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Jacek Zieliński - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maximal Oxygen Uptake Adjusted for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Competitive Speed-Power and Endurance Male Athletes: Changes in a One-Year Training Cycle.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Jacek Trinschek, Jacek Zieliński, Krzysztof KusyAbstract:We compared the changes in maximum oxygen uptake (V·O2max) calculated per skeletal muscle mass (SMM) with conventional V·O2max measures in a 1-year Training Cycle. We hypothesized that the pattern of changes would differ between SMM-adjusted and absolute or weight-adjusted values, and the differences between groups of distinct Training specialization and status will depend on the measure used. Twelve sprinters (24.7 ± 3.3 years), 10 endurance runners (25.3 ± 5.3 years), and 10 recreationally trained controls (29 ± 4.5 years) performed a treadmill test until exhaustion to determine V·O2max. Their SMM was estimated based on the dual X-ray absorptiometry method and a regression equation. The significance of differences was assessed using analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). The pattern of the longitudinal change was not different between V·O2max/SMM and standard measures. Also, the significance of differences between sprinters and endurance athletes remained similar regardless of the V·O2max measure. Sprinters and controls had similar absolute (~4.3 L·min−1) and total weight-adjusted (~52 vs. ~56 mL·min−1·kg) V·O2max, but they significantly differed in SMM-adjusted V·O2max (~110 vs. ~130 mL·min−1·kg SMM−1). In summary, SMM-adjusted V·O2max is not more useful than standard measures to track longitudinal changes in competitive athletes. However, it allows to better distinguish between groups or individuals differing in Training status. The results of our study are limited to male athletes.
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Change in Lactate, Ammonia, and Hypoxanthine Concentrations in a 1-Year Training Cycle in Highly Trained Athletes: Applying Biomarkers as Tools to Assess Training Status.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2020Co-Authors: Michał Włodarczyk, Krzysztof Kusy, Ewa M. Slominska, Zbigniew Krasiński, Jacek ZielińskiAbstract:The aim was to determine changes in biomarker (LA, NH3, purine metabolites) blood concentration during graded exercise and recovery throughout an annual Training Cycle in highly trained athletes of different Training profiles. The study included 12 sprinters (SP, 21-30 years), 11 triathletes (TR, 20-31 years), 12 futsal players (FU, 19-31 years), and 13 amateur runners (AM, 20-33 years). Purine metabolite (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), ammonia (NH3), and lactate (LA) concentrations were determined at rest, during an incremental treadmill exercise test (every 3 minutes), and during recovery (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes postexercise) in 4 phases of an annual Training Cycle. Purine metabolite concentration was determined from plasma, whereas LA and NH3 from whole blood. For LA during exercise and recovery, certain significant differences between Training phases within groups were observed for FU, TR, and SP but not for AM. For NH3, the greatest differences between examination points were observed for SP and TR near maximal exercise and in the first few stages of recovery. For hypoxanthine (Hx), the largest amount of differences between examination points was observed for FU, TR, and FU throughout the entire exercise spectrum. Biomarker concentration dynamics change during an incremental exercise test and postexercise in an annual Training Cycle. Biomarker responses differ depending on Training type and magnitude of Training loads used in various phases of an annual Training Cycle. When assessing Training status using an incremental exercise test throughout an annual Training Cycle, NH3 and Hx concentration changes are more sensitive compared with LA.
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Alterations in Exercise-Induced Plasma Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration in Highly Trained Athletes in a One-Year Training Cycle.
Metabolites, 2019Co-Authors: Ewa Zarebska, Krzysztof Kusy, Ewa M. Slominska, Łukasz Kruszyna, Jacek ZielińskiAbstract:This study aimed to assess the effect of Training loads on plasma adenosine triphosphate responsiveness in highly trained athletes in a 1 y Cycle. Highly trained futsal players (11 men, age range 20–31 y), endurance athletes (11 men, age range 18–31 y), sprinters (11 men, age range 21–30 y), and control group (11 men, age range 22–34 y) were examined across four characteristic Training phases in response to an incremental treadmill test until exhaustion. A considerably higher exercise and post-exercise plasma adenosine triphosphate concentrations were observed in consecutive Training phases in highly trained athletes, with the highest values reached after the competitive period. No differences in plasma adenosine triphosphate concentrations were found in the control group during the 1 y Cycle. Sprinters showed a higher absolute and net increase in plasma adenosine triphosphate concentration by 60–114% during exercise in consecutive Training phases than futsal players (63–101%) and endurance athletes (64–95%). In this study, we demonstrated that exercise-induced adenosine triphosphate concentration significantly changes in highly trained athletes over an annual Training Cycle. The obtained results showed that high-intensity but not low- to moderate-intensity Training leads to an increased adenosine triphosphate response to exercise, suggesting an important role of ATP for vascular plasticity.
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Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2017Co-Authors: Monika Ciekot-sołtysiak, Krzysztof Kusy, Tomasz Podgórski, Jacek ZielińskiAbstract:Background An extensive body of literature exists on the effects of Training on hematological parameters, but the previous studies have not reported how hematological parameters respond to changes in Training loads within consecutive phases of the Training Cycle in highly-trained athletes in extremely different sport disciplines. The aim of this study was to identify changes in red blood cell (RBC) profile in response to Training loads in consecutive phases of the annual Training Cycle in highly-trained sprinters (8 men, aged 24±3 years) and triathletes (6 men, aged 24±4 years) who competed at the national and international level. Methods Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and RBC distribution width (RDW) were determined in four characteristic Training phases (transition, general subphase of the preparation phase, specific subphase of the preparation phase and competition phase). Results Our main findings are that: 1) Hb, MCH and MCHC in triathletes and MCV in both triathletes and sprinters changed significantly over the annual Training Cycle; 2) triathletes had significantly higher values than sprinters only in case of MCH and MCHC after the transition and general preparation phases but not after the competition phase when MCH and MCHC were higher in sprinters; and 3) in triathletes, Hb, MCH and MCHC substantially decreased after the competition phase, which was not observed in sprinters. The athletes maintained normal ranges of all hematological parameters in four characteristic Training phases. Conclusions Although highly-trained sprinters and triathletes do not significantly differ in their levels of most hematological parameters, these groups are characterized by different patterns of changes during the annual Training Cycle. Our results suggest that when interpreting the values of hematological parameters in speed-power and endurance athletes, a specific phase of the annual Training Cycle should be taken into account.
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Alterations in purine metabolism in middle-aged elite, amateur, and recreational runners across a 1-year Training Cycle.
European journal of applied physiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jacek Zieliński, Krzysztof Kusy, Ewa M. SlominskaAbstract:Changes in purine derivatives may be considered as signs of Training-induced metabolic adaptations. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a 1-year Training Cycle on the response of hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration and Hx–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity. Three groups of middle-aged male runners were examined: 11 elite master runners (EL; 46.0 ± 3.8 years), 9 amateur runners (AM; 45.1 ± 4.7 years), and 10 recreational runners (RE; 45.9 ± 6.1 years). Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity were measured in three characteristic Training phases of the annual Cycle. Significant differences in post-exercise Hx concentration and resting HGPRT activity were demonstrated between the EL, AM, and RE groups across consecutive Training phases. The EL group showed lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity compared to the AM and RE groups. Analogous differences were observed between the AM and RE groups during specific preparation. For the EL group, the changes were observed across all examinations and the lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity were found in the competition phase. Significant change was also revealed in the AM group between the general and specific preparation, but not in the competition phase. No significant changes were found in the RE runners who did not use anaerobic exercise in their Training. In conclusion, a long-lasting endurance Training, incorporating high-intensity exercise, results in significant changes in purine metabolism, whereas Training characterized by constant low-intensity exercise does not. Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity may be sensitive indicators of Training adaptation and Training status in middle-aged athletes.
Krzysztof Kusy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maximal Oxygen Uptake Adjusted for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Competitive Speed-Power and Endurance Male Athletes: Changes in a One-Year Training Cycle.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Jacek Trinschek, Jacek Zieliński, Krzysztof KusyAbstract:We compared the changes in maximum oxygen uptake (V·O2max) calculated per skeletal muscle mass (SMM) with conventional V·O2max measures in a 1-year Training Cycle. We hypothesized that the pattern of changes would differ between SMM-adjusted and absolute or weight-adjusted values, and the differences between groups of distinct Training specialization and status will depend on the measure used. Twelve sprinters (24.7 ± 3.3 years), 10 endurance runners (25.3 ± 5.3 years), and 10 recreationally trained controls (29 ± 4.5 years) performed a treadmill test until exhaustion to determine V·O2max. Their SMM was estimated based on the dual X-ray absorptiometry method and a regression equation. The significance of differences was assessed using analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). The pattern of the longitudinal change was not different between V·O2max/SMM and standard measures. Also, the significance of differences between sprinters and endurance athletes remained similar regardless of the V·O2max measure. Sprinters and controls had similar absolute (~4.3 L·min−1) and total weight-adjusted (~52 vs. ~56 mL·min−1·kg) V·O2max, but they significantly differed in SMM-adjusted V·O2max (~110 vs. ~130 mL·min−1·kg SMM−1). In summary, SMM-adjusted V·O2max is not more useful than standard measures to track longitudinal changes in competitive athletes. However, it allows to better distinguish between groups or individuals differing in Training status. The results of our study are limited to male athletes.
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Change in Lactate, Ammonia, and Hypoxanthine Concentrations in a 1-Year Training Cycle in Highly Trained Athletes: Applying Biomarkers as Tools to Assess Training Status.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2020Co-Authors: Michał Włodarczyk, Krzysztof Kusy, Ewa M. Slominska, Zbigniew Krasiński, Jacek ZielińskiAbstract:The aim was to determine changes in biomarker (LA, NH3, purine metabolites) blood concentration during graded exercise and recovery throughout an annual Training Cycle in highly trained athletes of different Training profiles. The study included 12 sprinters (SP, 21-30 years), 11 triathletes (TR, 20-31 years), 12 futsal players (FU, 19-31 years), and 13 amateur runners (AM, 20-33 years). Purine metabolite (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), ammonia (NH3), and lactate (LA) concentrations were determined at rest, during an incremental treadmill exercise test (every 3 minutes), and during recovery (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes postexercise) in 4 phases of an annual Training Cycle. Purine metabolite concentration was determined from plasma, whereas LA and NH3 from whole blood. For LA during exercise and recovery, certain significant differences between Training phases within groups were observed for FU, TR, and SP but not for AM. For NH3, the greatest differences between examination points were observed for SP and TR near maximal exercise and in the first few stages of recovery. For hypoxanthine (Hx), the largest amount of differences between examination points was observed for FU, TR, and FU throughout the entire exercise spectrum. Biomarker concentration dynamics change during an incremental exercise test and postexercise in an annual Training Cycle. Biomarker responses differ depending on Training type and magnitude of Training loads used in various phases of an annual Training Cycle. When assessing Training status using an incremental exercise test throughout an annual Training Cycle, NH3 and Hx concentration changes are more sensitive compared with LA.
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Alterations in Exercise-Induced Plasma Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration in Highly Trained Athletes in a One-Year Training Cycle.
Metabolites, 2019Co-Authors: Ewa Zarebska, Krzysztof Kusy, Ewa M. Slominska, Łukasz Kruszyna, Jacek ZielińskiAbstract:This study aimed to assess the effect of Training loads on plasma adenosine triphosphate responsiveness in highly trained athletes in a 1 y Cycle. Highly trained futsal players (11 men, age range 20–31 y), endurance athletes (11 men, age range 18–31 y), sprinters (11 men, age range 21–30 y), and control group (11 men, age range 22–34 y) were examined across four characteristic Training phases in response to an incremental treadmill test until exhaustion. A considerably higher exercise and post-exercise plasma adenosine triphosphate concentrations were observed in consecutive Training phases in highly trained athletes, with the highest values reached after the competitive period. No differences in plasma adenosine triphosphate concentrations were found in the control group during the 1 y Cycle. Sprinters showed a higher absolute and net increase in plasma adenosine triphosphate concentration by 60–114% during exercise in consecutive Training phases than futsal players (63–101%) and endurance athletes (64–95%). In this study, we demonstrated that exercise-induced adenosine triphosphate concentration significantly changes in highly trained athletes over an annual Training Cycle. The obtained results showed that high-intensity but not low- to moderate-intensity Training leads to an increased adenosine triphosphate response to exercise, suggesting an important role of ATP for vascular plasticity.
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Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2017Co-Authors: Monika Ciekot-sołtysiak, Krzysztof Kusy, Tomasz Podgórski, Jacek ZielińskiAbstract:Background An extensive body of literature exists on the effects of Training on hematological parameters, but the previous studies have not reported how hematological parameters respond to changes in Training loads within consecutive phases of the Training Cycle in highly-trained athletes in extremely different sport disciplines. The aim of this study was to identify changes in red blood cell (RBC) profile in response to Training loads in consecutive phases of the annual Training Cycle in highly-trained sprinters (8 men, aged 24±3 years) and triathletes (6 men, aged 24±4 years) who competed at the national and international level. Methods Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and RBC distribution width (RDW) were determined in four characteristic Training phases (transition, general subphase of the preparation phase, specific subphase of the preparation phase and competition phase). Results Our main findings are that: 1) Hb, MCH and MCHC in triathletes and MCV in both triathletes and sprinters changed significantly over the annual Training Cycle; 2) triathletes had significantly higher values than sprinters only in case of MCH and MCHC after the transition and general preparation phases but not after the competition phase when MCH and MCHC were higher in sprinters; and 3) in triathletes, Hb, MCH and MCHC substantially decreased after the competition phase, which was not observed in sprinters. The athletes maintained normal ranges of all hematological parameters in four characteristic Training phases. Conclusions Although highly-trained sprinters and triathletes do not significantly differ in their levels of most hematological parameters, these groups are characterized by different patterns of changes during the annual Training Cycle. Our results suggest that when interpreting the values of hematological parameters in speed-power and endurance athletes, a specific phase of the annual Training Cycle should be taken into account.
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Alterations in purine metabolism in middle-aged elite, amateur, and recreational runners across a 1-year Training Cycle.
European journal of applied physiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jacek Zieliński, Krzysztof Kusy, Ewa M. SlominskaAbstract:Changes in purine derivatives may be considered as signs of Training-induced metabolic adaptations. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a 1-year Training Cycle on the response of hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration and Hx–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity. Three groups of middle-aged male runners were examined: 11 elite master runners (EL; 46.0 ± 3.8 years), 9 amateur runners (AM; 45.1 ± 4.7 years), and 10 recreational runners (RE; 45.9 ± 6.1 years). Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity were measured in three characteristic Training phases of the annual Cycle. Significant differences in post-exercise Hx concentration and resting HGPRT activity were demonstrated between the EL, AM, and RE groups across consecutive Training phases. The EL group showed lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity compared to the AM and RE groups. Analogous differences were observed between the AM and RE groups during specific preparation. For the EL group, the changes were observed across all examinations and the lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity were found in the competition phase. Significant change was also revealed in the AM group between the general and specific preparation, but not in the competition phase. No significant changes were found in the RE runners who did not use anaerobic exercise in their Training. In conclusion, a long-lasting endurance Training, incorporating high-intensity exercise, results in significant changes in purine metabolism, whereas Training characterized by constant low-intensity exercise does not. Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity may be sensitive indicators of Training adaptation and Training status in middle-aged athletes.
Aleksandra Nowacka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SWIMMING – THE STRUCTURE AND VOLUME OF Training LOADS IN THE FOUR-YEAR Training Cycle OF AN ELITE OLYMPIC ATHLETE
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2017Co-Authors: Paweł Słomiński, Aleksandra NowackaAbstract:Introduction. The improvement of outcomes in sport requires the creation of appropriate conditions for Training and the search for more effective forms of its organisation and effective technology. Starting with this belief, the aim of the work is to identify the size and structure of the Training loads and determine the effectiveness of the Training process of an elite athlete in the Olympic macroCycle (2004-2008). Material and methods. We analysed loads in the four-year Training Cycle from 2004 to 2008. The parameters of the loads relating to the intensity (T1-T5) and type of Training (general, special, and specific) were analysed. The present study also attempted to assess the impact of the work on the results obtained. Due to the nature of the competitive effort, we used the measurable parameter of distance (m, km) in the load analysis depending on the type and intensity of the physical effort. Results. This work reports on the implementation of a specially designed four-year Training programme. The material gathered and the conclusions resulting from its analysis have made it possible to identify organisational and Training solutions suitable for the athletic proficiency phase. The analysis of Training loads indicated that in the Training of a highly skilled swimmer, the general work is particularly important and that the largest volume was realised in the second intensity range (T2). Conclusions. The positive Training and competition outcomes were the result of a deliberate Training process. The Training proved to be effective, leading to an increase in the athlete’s Training status. This was achieved primarily owing to the Training loads, which were accurately planned and implemented according to the special requirements of the race distance and the individual characteristics of the swimmer.
Mikel Izquierdo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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endurance and neuromuscular changes in world class level kayakers during a periodized Training Cycle
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009Co-Authors: Jesus Garciapallares, Luis Sanchezmedina, Luis Carrasco, Arturo Diaz, Mikel IzquierdoAbstract:This study was undertaken to analyze changes in selected cardiovascular and neuromuscular variables in a group of elite kayakers across a 12-week periodized Cycle of combined strength and endurance Training. Eleven world-class level paddlers underwent a battery of tests and were assessed four times during the Training Cycle (T0, T1, T2, and T3). On each occasion subjects completed an incremental test to exhaustion on the kayak-ergometer to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), peak blood lactate, paddling speed at VO2max (PSmax) and at VT2 (PSVT2), stroke rate at VO2max and at VT2, heart rate at VO2max and at VT2. One-repetition maximum (1RM) and mean velocity with 45% 1RM load (V45%) were assessed in the bench press (BP) and prone bench pull (PBP) exercises. Anthropometric measurements (skinfold thicknesses and muscle girths) were also obtained. Training volume and exercise intensity were quantified for each of three Training phases (P1, P2, and P3). Significant improvements in VO2max (9.5%), VO2 at VT2 (9.4%), PSmax (6.2%), PSVT2 (4.4%), 1RM in BP (4.2%) and PBP (5.3%), V45% in BP (14.4%) and PBP (10.0%) were observed from T0 to T3. A 12-week periodized strength and endurance program with special emphasis on prioritizing the sequential development of specific physical fitness components in each Training phase (i.e. muscle hypertrophy and VT2 in P1, and maximal strength and aerobic power in P2) seems effective for improving both cardiovascular and neuromuscular markers of highly trained top-level athletes.
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moderate resistance Training volume produces more favorable strength gains than high or low volumes during a short term Training Cycle
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005Co-Authors: Juan Jose Gonzalezbadillo, Esteban M Gorostiaga, Raul Arellano, Mikel IzquierdoAbstract:The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 3 resistance Training volumes on maximal strength in the snatch (Sn), clean & jerk (C&J), and squat (Sq) exercises during a 10-week Training period. Fifty-one experienced (>3 years), trained junior lifters were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: a low-volume group (LVG, n = 16), a moderate-volume group (MVG, n = 17), and a high-volume group (HVG, n = 18). All subjects trained 4-5 days a week with a periodized routine using the same exercises and relative intensities but a different total number of sets and repetitions at each relative load: LVG (1,923 repetitions), MVG (2,481 repetitions), and HVG (3,030 repetitions). The Training was periodized from moderate intensity (60- 80% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and high number of repetitions per set (2-6) to high intensity (90-100% of 1RM) and low number of repetitions per set (1-3). During the Training period, the MVG showed a significant increase for the Sn, C&J, and Sq exercises (6.1, 3.7, and 4.2%, respectively, p < 0.01), whereas in the LVG and HVG, the increase took place only with the C&J exercise (3.7 and 3%, respectively, p < 0.05) and the Sq exercise (4.6%, p < 0.05, and 4.8%, p < 0.01, respectively). The increase in the Sn exercise for the MVG was significantly higher than in the LVG (p = 0.015). Calculation of effect sizes showed higher strength gains in the MVG than in the HVG or LVG. There were no significant differences between the LVG and HVG Training volume-induced strength gains. The present results indicate that junior experienced lifters can optimize performance by exercising with only 85% or less of the maximal volume that they can tolerate. These observations may have important practical relevance for the optimal design of strength Training programs for resistance-trained athletes, since we have shown that performing at a moderate volume is more effective and efficient than performing at a higher volume.
Paweł Słomiński - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SWIMMING – THE STRUCTURE AND VOLUME OF Training LOADS IN THE FOUR-YEAR Training Cycle OF AN ELITE OLYMPIC ATHLETE
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2017Co-Authors: Paweł Słomiński, Aleksandra NowackaAbstract:Introduction. The improvement of outcomes in sport requires the creation of appropriate conditions for Training and the search for more effective forms of its organisation and effective technology. Starting with this belief, the aim of the work is to identify the size and structure of the Training loads and determine the effectiveness of the Training process of an elite athlete in the Olympic macroCycle (2004-2008). Material and methods. We analysed loads in the four-year Training Cycle from 2004 to 2008. The parameters of the loads relating to the intensity (T1-T5) and type of Training (general, special, and specific) were analysed. The present study also attempted to assess the impact of the work on the results obtained. Due to the nature of the competitive effort, we used the measurable parameter of distance (m, km) in the load analysis depending on the type and intensity of the physical effort. Results. This work reports on the implementation of a specially designed four-year Training programme. The material gathered and the conclusions resulting from its analysis have made it possible to identify organisational and Training solutions suitable for the athletic proficiency phase. The analysis of Training loads indicated that in the Training of a highly skilled swimmer, the general work is particularly important and that the largest volume was realised in the second intensity range (T2). Conclusions. The positive Training and competition outcomes were the result of a deliberate Training process. The Training proved to be effective, leading to an increase in the athlete’s Training status. This was achieved primarily owing to the Training loads, which were accurately planned and implemented according to the special requirements of the race distance and the individual characteristics of the swimmer.