The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Warren H Meck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a brief history of the psychology of Time Perception
Timing & Time Perception, 2016Co-Authors: Melissa J Allman, Trevor B Penney, Warren H MeckAbstract:Basic mechanisms of interval timing and associative learning are shared by many animal species, and develop quickly in early life, particularly across infancy, and childhood. Indeed, John Wearden in his book “ The Psychology of Time Perception ”, which is based on decades of his own research with colleagues, and which our commentary serves to primarily review, has been instrumental in implementing animal models and methods in children and adults, and has revealed important similarities (and differences) between human timing (and that of animals) when considered within the context of scalar timing theory. These seminal studies provide a firm foundation upon which the contemporary multifaceted field of timing and Time Perception has since advanced. The contents of the book are arguably one piece of a larger puzzle, and as Wearden cautions, “The reader is warned that my own contribution to the field has been exaggerated here, but if you are not interested in your own work, why would anyone else be?” Surely there will be many interested readers, however the book is noticeably lacking in it neurobiological perspective. The mind (however it is conceived) needs a brain (even if behaviorists tend to say “the brain behaves”, and most neuroscientists currently have a tenuous grasp on the neural mechanisms of temporal cognition), and to truly understand the psychology of Time, brain and behavior must go hand in hand regardless of the twists, turns, and detours along the way.
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cognitive aging and Time Perception roles of bayesian optimization and degeneracy
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Martine Turgeon, Cindy Lustig, Warren H MeckAbstract:This review outlines the basic psychological and neurobiological processes associated with age-related distortions in timing and Time Perception in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range. The difficulty in separating indirect effects of impairments in attention and memory from direct effects on timing mechanisms is addressed. The main premise is that normal aging is commonly associated with increased noise and temporal uncertainty as a result of impairments in attention and memory as well as the possible reduction in the accuracy and precision of a central timing mechanism supported by dopamine-glutamate interactions in cortico-striatal circuits. Pertinent to these findings, potential interventions that may reduce the likelihood of observing age-related declines in timing are discussed. Bayesian optimization models are able to account for the adaptive changes observed in Time Perception by assuming that older adults are more likely to base their temporal judgments on statistical inferences derived from multiple trials than on a single trial’s clock reading, which is more susceptible to distortion. We propose that the timing functions assigned to the age-sensitive fronto-striatal network can be subserved by other neural networks typically associated with finely-tuned perceptuo-motor adjustments, through de-generacy principles (different structures serving a common function).
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emotional modulation of interval timing and Time Perception
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Jessica I Lake, Kevin S Labar, Warren H MeckAbstract:Like other senses, our Perception of Time is not veridical, but rather, is modulated by changes in environmental context. Anecdotal experiences suggest that emotions can be powerful modulators of Time Perception; nevertheless, the functional and neural mechanisms underlying emotion-induced temporal distortions remain unclear. Widely accepted pacemaker-accumulator models of Time Perception suggest that changes in arousal and attention have unique influences on temporal judgments and contribute to emotional distortions of Time Perception. However, such models conflict with current views of arousal and attention suggesting that current models of Time Perception do not adequately explain the variability in emotion-induced temporal distortions. Instead, findings provide support for a new perspective of emotion-induced temporal distortions that emphasizes both the unique and interactive influences of arousal and attention on Time Perception over Time. Using this framework, we discuss plausible functional and neural mechanisms of emotion-induced temporal distortions and how these temporal distortions may have important implications for our understanding of how emotions modulate our perceptual experiences in service of adaptive responding to biologically relevant stimuli.
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clock speed as a window into dopaminergic control of emotion and Time Perception
Timing & Time Perception, 2016Co-Authors: Rueykuang Cheng, Jason Tipples, Nandakumar S Narayanan, Warren H MeckAbstract:© 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.Although fear-producing treatments (e.g., electric shock) and pleasure-inducing treatments (e.g., methamphetamine) have different emotional valences, they both produce physiological arousal and lead to effects on timing and Time Perception that have been interpreted as reflecting an increase in speed of an internal clock. In this commentary, we review the results reported by Fayolle et al. (2015): Behav. Process., 120, 135-140) and Meck (1983: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 9, 171-201) using electric shock and by Maricq et al. (1981: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 7, 18-30) using methamphetamine in a duration-bisection procedure across multiple duration ranges. The psychometric functions obtained from this procedure relate the proportion 'long' responses to signal durations spaced between a pair of 'short' and 'long' anchor durations. Horizontal shifts in these functions can be described in terms of attention or arousal processes depending upon whether they are a fixed number of seconds independent of the Timed durations (additive) or proportional to the durations being Timed (multiplicative). Multiplicative effects are thought to result from a change in clock speed that is regulated by dopamine activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. These dopaminergic effects are discussed within the context of the striatal beat frequency model of interval timing (Matell & Meck, 2004: Cogn. Brain Res., 21, 139-170) and clinical implications for the effects of emotional reactivity on temporal cognition (Parker et al., 2013: Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7, 75).
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Time Perception the bad news and the good
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2014Co-Authors: William J Matthews, Warren H MeckAbstract:Time Perception is fundamental and heavily researched, but the field faces a number of obstacles to theoretical progress. In this advanced review, we focus on three pieces of ‘bad news’ for Time Perception research: temporal Perception is highly labile across changes in experimental context and task; there are pronounced individual differences not just in overall performance but in the use of different timing strategies and the effect of key variables; and laboratory studies typically bear little relation to timing in the ‘real world’. We describe recent examples of these issues and in each case offer some ‘good news’ by showing how new research is addressing these challenges to provide rich insights into the neural and information-processing bases of timing and Time Perception. © 2014 The Authors.
Jeannette Bohg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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real Time Perception meets reactive motion generation
International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2018Co-Authors: Daniel Kappler, Franziska Meier, Jan Issac, Jim Mainprice, Cristina Garcia Cifuentes, Manuel Wuthrich, Vincent Berenz, Stefan Schaal, Nathan Ratliff, Jeannette BohgAbstract:We address the challenging problem of robotic grasping and manipulation in the presence of uncertainty. This uncertainty is due to noisy sensing, inaccurate models, and hard-to-predict environment dynamics. We quantify the importance of continuous, real-Time Perception and its tight integration with reactive motion generation methods in dynamic manipulation scenarios. We compare three different systems that are instantiations of the most common architectures in the field: 1) a traditional sense-plan-act approach that is still widely used; 2) a myopic controller that only reacts to local environment dynamics; and 3) a reactive planner that integrates feedback control and motion optimization. All architectures rely on the same components for real-Time Perception and reactive motion generation to allow a quantitative evaluation. We extensively evaluate the systems on a real robotic platform in four scenarios that exhibit either a challenging workspace geometry or a dynamic environment. We quantify the robustness and accuracy that is due to integrating real-Time feedback at different Time scales in a reactive motion generation system. We also report on the lessons learned for system building.
Devin Blair Terhune - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of microdose lsd on Time Perception a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial
Psychopharmacology, 2019Co-Authors: Steliana Yanakieva, N Polychroni, Neiloufar Family, Luke T J Williams, David Luke, Devin Blair TerhuneAbstract:Previous research demonstrating that lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produces alterations in Time Perception has implications for its impact on conscious states and a range of psychological functions that necessitate precise interval timing. However, interpretation of this research is hindered by methodological limitations and an inability to dissociate direct neurochemical effects on interval timing from indirect effects attributable to altered states of consciousness. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study contrasting oral administration of placebo with three microdoses of LSD (5, 10, and 20 μg) in older adults. Subjective drug effects were regularly recorded and interval timing was assessed using a temporal reproduction task spanning subsecond and suprasecond intervals. LSD conditions were not associated with any robust changes in self-report indices of Perception, mentation, or concentration. LSD reliably produced over-reproduction of temporal intervals of 2000 ms and longer with these effects most pronounced in the 10 μg dose condition. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that LSD-mediated over-reproduction was independent of marginal differences in self-reported drug effects across conditions. These results suggest that microdose LSD produces temporal dilation of suprasecond intervals in the absence of subjective alterations of consciousness.
Daniel Kappler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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real Time Perception meets reactive motion generation
International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2018Co-Authors: Daniel Kappler, Franziska Meier, Jan Issac, Jim Mainprice, Cristina Garcia Cifuentes, Manuel Wuthrich, Vincent Berenz, Stefan Schaal, Nathan Ratliff, Jeannette BohgAbstract:We address the challenging problem of robotic grasping and manipulation in the presence of uncertainty. This uncertainty is due to noisy sensing, inaccurate models, and hard-to-predict environment dynamics. We quantify the importance of continuous, real-Time Perception and its tight integration with reactive motion generation methods in dynamic manipulation scenarios. We compare three different systems that are instantiations of the most common architectures in the field: 1) a traditional sense-plan-act approach that is still widely used; 2) a myopic controller that only reacts to local environment dynamics; and 3) a reactive planner that integrates feedback control and motion optimization. All architectures rely on the same components for real-Time Perception and reactive motion generation to allow a quantitative evaluation. We extensively evaluate the systems on a real robotic platform in four scenarios that exhibit either a challenging workspace geometry or a dynamic environment. We quantify the robustness and accuracy that is due to integrating real-Time feedback at different Time scales in a reactive motion generation system. We also report on the lessons learned for system building.
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real Time Perception meets reactive motion generation
arXiv: Robotics, 2017Co-Authors: Daniel Kappler, Franziska Meier, Jan Issac, Jim Mainprice, Cristina Garcia Cifuentes, Manuel Wuthrich, Vincent BerenzAbstract:We address the challenging problem of robotic grasping and manipulation in the presence of uncertainty. This uncertainty is due to noisy sensing, inaccurate models and hard-to-predict environment dynamics. We quantify the importance of continuous, real-Time Perception and its tight integration with reactive motion generation methods in dynamic manipulation scenarios. We compare three different systems that are instantiations of the most common architectures in the field: (i) a traditional sense-plan-act approach that is still widely used, (ii) a myopic controller that only reacts to local environment dynamics and (iii) a reactive planner that integrates feedback control and motion optimization. All architectures rely on the same components for real-Time Perception and reactive motion generation to allow a quantitative evaluation. We extensively evaluate the systems on a real robotic platform in four scenarios that exhibit either a challenging workspace geometry or a dynamic environment. In 333 experiments, we quantify the robustness and accuracy that is due to integrating real-Time feedback at different Time scales in a reactive motion generation system. We also report on the lessons learned for system building.
Sylvie Droitvolet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Time Perception emotions and mood disorders
Journal of Physiology-paris, 2013Co-Authors: Sylvie DroitvoletAbstract:In this review, we describe recent internal clock models accounting for Time Perception and look at how they try to explain the Time distortions produced by emotion. We then discuss the results of studies of patients suffering from affective disorders (depression) who experience the feeling of Time slowing down. A distinction is thus made between Time Perception and explicit awareness of the passage of Time. We conclude that the feeling that Time is passing slowly is not systematically associated with a disruption in the basic mechanisms underlying Time Perception.
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music emotion and Time Perception the influence of subjective emotional valence and arousal
Frontiers in Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Sylvie Droitvolet, Danilo Ramos, Jose Lino Oliveira Bueno, Emmanuel BigandAbstract:The present study used a temporal bisection task with short ( 2 s) stimulus durations to investigate the effect on Time estimation of several musical parameters associated with emotional changes in affective valence and arousal. In order to manipulate the positive and negative valence of music, Experiments 1 and 2 contrasted the effect of musical structure with pieces played normally and backwards, which were judged to be pleasant and unpleasant, respectively. This effect of valence was combined with a subjective arousal effect by changing the tempo of the musical pieces (fast vs. slow) (Experiment 1) or their instrumentation (orchestral vs. piano pieces). The musical pieces were indeed judged more arousing with a fast than with a slow tempo and with an orchestral than with a piano timbre. In Experiment 3, affective valence was also tested by contrasting the effect of tonal (pleasant) versus atonal (unpleasant) versions of the same musical pieces. The results showed that the effect of tempo in music, associated with a subjective arousal effect, was the major factor that produced Time distortions with Time being judged longer for fast than for slow tempi. When the tempo was held constant, no significant effect of timbre on the Time judgment was found although the orchestral music was judged to be more arousing than the piano music. Nevertheless, emotional valence did modulate the tempo effect on Time Perception, the pleasant music being judged shorter than the unpleasant music.
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Time Perception in children a neurodevelopmental approach
Neuropsychologia, 2013Co-Authors: Sylvie DroitvoletAbstract:In this review, we discuss behavioral studies on Time Perception in healthy children that suggest the existence of a primitive "sense" of Time in infants as well as research that has revealed the changes in Time judgments that occur throughout childhood. Moreover, a distinction is made between implicit and explicit Time judgments in order to take account of the different types of temporal judgments that emerge across ages. On the basis of both the neurobiological model of the internal clock proposed by Matell and Meck (2000), and of results of imaging studies in human adults, we then try to identify which of the neural structures underlying this primitive sense of Time mature faster and which mature more slowly in order to explain the age-related variance in Time judgments. To this end, we also present the small number of timing studies conducted among typically and non-typically developing children that have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as well as those that have assessed the cognitive capacities of such children on the basis of various neuropsychological tests.
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emotion and Time Perception effects of film induced mood
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Sylvie Droitvolet, Sophie Fayolle, Sandrine GilAbstract:Previous research into emotion and Time Perception has been designed to study the Time Perception of emotional events themselves (e.g., facial expression). Our aim was to investigate the effect of emotions per se on the subsequent Time judgment of a neutral, non-affective event. In the present study, the participants were presented with films inducing a specific mood and were subsequently given a temporal bisection task. More precisely, the participants were given two temporal bisection tasks, one before and the other after viewing the emotional film. Three emotional films were tested: one eliciting fear, another sadness and a neutral control film. In addition, the direct mood experience was assessed using the Brief Mood Introspective Scale (BMIS) that was administered to the participants at the beginning and the end of the session. The results showed that the Perception of Time did not change after viewing either the neutral control films or the sad films although the participants reported being sadder and less aroused after than before watching the sad film clips. In contrast, the stimulus durations were judged longer after than before viewing the frightening films that were judged to increase the emotion of fear and arousal level. In combination with findings from previous studies, our data suggest that the selective lengthening effect after watching frightening films was mediated by an effect of arousal on the speed of the internal clock system.
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sensory modality and Time Perception in children and adults
Behavioural Processes, 2007Co-Authors: Sylvie Droitvolet, Warren H Meck, Trevor B PenneyAbstract:This experiment investigated the effect of signal modality on Time Perception in 5- and 8-year-old children as well as young adults using a duration bisection task in which auditory and visual signals were presented in the same test session and shared common anchor durations. Durations were judged shorter for visual than for auditory signals by all age groups. However, the magnitude of this modality difference was larger in the children than in the adults. Sensitivity to Time was also observed to increase with age for both modalities. Taken together, these two observations suggest that the greater modality effect on duration judgments for the children, for whom attentional abilities are considered limited, is the result of visual signals requiring more attentional resources than are needed for the processing of auditory signals. Within the framework of the information-processing model of Scalar Timing Theory, these effects are consistent with a developmental difference in the operation of the "attentional switch" used to transfer pulses from the pacemaker into the accumulator. Specifically, although timing is more automatic for auditory than visual signals in both children and young adults, children have greater difficulty in keeping the switch in the closed state during the timing of visual signals.
