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Cylie Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Dynamic Baropodometric Profile of Children with Idiopathic Toe-Walking
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2019Co-Authors: Patricia Martín-casas, Alfonso Meneses-monroy, J. V. Beneit-montesinos, M.a. Atín-arratibel, Gustavo Plaza-manzano, Daniel Pecos-martín, Tomás Gallego-izquierdo, Cylie WilliamsAbstract:Background: Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) gait may present in children older than 3 years and in the absence of a medical condition known to cause or be associated with Toe-Walking gait. It is unkno...
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interventions for idiopathic Toe Walking
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Verity Pacey, Kelly Gray, Pauline De Bakker, Antoni Caserta, Raoul Hh EngelbertAbstract:Background Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) is an exclusionary diagnosis given to healthy children who persist in Walking on their Toes after they should typically have achieved a heel-Toe gait. The literature discusses conservative and surgical interventions using a variety of treatment modalities. Young children and children without a limitation in ankle dorsiflexion (the upwards movement of the foot towards the shin of the leg) are commonly treated with conservative interventions. Older children who continue Toe Walking and present with limitations in ankle dorsiflexion are sometimes treated with surgical procedures. This systematic review is needed to evaluate the evidence for any intervention for the treatment of ITW. The conclusions of this review may support decision making by clinicians caring for children with ITW. It may also assist families when deciding on treatment options for their children with ITW. Many of the treatments employed have financial implications for parents or healthcare services. This review also aims to highlight any deficits in the current research base. Objectives To assess the effects of conservative and surgical interventions in children with ITW, specifically effects on gait normalisation, ankle range of motion, pain, frequency of recurrence, and any adverse effects. Search methods On 29 April 2019, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and PEDro. We searched the following registers of clinical trials for ongoing and recently completed trials: the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP, apps.who.int/trialsearch), and ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov). We searched conference proceedings and other grey literature in the BIOSIS databases and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (OpenGrey, opengrey.eu). We searched guidelines via the Turning Research Into Practice database (TRIP, tripdatabase.com) and National Guideline Clearinghouse (guideline.gov). We did not apply language restrictions. Selection criteria We considered randomised or quasi-randomised trials for inclusion in the review if they involved participants diagnosed with ITW gait in the absence of a medical condition known to cause Toe Walking, or associated with Toe Walking. As there is no universally accepted age group for ITW, this review includes ITW at any age, who have been Toe Walking for more than six months, who can or cannot walk with a heel-Toe gait, and who may or may not have limited dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. Data collection and analysis We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. The primary outcome was improvement in Toe Walking (defined as greater than 50% of time spent heel-Toe Walking). Secondary outcomes were active and passive range of motion of the ankle joint, pain, recurrence of ITW after treatment, and adverse events. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE framework. Main results Four studies, comprising 104 participants, met the inclusion criteria. One study did not report data within the appropriate follow-up timeframe and data from two studies were insufficient for analysis. The single study from which we extracted data had 47 participants and was a randomised, controlled, parallel-group trial conducted in Sweden. It tested the hypothesis that combined treatment with serial casting and botulinum toxin type A (BTX) was more effective than serial casting alone in reducing ITW gait.This study found that more participants treated with BTX improved (defined as Toe Walking less than 50% of the time, as reported by parents) (risk ratio (RR) 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 2.55; 1 trial, 46 participants; very low-certainty evidence). However, there was little or no difference between groups in passive ankle joint dorsiflexion range of movement on the right with the knee extended (mean difference (MD) -1.48o, 95% CI -4.13 to 1.16; 1 trial, 47 participants), on the right with the knee flexed (MD -0.04o, 95% CI -1.80 to 1.73; 1 trial, 46 participants), on the left with the knee flexed (MD 1.07, 95% CI -1.22 to 3.37), or on the left with the knee extended (MD 0.05, 95% CI -0.91 to 1.91). Nor was there a clear difference between the groups in recurrence of Toe-Walking gait (assessed via severity of Toe Walking (graded 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe)) on gait analysis, analysed as continuous data: MD 0.34 points, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.78; 46 participants). In principle, MDs greater than zero (i.e.) positive values) would favour BTX and casting and negative values would favour casting alone. We have not reported effects as better or worse because all results were from evidence of very low certainty. We downgraded the certainty of evidence because of study limitations (outcome assessment was not blinded) and imprecision. Outcomes of pain and active range of motion were not reported in the included study.In terms of adverse events, calf pain was reported twice in the casting-only group and three times in the BTX group. There were three minor skin problems in each group and one reported case of pain directly after BTX injection. The report did not state if calf pain and skin irritation were from the same or different participants. The study authors reported that adverse events did not alter treatment adherence. Authors' conclusions The certainty of evidence from one study, which compared serial casting with serial casting with BTX for ITW in children, was too low for conclusions to be drawn. A further three studies reported outcomes relating to BTX, footwear, exercises, and different types of orthoses as interventions, however the outcome data were too limited to assess their effects.
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Interventions for idiopathic Toe Walking (Review)
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Antoni Caserta, Michael C Fahey, Verity Pacey, Kelly Gray, Raoul Hh Engelbert, Cylie WilliamsAbstract:Background Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) is an exclusionary diagnosis given to healthy children who persist in Walking on their Toes after they should typically have achieved a heel-Toe gait. The literature discusses conservative and surgical interventions using a variety of treatment modalities. Young children and children without a limitation in ankle dorsiflexion (the upwards movement of the foot towards the shin of the leg) are commonly treated with conservative interventions. Older children who continue Toe Walking and present with limitations in ankle dorsiflexion are sometimes treated with surgical procedures. This systematic review is needed to evaluate the evidence for any intervention for the treatment of ITW. The conclusions of this review may support decision making by clinicians caring for children with ITW. It may also assist families when deciding on treatment options for their children with ITW. Many of the treatments employed have financial implications for parents or healthcare services. This review also aims to highlight any deficits in the current research base. Objectives To assess the effects of conservative and surgical interventions in children with ITW, specifically effects on gait normalisation, ankle range of motion, pain, frequency of recurrence, and any adverse effects. Search methods On 29 April 2019, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and PEDro. We searched the following registers of clinical trials for ongoing and recently completed trials: the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP, apps.who.int/trialsearch), and ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov). We searched conference proceedings and other grey literature in the BIOSIS databases and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (OpenGrey, opengrey.eu). We searched guidelines via the Turning Research Into Practice database (TRIP, tripdatabase.com) and National Guideline Clearinghouse (guideline.gov). We did not apply language restrictions. Selection criteria We considered randomised or quasi-randomised trials for inclusion in the review if they involved participants diagnosed with ITW gait in the absence of a medical condition known to cause Toe Walking, or associated with Toe Walking. As there is no universally accepted age group for ITW, this review includes ITW at any age, who have been Toe Walking for more than six months, who can or cannot walk with a heel-Toe gait, and who may or may not have limited dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. Data collection and analysis We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. The primary outcome was improvement in Toe Walking (defined as greater than 50% of time spent heel-Toe Walking). Secondary outcomes were active and passive range of motion of the ankle joint, pain, recurrence of ITW after treatment, and adverse events. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE framework. Main results Four studies, comprising 104 participants, met the inclusion criteria. One study did not report data within the appropriate follow-up timeframe and data from two studies were insufficient for analysis. The single study from which we extracted data had 47 participants and was a randomised, controlled, parallel-group trial conducted in Sweden. It tested the hypothesis that combined treatment with serial casting and botulinum toxin type A (BTX) was more effective than serial casting alone in reducing ITW gait.This study found that more participants treated with BTX improved (defined as Toe Walking less than 50% of the time, as reported by parents) (risk ratio (RR) 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 2.55; 1 trial, 46 participants; very low-certainty evidence). However, there was little or no difference between groups in passive ankle joint dorsiflexion range of movement on the right with the knee extended (mean difference (MD) -1.48o, 95% CI -4.13 to 1.16; 1 trial, 47 participants), on the right with the knee flexed (MD -0.04o, 95% CI -1.80 to 1.73; 1 trial, 46 participants), on the left with the knee flexed (MD 1.07, 95% CI -1.22 to 3.37), or on the left with the knee extended (MD 0.05, 95% CI -0.91 to 1.91). Nor was there a clear difference between the groups in recurrence of Toe-Walking gait (assessed via severity of Toe Walking (graded 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe)) on gait analysis, analysed as continuous data: MD 0.34 points, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.78; 46 participants). In principle, MDs greater than zero (i.e.) positive values) would favour BTX and casting and negative values would favour casting alone. We have not reported effects as better or worse because all results were from evidence of very low certainty. We downgraded the certainty of evidence because of study limitations (outcome assessment was not blinded) and imprecision. Outcomes of pain and active range of motion were not reported in the included study.In terms of adverse events, calf pain was reported twice in the casting-only group and three times in the BTX group. There were three minor skin problems in each group and one reported case of pain directly after BTX injection. The report did not state if calf pain and skin irritation were from the same or different participants. The study authors reported that adverse events did not alter treatment adherence. Authors' conclusions The certainty of evidence from one study, which compared serial casting with serial casting with BTX for ITW in children, was too low for conclusions to be drawn. A further three studies reported outcomes relating to BTX, footwear, exercises, and different types of orthoses as interventions, however the outcome data were too limited to assess their effects.
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A Comparison of the Birth Characteristics of Idiopathic Toe Walking and Toe Walking Gait Due to Medical Reasons.
The Journal of pediatrics, 2016Co-Authors: Stephanie Baber, Joanne Michalitsis, Michael C Fahey, Barry Rawicki, Terry Haines, Cylie WilliamsAbstract:Objective To determine and compare the birth history or postnatal complications of idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) and Toe Walking known to be associated with a medical condition. Study design This was a retrospective chart review of parent-reported birth histories of children who presented to a dedicated Toe-Walking clinic between 2010 and 2014. This cohort comprised children diagnosed with ITW and children with a medical reason for their Toe-Walking gait. Data were compared with Australian Perinatal statistical normative data. Results Ninety-five children (60 males, 63%) were diagnosed with ITW, with a mean (SD) age of 5.8 (2.9) years. Children with an ITW gait were found to have greater rates of prematurity (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.43-4.03), greater rates of admission to a special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.23-3.18), and lower birth weights (OR 6.6; 95% CI 3.48-12.5) than the normative population. Children with a medical reason for Toe Walking (n = 28, 68% males) also had greater rates of prematurity (OR 2.4; 95% CI 0.94-6.09) than the normative population and more instrumented births than the ITW cohort (OR 1.56; 95% CI 0.64-3.77). No association was found between assisted-birth intervention and the ITW cohort compared with the normative population or group with a medical cause for Toe Walking. Conclusions ITW gait was associated with greater rates of complications during and after delivery. Such complications have been associated previously as risk factors for neurologic insult affecting motor development.
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Foot and ankle characteristics of children with an idiopathic Toe-Walking gait.
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:BACKGROUND Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) in children has been associated with ankle equinus. Although equinus has been linked to foot deformity in adults, there has been limited investigation of the impact of equinus on structural foot change in children. We used the weightbearing lunge test and the six-item version of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) to evaluate the weightbearing foot and ankle measures of children with an ITW gait and to compare these with their age-matched peers. METHODS Sixty 4-to 6-year-old children were grouped into ITW (n = 30) and non-Toe-Walking (n = 30) cohorts using a validated ITW tool. Ankle range of motion was determined with weightbearing lunge tests. The FPI-6 was calculated during weightbearing stance. RESULTS There was a highly significant difference in the weightbearing lunge test measures between the ITW cohort and the non-Toe-Walking cohort. The FPI-6 comparison was not significant. The straight-leg lunge test had a statistically significant relationship with the FPI-6 in the ITW cohort. CONCLUSION Children with an ITW gait demonstrated reduced flexibility at the ankle joint but similar weightbearing foot posture compared with non-Toe-Walking children, showing that for children 4 to 8 years old, an ITW gait affects the available ankle dorsiflexion but seems to have a limited effect on weightbearing foot posture as measured by the FPI-6.
Michael Curtin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Foot and ankle characteristics of children with an idiopathic Toe-Walking gait.
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:BACKGROUND Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) in children has been associated with ankle equinus. Although equinus has been linked to foot deformity in adults, there has been limited investigation of the impact of equinus on structural foot change in children. We used the weightbearing lunge test and the six-item version of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) to evaluate the weightbearing foot and ankle measures of children with an ITW gait and to compare these with their age-matched peers. METHODS Sixty 4-to 6-year-old children were grouped into ITW (n = 30) and non-Toe-Walking (n = 30) cohorts using a validated ITW tool. Ankle range of motion was determined with weightbearing lunge tests. The FPI-6 was calculated during weightbearing stance. RESULTS There was a highly significant difference in the weightbearing lunge test measures between the ITW cohort and the non-Toe-Walking cohort. The FPI-6 comparison was not significant. The straight-leg lunge test had a statistically significant relationship with the FPI-6 in the ITW cohort. CONCLUSION Children with an ITW gait demonstrated reduced flexibility at the ankle joint but similar weightbearing foot posture compared with non-Toe-Walking children, showing that for children 4 to 8 years old, an ITW gait affects the available ankle dorsiflexion but seems to have a limited effect on weightbearing foot posture as measured by the FPI-6.
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The motor skills and sensory processing abilities associated with idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:Conclusion While the results did not identify a causative factor for an ITW gait, they do suggest that the Toe Walking gait may not be idiopathic in nature. The results of this research highlight the importance of a fuller assessment of the Toe Walking child compared to that traditionally conducted by podiatrists, and suggest that multiple strategies may be required to manage this gait style. Author details Allied Health Research Unit, Southern Health, Cheltenham, VIC, 3192, Australia. Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia. School of Podiatry, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2460, Australia. School of Occupational Therapy, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2460, Australia. Quantitative Consulting Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
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Is idiopathic Toe Walking really idiopathic? The motor skills and sensory processing abilities associated with idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of child neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Suzanne Wakefield, Sharon NielsenAbstract:This study aimed to investigate any differences between the motor skills and sensory processing abilities of children between the ages of 4 and 8, who do and do not have an idiopathic Toe Walking gait. Children in each cohort were tested with a number of norm referenced assessments. A total of 60 children participated, 30 within each cohort. Those with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait were found to have different Sensory Profile quadrant scores (P = .002), poorer performance on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (P ≤ .001), a lower vibration perception threshold (P = .001), and poorer performance on the Standing Walking Balance subtest of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (P = .047), compared with non-Toe Walking peers. Although this research does not give a causative factor for Toe Walking gait, it provides a number of theories as to why this gait may not be idiopathic in nature.
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Foot and ankle characteristics of children with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2012Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael CurtinAbstract:Background: Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) in children has been associated with ankle equinus. Although equinus has been linked to foot deformity in adults, there has been limited investigation of the impact of equinus on structural foot change in children. We used the weightbearing lunge test and the six-item version of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) to evaluate the weightbearing foot and ankle measures of children with an ITW gait and to compare these with their age-matched peers. Methods: Sixty 4-to 6-year-old children were grouped into ITW (n = 30) and non–Toe-Walking (n = 30) cohorts using a validated ITW tool. Ankle range of motion was determined with weightbearing lunge tests. The FPI-6 was calculated during weightbearing stance. Results: There was a highly significant difference in the weightbearing lunge test measures between the ITW cohort and the non–Toe-Walking cohort. The FPI-6 comparison was not significant. The straight-leg lunge test had a statistically significant relationship with the FPI-...
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Vibration Perception Thresholds in Children With Idiopathic Toe Walking Gait
Journal of child neurology, 2012Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:This study investigated the vibration perception differences between children with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait and their non–Toe Walking peers. Sixty children, between the ages of four and eight...
Paul Tinley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Foot and ankle characteristics of children with an idiopathic Toe-Walking gait.
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:BACKGROUND Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) in children has been associated with ankle equinus. Although equinus has been linked to foot deformity in adults, there has been limited investigation of the impact of equinus on structural foot change in children. We used the weightbearing lunge test and the six-item version of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) to evaluate the weightbearing foot and ankle measures of children with an ITW gait and to compare these with their age-matched peers. METHODS Sixty 4-to 6-year-old children were grouped into ITW (n = 30) and non-Toe-Walking (n = 30) cohorts using a validated ITW tool. Ankle range of motion was determined with weightbearing lunge tests. The FPI-6 was calculated during weightbearing stance. RESULTS There was a highly significant difference in the weightbearing lunge test measures between the ITW cohort and the non-Toe-Walking cohort. The FPI-6 comparison was not significant. The straight-leg lunge test had a statistically significant relationship with the FPI-6 in the ITW cohort. CONCLUSION Children with an ITW gait demonstrated reduced flexibility at the ankle joint but similar weightbearing foot posture compared with non-Toe-Walking children, showing that for children 4 to 8 years old, an ITW gait affects the available ankle dorsiflexion but seems to have a limited effect on weightbearing foot posture as measured by the FPI-6.
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The motor skills and sensory processing abilities associated with idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:Conclusion While the results did not identify a causative factor for an ITW gait, they do suggest that the Toe Walking gait may not be idiopathic in nature. The results of this research highlight the importance of a fuller assessment of the Toe Walking child compared to that traditionally conducted by podiatrists, and suggest that multiple strategies may be required to manage this gait style. Author details Allied Health Research Unit, Southern Health, Cheltenham, VIC, 3192, Australia. Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia. School of Podiatry, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2460, Australia. School of Occupational Therapy, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2460, Australia. Quantitative Consulting Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
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Is idiopathic Toe Walking really idiopathic? The motor skills and sensory processing abilities associated with idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of child neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Suzanne Wakefield, Sharon NielsenAbstract:This study aimed to investigate any differences between the motor skills and sensory processing abilities of children between the ages of 4 and 8, who do and do not have an idiopathic Toe Walking gait. Children in each cohort were tested with a number of norm referenced assessments. A total of 60 children participated, 30 within each cohort. Those with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait were found to have different Sensory Profile quadrant scores (P = .002), poorer performance on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (P ≤ .001), a lower vibration perception threshold (P = .001), and poorer performance on the Standing Walking Balance subtest of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (P = .047), compared with non-Toe Walking peers. Although this research does not give a causative factor for Toe Walking gait, it provides a number of theories as to why this gait may not be idiopathic in nature.
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Foot and ankle characteristics of children with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2012Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael CurtinAbstract:Background: Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) in children has been associated with ankle equinus. Although equinus has been linked to foot deformity in adults, there has been limited investigation of the impact of equinus on structural foot change in children. We used the weightbearing lunge test and the six-item version of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) to evaluate the weightbearing foot and ankle measures of children with an ITW gait and to compare these with their age-matched peers. Methods: Sixty 4-to 6-year-old children were grouped into ITW (n = 30) and non–Toe-Walking (n = 30) cohorts using a validated ITW tool. Ankle range of motion was determined with weightbearing lunge tests. The FPI-6 was calculated during weightbearing stance. Results: There was a highly significant difference in the weightbearing lunge test measures between the ITW cohort and the non–Toe-Walking cohort. The FPI-6 comparison was not significant. The straight-leg lunge test had a statistically significant relationship with the FPI-...
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Vibration Perception Thresholds in Children With Idiopathic Toe Walking Gait
Journal of child neurology, 2012Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:This study investigated the vibration perception differences between children with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait and their non–Toe Walking peers. Sixty children, between the ages of four and eight...
Sharon Nielsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Foot and ankle characteristics of children with an idiopathic Toe-Walking gait.
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:BACKGROUND Idiopathic Toe-Walking (ITW) in children has been associated with ankle equinus. Although equinus has been linked to foot deformity in adults, there has been limited investigation of the impact of equinus on structural foot change in children. We used the weightbearing lunge test and the six-item version of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) to evaluate the weightbearing foot and ankle measures of children with an ITW gait and to compare these with their age-matched peers. METHODS Sixty 4-to 6-year-old children were grouped into ITW (n = 30) and non-Toe-Walking (n = 30) cohorts using a validated ITW tool. Ankle range of motion was determined with weightbearing lunge tests. The FPI-6 was calculated during weightbearing stance. RESULTS There was a highly significant difference in the weightbearing lunge test measures between the ITW cohort and the non-Toe-Walking cohort. The FPI-6 comparison was not significant. The straight-leg lunge test had a statistically significant relationship with the FPI-6 in the ITW cohort. CONCLUSION Children with an ITW gait demonstrated reduced flexibility at the ankle joint but similar weightbearing foot posture compared with non-Toe-Walking children, showing that for children 4 to 8 years old, an ITW gait affects the available ankle dorsiflexion but seems to have a limited effect on weightbearing foot posture as measured by the FPI-6.
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The motor skills and sensory processing abilities associated with idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:Conclusion While the results did not identify a causative factor for an ITW gait, they do suggest that the Toe Walking gait may not be idiopathic in nature. The results of this research highlight the importance of a fuller assessment of the Toe Walking child compared to that traditionally conducted by podiatrists, and suggest that multiple strategies may be required to manage this gait style. Author details Allied Health Research Unit, Southern Health, Cheltenham, VIC, 3192, Australia. Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia. School of Podiatry, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2460, Australia. School of Occupational Therapy, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2460, Australia. Quantitative Consulting Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
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Is idiopathic Toe Walking really idiopathic? The motor skills and sensory processing abilities associated with idiopathic Toe Walking gait
Journal of child neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Suzanne Wakefield, Sharon NielsenAbstract:This study aimed to investigate any differences between the motor skills and sensory processing abilities of children between the ages of 4 and 8, who do and do not have an idiopathic Toe Walking gait. Children in each cohort were tested with a number of norm referenced assessments. A total of 60 children participated, 30 within each cohort. Those with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait were found to have different Sensory Profile quadrant scores (P = .002), poorer performance on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (P ≤ .001), a lower vibration perception threshold (P = .001), and poorer performance on the Standing Walking Balance subtest of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (P = .047), compared with non-Toe Walking peers. Although this research does not give a causative factor for Toe Walking gait, it provides a number of theories as to why this gait may not be idiopathic in nature.
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Vibration Perception Thresholds in Children With Idiopathic Toe Walking Gait
Journal of child neurology, 2012Co-Authors: Cylie Williams, Paul Tinley, Michael Curtin, Sharon NielsenAbstract:This study investigated the vibration perception differences between children with an idiopathic Toe Walking gait and their non–Toe Walking peers. Sixty children, between the ages of four and eight...
Andrea Pomarino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The differential diagnostic of Idiopathic Toe Walking
Medical research archives, 2017Co-Authors: David Pomarino, Stephan Martin, Andrea PomarinoAbstract:Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) is the persistence of the tip-Toe Walking pattern after two years of age. The diagnosis is made by ruling out any neurological or orthopedic condition which causes this Walking anomaly. There are other medical conditions in which the weight bearing occurs on the forefoot which can lead to misdiagnosis and misguided treatment. The main goal of this publication is to provide a concise review of idiopathic Toe Walking and its classification according to clinical characteristics found among children with a tip-Toe Walking pattern. In addition, we will point out some physical characteristics that may help to differentiate Toe Walking from other medical conditions in which the gait pattern occurs on the forefoot as well. Typical conditions which are commonly known to cause a pathological forefoot gait, like autism and tethered cord are intentionally excluded from this article. This review highlights the importance of the observation of the foot features, gastrocnemius shape and gait analysis during the clinical examination to distinguish idiopathic Toe Walking from other conditions.
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The 3-Step Pyramid Insole Treatment Concept for Idiopathic Toe Walking:
Foot & ankle specialist, 2016Co-Authors: David Pomarino, Stephan Martin, Juliana Ramírez-llamas, Andrea PomarinoAbstract:The idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) gait pattern is characterized in children for Walking since the beginning on their first steps on the forefoot; however, these children are able to support their wh...
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Idiopathic Toe Walking: Family Predisposition and Gender Distribution
Foot & ankle specialist, 2016Co-Authors: David Pomarino, Juliana Ramírez Llamas, Andrea PomarinoAbstract:Current literature is inconsistent concerning the causes and the frequency of idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW). Available studies vary widely in their results. The aim of this study is to supply gender-related data particularly regarding the genetic influence on Toe Walking. Methods. The ITW patterns of 836 children were recorded and analyzed during a period of 4 years. Questionnaires and clinical measurements were evaluated along with clinical tests, assessing the occurrence and severity of Toe Walking. Information about the incidence of Toe-walkers in the family was recorded. Results. Of the 836 Toe-walkers, 64% were boys and 42% had a positive family history (PF-TW). About 60% of the PF-TW children had fathers with a positive Toe-Walking pattern. PF-TW children were on average half a year younger than children with a negative family predisposition (NF-TW). Conclusions. This study shows that a genetic component might be factor in Toe Walking. PF-TW children were more severely affected in all performed clini...
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Idiopathic Toe Walking: Tests and Family Predisposition.
Foot & ankle specialist, 2016Co-Authors: David Pomarino, Juliana Ramírez Llamas, Andrea PomarinoAbstract:The aim of this study is to provide clinical examination methods that were designed specifically to assess the level of severity among children with idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW). The idiopathic Toe-Walking pattern of 836 children was recorded and analyzed during 4 years. Questionnaires and clinical measurements were evaluated, along with differential tests, assessing the occurrence and severity of Toe Walking. Questions about family history and onset of Toe Walking were evaluated along with special tests and measurements assessing the occurrence and severity of Toe Walking. The different measurements apply during this study, ankle dorsiflexion, lumbar lordosis angle, as well as the clinical spin test, Walking after spin test, and heel Walking test revealed in all cases that children with a positive family predisposition were significantly more affected than children with negative family predisposition. It is concluded that children with ITW and a positive family predisposition were more intensively affect...