fifty-six definite Tiger Snake envenomings were identified. Clinical effects included venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) (n = 53), systemic symptoms (n = 45), myotoxicity (n = 11) and neurotoxicity (n = 17). Thrombotic microangiopathy occurred in three patients, all of whom developed acute renal failure. There were no deaths. A bite-site Snake venom detection kit test was done in 44 patients, but was positive for Tiger Snake in only 33 cases. Fifty-three patients received TSAV and eight of these patients had immediate hypersensitivity reactions, severe enough in one case to satisfy diagnostic criteria for severe anaphylaxis. The median peak venom concentration in 50 patients with pretreatment blood samples available was 3.2 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 1-12 ng/mL; range 0.17-152 ng/mL). In 49 patients with post-treatment blood samples available, no venom was detected in serum after the first antivenom dose. Ten patients were given 1 vial of TSAV; the median dose was 2 vials (range, 1-4 vials). Pretreatment serum venom concentrations did not vary significantly between patients given 1 vial of TSAV and those given 2 or more vials. CONCLUSION: Tiger Snake envenoming causes VICC, systemic symptoms, neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. One vial of TSAV, the dose originally recommended when the antivenom was first made available, appears to be sufficient to bind all circulating venom. Language: en

  • Clinical effects of red-bellied black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP-11)
    The Medical Journal of Australia, 2010
    Co-Authors: Andrew Churchman, Simon G A Brown, Nicholas A Buckley, Alan S Tankel, Chris Gavaghan, Colin B. Page, Anna Holdgate, Geoffrey K Isbister
    Abstract:

    Objective: To describe the clinical features and laboratory findings in patients with definite red-bellied black Snake (RBBS; Pseudechis porphyriacus) bites, including correlation with results of venom assays. Design, patients and setting: Prospective cohort study of patients with definite RBBS bites, recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project from January 2002 to June 2010. Main outcome measures: Clinical and laboratory features of envenoming; peak venom concentrations and antivenom treatment. Results: There were 81 definite RBBS bites; systemic envenoming occurred in 57 patients (70%) and local envenoming alone occurred in one patient. Systemic envenoming was characterised by local envenoming in 55 patients (96%), systemic symptoms in 54 patients (95%), anticoagulant coagulopathy with a raised activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in 35 patients (61%) and myotoxicity in seven patients (12%). One patient required non-invasive ventilation for severe myotoxicity that resulted in muscle weakness. Three patients developed local ulceration. There were no deaths. Twenty-two envenomed patients (39%) received Tiger Snake or black Snake antivenom, and administration within 6 hours of the bite was associated with normalisation of the aPTT. Eight patients (36%) had immediate hypersensitivity reactions to antivenom, including one case of anaphylaxis. The median peak venom concentration in 37 systemically envenomed patients with serum available was 19 ng/mL (interquartile range, 12–50 ng/mL; range, 3–360 ng/mL), which did not correlate with clinical severity. In 17 patients who received antivenom and had venom concentration measured, no venom was detected in serum after the first antivenom dose, including nine who were given one vial of Tiger Snake antivenom. Conclusion: RBBS envenoming caused local effects, systemic symptoms, anticoagulant coagulopathy and, uncommonly, myotoxicity. One vial of Tiger Snake or black Snake antivenom appears to be sufficient to remove venom and neutralise reversible effects, but

  • High rate of immediate systemic hypersensitivity reactions to Tiger Snake antivenom.
    The Medical journal of Australia, 2006
    Co-Authors: Geoffrey K Isbister, Simon G A Brown, Julian White, Alan S Tankel, Mark Little, David Spain, Chris Gavaghan, Bart J. Currie
    Abstract:

    [Extract] To The Editor: During a national multicentre study of Snake bites — the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP), involving over 40 hospitals — we have recently noted a high rate of early allergic reactions following the administration of Tiger Snake antivenom in Australia. People with suspected or definite Snake envenoming are recruited to ASP, and laboratory and clinical data and serial blood samples are collected to measure venom and antivenom concentrations.

Nicholas A Buckley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tiger Snake notechis spp envenoming australian Snakebite project asp 13
    The Medical Journal of Australia, 2012
    Co-Authors: Nicholas A Buckley, Simon G A Brown
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical syndrome associated with definite Tiger Snake (Notechis spp) envenoming and to examine the ability of Tiger Snake antivenom (TSAV) to bind free venom in vivo. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a prospective cohort study within the Australian Snakebite Project, reviewing all definite Tiger Snake envenoming cases between October 2004 and June 2011. Definite cases were identified by venom-specific enzyme immunoassay or expert Snake identification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical effects of Tiger Snake envenoming; peak venom concentrations; number of vials of antivenom administered. RESULTS: Fifty-six definite Tiger Snake envenomings were identified. Clinical effects included venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) (n = 53), systemic symptoms (n = 45), myotoxicity (n = 11) and neurotoxicity (n = 17). Thrombotic microangiopathy occurred in three patients, all of whom developed acute renal failure. There were no deaths. A bite-site Snake venom detection kit test was done in 44 patients, but was positive for Tiger Snake in only 33 cases. Fifty-three patients received TSAV and eight of these patients had immediate hypersensitivity reactions, severe enough in one case to satisfy diagnostic criteria for severe anaphylaxis. The median peak venom concentration in 50 patients with pretreatment blood samples available was 3.2 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 1-12 ng/mL; range 0.17-152 ng/mL). In 49 patients with post-treatment blood samples available, no venom was detected in serum after the first antivenom dose. Ten patients were given 1 vial of TSAV; the median dose was 2 vials (range, 1-4 vials). Pretreatment serum venom concentrations did not vary significantly between patients given 1 vial of TSAV and those given 2 or more vials. CONCLUSION: Tiger Snake envenoming causes VICC, systemic symptoms, neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. One vial of TSAV, the dose originally recommended when the antivenom was first made available, appears to be sufficient to bind all circulating venom. Language: en

  • Clinical effects of red-bellied black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP-11)
    The Medical Journal of Australia, 2010
    Co-Authors: Andrew Churchman, Simon G A Brown, Nicholas A Buckley, Alan S Tankel, Chris Gavaghan, Colin B. Page, Anna Holdgate, Geoffrey K Isbister
    Abstract:

    Objective: To describe the clinical features and laboratory findings in patients with definite red-bellied black Snake (RBBS; Pseudechis porphyriacus) bites, including correlation with results of venom assays. Design, patients and setting: Prospective cohort study of patients with definite RBBS bites, recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project from January 2002 to June 2010. Main outcome measures: Clinical and laboratory features of envenoming; peak venom concentrations and antivenom treatment. Results: There were 81 definite RBBS bites; systemic envenoming occurred in 57 patients (70%) and local envenoming alone occurred in one patient. Systemic envenoming was characterised by local envenoming in 55 patients (96%), systemic symptoms in 54 patients (95%), anticoagulant coagulopathy with a raised activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in 35 patients (61%) and myotoxicity in seven patients (12%). One patient required non-invasive ventilation for severe myotoxicity that resulted in muscle weakness. Three patients developed local ulceration. There were no deaths. Twenty-two envenomed patients (39%) received Tiger Snake or black Snake antivenom, and administration within 6 hours of the bite was associated with normalisation of the aPTT. Eight patients (36%) had immediate hypersensitivity reactions to antivenom, including one case of anaphylaxis. The median peak venom concentration in 37 systemically envenomed patients with serum available was 19 ng/mL (interquartile range, 12–50 ng/mL; range, 3–360 ng/mL), which did not correlate with clinical severity. In 17 patients who received antivenom and had venom concentration measured, no venom was detected in serum after the first antivenom dose, including nine who were given one vial of Tiger Snake antivenom. Conclusion: RBBS envenoming caused local effects, systemic symptoms, anticoagulant coagulopathy and, uncommonly, myotoxicity. One vial of Tiger Snake or black Snake antivenom appears to be sufficient to remove venom and neutralise reversible effects, but

Kenneth D. Winkel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Delayed antivenom for life-threatening Tiger Snake bite: Lessons learnt.
    Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2020
    Co-Authors: Am Padula, Kenneth D. Winkel, Hamish D Jackson
    Abstract:

    An adolescent victim of an urban Snakebite developed respiratory failure, rhabdomyolysis and consumption procoagulopathy but recovered with two vials of Tiger Snake antivenom administered after a delay of 48 hours. The clinical significance of a post-bite collapse was not initially appreciated. Tiger Snake (Notechis spp.) venom antigen was measurable in blood before antivenom but not after whereas antivenom was measurable in blood for nine ensuing days. This case adds to growing evidence that further pharmacokinetic research of venom-antivenom interaction is required to establish the correct dose and timing of Tiger Snake antivenom. Antivenom therapy, even when delayed, facilitates recovery from Snake envenomation.

  • coagulation factor activity patterns of venom induced consumption coagulopathy in naturally occurring Tiger Snake notechis scutatus envenomed dogs treated with antivenom
    Toxicon, 2020
    Co-Authors: Louis Mark Eramanis, Am Padula, Kenneth D. Winkel, Andrew P Woodward, Natalie Courtman, Dez Hughes, Manuel Boller
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) from Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation results in a dose-dependent coagulopathy that is detectable on coagulometry. However, individual coagulation factor activities in dogs with Tiger Snake envenomation have not been determined. This study aimed to characterise VICC and the time course of recovery in Tiger Snake envenomed dogs and to investigate an association between Tiger Snake venom (TSV) concentrations and factor activity. Methods This was a prospective, observational, cohort study. The study cohort was 11 dogs of any age, breed, sex, body weight >10 kg, confirmed serum TSV on ELISA and treated with antivenom. Blood was collected at enrolment before antivenom administration, then at 3, 12 and 24 h after antivenom administration. Tiger Snake venom concentrations were detected with a sandwich ELISA. Fibrinogen was measured using a modified Clauss method, and coagulation factors (F) II, V, VII, VIII and X were measured with factor-deficient human plasma using a modified prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) method. Linear mixed models, with multiple imputations of censored observations, were used to determine the effect of time and TSV concentration on the coagulation times and factor activity. This cohort was compared to 20 healthy controls. Results At enrolment, there were severe deficiencies in fibrinogen, FV and FVIII, with predicted recovery by 10.86, 11.75 and 13.14 h after antivenom, respectively. There were modest deficiencies in FX and FII, with predicted recovery by 20.57 and 32.49 h after antivenom, respectively. No changes were detected in FVII. Prothrombin time and aPTT were markedly prolonged with predicted recovery of aPTT by 12.58 h. Higher serum TSV concentrations were associated with greater deficiencies in FII, FV and FVIII, and greater prolongations in coagulation times. The median (range) serum TSV concentration was 57 (6–2295) ng/mL. Conclusions In Tiger Snake envenomed dogs, we detected a profound, TSV-concentration-related consumption of select coagulation factors, that rapidly recovered toward normal. These findings allowed further insight into Tiger Snake VICC in dogs.

  • successful use of camelid alpaca antivenom to treat a potentially lethal Tiger Snake notechis scutatus envenomation in a dog
    Toxicon, 2016
    Co-Authors: Am Padula, Kenneth D. Winkel
    Abstract:

    This report describes a confirmed clinical case of Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation in a domestic dog that was successfully treated with a novel polyvalent camelid (alpaca; Llama pacos) antivenom. Samples collected from the dog were assayed for Tiger Snake venom (TSV) using a highly sensitive and specific ELISA. The TSV concentration in serum and urine at initial presentation was 365 ng/mL and 11,640 ng/mL respectively. At the time of initial presentation whole blood collected from the dog did not clot and the Prothrombin Time was abnormally increased (>300 s). Serum was also visibly hemolysed. The dog was administered antihistamine, dexamethasone and 4000 Units (sufficient to neutralise 40 mg of TSV) of a novel polyvalent alpaca antivenom diluted in 0.9% NaCl. At 4 h post-antivenom treatment the dog's clinical condition had improved markedly with serum TSV concentrations below the limit of detection (<0.015 ng/mL), consistent with complete binding of venom antigens by the alpaca antivenom. Coagulation parameters had begun to improve by 4 h and had fully normalised by 16 h post-antivenom. Venom concentrations in both serum and urine remained undetectable at 16 h post-antivenom. The dog made a complete recovery, without complications, suggesting that the alpaca-based antivenom is both clinically safe and effective.

  • fatal presumed Tiger Snake notechis scutatus envenomation in a cat with measurement of venom and antivenom concentration
    Toxicon, 2016
    Co-Authors: Am Padula, Kenneth D. Winkel
    Abstract:

    A fatal outcome of a presumed Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation in a cat is described. Detectable venom components and antivenom concentrations in serum from clotted and centrifuged whole blood and urine were measured using a sensitive and specific ELISA. The cat presented in a paralysed state with a markedly elevated serum CK but with normal clotting times. The cat was treated with intravenous fluids and received two vials of equine whole IgG bivalent (Tiger and brown Snake) antivenom. Despite treatment the cat's condition did not improve and it died 36 h post-presentation. Serum concentration of detectable Tiger Snake venom components at initial presentation was 311 ng/mL and urine 832 ng/mL, this declined to non-detectable levels in serum 15-min after intravenous antivenom. Urine concentration of detectable Tiger Snake venom components declined to 22 ng/mL at post-mortem. Measurement of equine anti-Tiger Snake venom specific antibody demonstrated a concentration of 7.2 Units/mL in serum at post-mortem which had declined from an initial high of 13 Units/mL at 15-min post-antivenom. The ELISA data demonstrated the complete clearance of detectable venom components from serum with no recurrence in the post-mortem samples. Antivenom concentrations in serum at initial presentation were at least 100-fold higher than theoretically required to neutralise the circulating concentrations of venom. Despite the fatal outcome in this case it was concluded that this was unlikely that is was due to insufficient antivenom.

  • The in vitro neuromuscular activity of Indo-Pacific sea-Snake venoms: efficacy of two commercially available antivenoms.
    Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Navinisha Chetty, Wayne C. Hodgson, Kenneth D. Winkel, Brian G Fry
    Abstract:

    Abstract We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea Snake venoms: Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia), Lapemis curtus (Weipa and Malaysia), Laticauda colubrina , Aipysurus laevis , Aipysurus fuscus and Aipysurus foliosquamatus . Venom from a terrestrial Snake, Notechis scutatus (Tiger Snake), was used as a reference. All venoms (1 and 3 μg/ml) abolished indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle and significantly inhibited responses to ACh (1 mM) and CCh (20 μM), but not KCl (40 mM), indicating the presence of post-synaptic toxins. Prior administration (10 min) of CSL sea Snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade produced by N. scutatus venom and all sea Snake venoms (1 μg/ml). Prior administration (10 min) of CSL Tiger Snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade of all venoms except those produced by E. schistosa (Malaysia and Weipa) and A. foliosquamatus . Administration of CSL sea Snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) at t 90 (i.e. time at which 90% inhibition of initial twitch height occurred) reversed the inhibition of twitches (20–50%) produced by the sea Snake venoms (1 μg/ml) but not by N. scutatus venom (1 μg/ml). CSL Tiger Snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) administered at t 90 produced only minor reversal (i.e. 15–25%) of the twitch blockade caused by L. curtus (Weipa), A. foliosquamatus , L. colubrina and A. laevis venoms (1 μg/ml). Differences in the rate of reversal of the neurotoxicity produced by the two geographical variants of E. schistosa venom, after addition of CSL sea Snake antivenom, indicate possible differences in venom components. This study shows that sea Snake venoms contain potent post-synaptic activity that, despite the significant genetic distances between the lineages, can be neutralised with CSL sea Snake antivenom. However, the effects of CSL Tiger Snake antivenom are more variable.

Ross I Baker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • investigation of coagulopathy in three cases of Tiger Snake notechis ater occidentalis envenomation
    Pathology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Lucy A Ferguson, Alan Morling, Caroline Moraes, Ross I Baker
    Abstract:

    Summary Aims To investigate the severe coagulopathy (fibrinogen Methods Clotting factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, XI were assayed on all coagulation samples received from three successive cases of severe Tiger Snake envenomations. Assays were performed at dilutions of 1:5 and 1:10 using an MLA 1600c automated coagulation analyser and Dade Behring factor-deficient plasmas, controls and standards. D-dimers were assayed using Agen Dimertest latex kit, fibrinogen was determined using the Clauss method and platelet counts were performed using Abbott Cell-Dyn 4000 analysers. Results The activity of the coagulation factors of the intrinsic pathway was reduced (factor VIII Conclusions The non-parallel results and the apparent increase in factor levels prior to treatment may result from the transient presence of an inhibitor to factors VIII, IX and XI in cases of Tiger Snake envenomation. Insight into the effects of Snake venom on individual coagulation factors could be beneficial when considering new treatments for the coagulopathy induced by Snake envenomation.