The Experts below are selected from a list of 32214 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
F. Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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urban poverty in the Transitional Economy a case of nanjing china
Habitat International, 2006Co-Authors: Guo Chen, Chaolin Gu, F. WuAbstract:Abstract In contrast to the traditional perception of the pervasive rural poverty in a developing country, poverty has become gradually urbanized in China, despite significant reduction of absolute poverty in rural areas since the late 1970s. This paper focuses on the changing context of urban poverty in China and emphasizes the difference between the “new urban poverty” and the traditional urban poverty, mainly experienced by the “three Nos” (people without stable income, working capacity, or family support) in the socialist era. A theoretical framework is proposed to address the impacts of three major transformations during the economic reform—economic restructuring, changing welfare provision, and sociospatial re-organization—on the poor segment of urban society. A case study of the city of Nanjing is conducted to examine the changing composition of urban poverty and its spatial characteristics. We conclude that new urban poverty in China is an inevitable outcome of economic restructuring, the state's retreat from workplace-based welfare provision and the urbanization process that re-organizes urban spaces. Due to the strong legacy of socialist urbanism and the limit of our data analysis, there is no strong evidence of poverty concentration at district level, though pockets of urban poverty are found at community level in the city of Nanjing.
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Urban poverty in the Transitional Economy: A case of Nanjing, China
Habitat International, 2006Co-Authors: F. WuAbstract:In contrast to the traditional perception of the pervasive rural poverty in a developing country, poverty has become gradually urbanized in China, despite significant reduction of absolute poverty in rural areas since the late 1970s. This paper focuses on the changing context of urban poverty in China and emphasizes the difference between the "new urban poverty" and the traditional urban poverty, mainly experienced by the "three Nos" (people without stable income, working capacity, or family support) in the socialist era. A theoretical framework is proposed to address the impacts of three major transformations during the economic reform - economic restructuring, changing welfare provision, and sociospatial re-organization - on the poor segment of urban society. A case study of the city of Nanjing is conducted to examine the changing composition of urban poverty and its spatial characteristics. We conclude that new urban poverty in China is an inevitable outcome of economic restructuring, the state's retreat from workplace-based welfare provision and the urbanization process that re-organizes urban spaces. Due to the strong legacy of socialist urbanism and the limit of our data analysis, there is no strong evidence of poverty concentration at district level, though pockets of urban poverty are found at community level in the city of Nanjing. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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the game of landed property production and capital circulation in china s Transitional Economy with reference to shanghai
Environment and Planning A, 1999Co-Authors: F. WuAbstract:The complex process of landed-property production in postreform China is examined with reference to Shanghai. In the specific context of a Transitional Economy, where planned and market elements coexist, the flow of capital into and out of the built environment is not automatically conditioned by the production sphere, or relative profitability, as suggested by Harvey's original theory of capital switching in an advanced market Economy, but rather is dependent upon active involvement of various agents or 'game players' with different vested interests and motivations. Attention is focused on intertwined local and global forces in the 'game' of production of new urban space. It is argued that capital circulation is the intrinsic dynamic rather than the precondition of the game. The new phase of urban development is characterised as property-led rather than industrial surplus-driven development. Specifically, I examine the role of central and local governments, state-owned enterprises, and foreign investors in urban land development and reveal that the predominant role of the state is now being substituted by complex interactions among these actors in a local context of globalisation.
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the transformation of the urban planning system in china from a centrally planned to Transitional Economy
1999Co-Authors: F. WuAbstract:Abstract The dominance of ideology, state control and economic planning on urban planning and development in China is rapidly diminishing after economic reforms in 1978. With the declining role of state enterprises in the Economy and investment in cities, the introduction of housing and land reform, and the opening up of Chinese cities to foreign investment, the state and centrally-planned Economy have less significant role to play in influencing the development of cities. Past urban planning practices, which were legitimized by the socialist ideology of planned growth, are now fundamentally challenged. Economic reforms have triggered reorganization of the Economy and society on which urban planning operates. Decentralization of decision making, market-led urban development initiatives, retreat from socialist ideology, deregulation and increase in the number of actors and conflicts of interests in land development have challenged fundamentally the practice of urban planning. The deficiency of the conventional urban planning system has been recognized. The enactment of the 1989 City Planning Act is a major milestone that tries to re-establish and formalize the urban planning system in China to meet the challenges. But, there are still many deficiencies of the urban planning system in dealing with the rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Some of these deficiencies can be traced to the legacies of past planning practice and some are deficiencies of the City Planning Act. Experiments are taking place in Chinese cities which aim to provide better guidance to urban planning and development control from a centrally-planned to Transitional Economy. These include urban district plans, detailed development control plans and zoning. From a broader examination of current global challenges that confront urban planning in various countries, it can be seen that the problems in China stem from the reorganization of state and market in urban planning. Urban planning in China is now at a crossroads. The urban planning system needs to undergo both institutional and philosophical reforms, such as the setting up of an urban planning commission, making the detailed development control plan statutory, setting up an independent planning appeal system, better coordination between development control and land leasing, increase in public participation, training of planners and strengthening of professionalism, in order for it to achieve its role in guiding urban development into the 21st century.
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urban spatial structure in a Transitional Economy the case of guangzhou china
Journal of The American Planning Association, 1999Co-Authors: F. WuAbstract:Abstract The urban spatial structure of Chinese cities has been changing since the post-Mao economic reform in 1978. More dramatic changes have occurred since the housing reform in 1982 and land reform in 1987. This article examines the transformation of urban spatial structure in China in the context of a Transitional Economy and its underlying dynamics. The land use changes in Guangzhou are used for a case study. The major findings are rapid decentralization through leapfrog developments in peripheral areas and the re-emergence of business and service areas in the city centre. The authors present a model of a new urban spatial structure and discuss its implications for urban planning.
Wingshing Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theorising urban planning in a Transitional Economy the case of shenzhen people s republic of china
Town Planning Review, 2004Co-Authors: Mee Kam Ng, Wingshing TangAbstract:Most of the existing planning theories (theories in urban development, of planning practice and justifications for planning) and debates about their interrelationships are derived from the contexts of basically 'demand-constrained' (capitalist) economies. Some authors have attempted to theorise urban planning in Transitional economies. However, theorisation based on concrete planning practices in a city in the transition from a 'resource-constrained' to a 'demand-constrained' Economy is an uncharted terrain. This paper attempts to take up this challenge and through a detailed case study of Shenzhen, China's first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) explores the relationships between urban development and planning in a Transitional Economy. Shenzhen's experience proves that a perceptive understanding of urban development can provide us with important clues for understanding the nature of and theoretical justifications for changing urban planning practices. In return, the reformed planning practice helps sharpen ou...
Mee Kam Ng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theorising urban planning in a Transitional Economy the case of shenzhen people s republic of china
Town Planning Review, 2004Co-Authors: Mee Kam Ng, Wingshing TangAbstract:Most of the existing planning theories (theories in urban development, of planning practice and justifications for planning) and debates about their interrelationships are derived from the contexts of basically 'demand-constrained' (capitalist) economies. Some authors have attempted to theorise urban planning in Transitional economies. However, theorisation based on concrete planning practices in a city in the transition from a 'resource-constrained' to a 'demand-constrained' Economy is an uncharted terrain. This paper attempts to take up this challenge and through a detailed case study of Shenzhen, China's first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) explores the relationships between urban development and planning in a Transitional Economy. Shenzhen's experience proves that a perceptive understanding of urban development can provide us with important clues for understanding the nature of and theoretical justifications for changing urban planning practices. In return, the reformed planning practice helps sharpen ou...
Susan M Carden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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retinopathy of prematurity postmenstrual age at threshold in a Transitional Economy is similar to that in developed countries
Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2008Co-Authors: Susan M Carden, Tinh Xuan Nguyen, Tess Huynh, William V GoodAbstract:BACKGROUND: To analyse the timing of threshold disease in infants requiring treatment for retinopathy of prematurity in a Transitional Economy. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, cohort study. SETTING: National Hospital of Paediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam. STUDY POPULATION: Premature infants in the Neonatal ward requiring laser treatment for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Chronological age and postmenstrual age at treatment. RESULTS: From January 2002 to November 2004, 42 infants from the National Hospital of Paediatrics required laser surgery for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. The mean +/- standard deviation (SD) of birth weight was 1369 +/- 184 g (range 1000-1700); the mean +/- SD of gestation at birth was 30 +/- 1.8 weeks (range 27-34); and the mean +/- SD of postmenstrual age at which treatment occurred in these infants was 36.2 +/- 2.5 weeks (range 31.4-42). A further 58 infants were transferred from other hospitals for laser surgery between January 2004 and October 2004. The mean +/- SD of birth weight was 1325.5 +/- 237.2 g (range 800-1900); the mean +/- SD of gestation at birth was 30 +/- 1.7 weeks (range 28-35); and the mean +/- SD of postmenstrual age at which treatment was given in these infants was 36.3 +/- 2.3 weeks (range 32.71-44.3). DISCUSSIONS: Despite the relative maturity of the gestation of these infants compared with infants in developed countries who develop severe retinopathy of prematurity, the timing of treatment for threshold disease appears to be related to postmenstrual age.
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zone 1 retinopathy of prematurity in a Transitional Economy a cautionary note
American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006Co-Authors: Susan M Carden, Tess HuynhAbstract:Purpose To describe three low risk infants in whom severe retinopathy of prematurity developed. Design A prospective, observational case series. Methods setting : National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam. study population : Premature infants in the neonatal ward. observation procedure : Eye examinations. Results Severe retinopathy of prematurity occurred in three infants. All had zone 1 disease and other unusually severe findings, such as neovascularization of the disk. These infants would not be at risk for the development of such severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with a developed Economy. Conclusions Unusual characteristics of retinopathy of prematurity may be occurring in countries with Transitional economies. Screening programs should be implemented and should take into consideration the possibility that retinopathy of prematurity may occur in infants who fall outside the screening guidelines that are used in the developed world.
Marjorie A Lyles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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venture survival in a Transitional Economy
Journal of Management, 2004Co-Authors: Marjorie A Lyles, Todd Saxton, Kathleen WatsonAbstract:Many formerly controlled economies have undergone discontinuous transformations in their approach to markets, institutional environments, and the role of government in economic activity. We study the factors that affect venture survival in a Transitional Economy through a two-stage study of private ventures in Hungary. We find that ventures survive under uncertainty, even without significant government support. Industry experience, networking activities, and the strategic orientation of the firms predict survival. Contrary to our predictions, SOE experience, access to infrastructure, and differentiation strategies do not significantly differentiate survivors.
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explaining ijv survival in a Transitional Economy through social exchange and knowledge based perspectives
Strategic Management Journal, 2000Co-Authors: Kevin H Steensma, Marjorie A LylesAbstract:In this study, we combine social exchange and knowledge-based perspectives to develop a general path model of IJV survival. We further refine our expectations by considering the Transitional economic context of our study and the somewhat unique managerial values resulting from the legacy of Marxist ideology. Results from structural equation modeling suggest that an imbalance in the management control structure between the parents leads to parental conflict and an increased likelihood of IJV failure. An imbalance in the ownership control structure, however, had no influence on conflict or survival. In general, support from the foreign parent is positively related to IJV learning and IJV survival. However, higher levels of technical support provided by the foreign parent to the IJV reduced the level of parental conflict, whereas management support had no effect on conflict. Our results suggest some dilemmas for firms pursuing IJVs in Transitional economies. Although the foreign parent often contributes critical resources to the IJV, providing it with bargaining power and a high level of influence, an imbalance in management control between the partners may ultimately be detrimental to IJV survival. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
