The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jueitang Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of Trilinolein on superoxide dismutase activity and mrna levels in aortic smooth muscle cells
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2000Co-Authors: Paul K S Chan, Brian Tomlinson, Jun Jen Chang, Fu Chean Chen, Ming Shun Wu, Jueitang ChengAbstract:SUMMARY 1. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death in Western countries. Oxygen free radicals are considered to be intimately involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Anti-oxidants may help to protect mammalian cells from the damage induced by these reactive oxygen species. Many reports have indicated that anti-oxidants used in the treatment or prevention of disease could modify the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, the effects of long-term anti-oxidant treatment on the levels of SOD in smooth muscle cells (SMC) is still unclear. In the present study, the effects of the lipophilic anti-oxidant Trilinolein on the activity and gene expression of SOD in SMC were evaluated. 2. After 2 days incubation with 0.1 μmol/L Trilinolein, the activity and mRNA levels of SOD were increased in rat aortic SMC (A7r5), but there was no significant change in these parameters with a higher concentration of 1 μmol/L Trilinolein. 3. In contrast, after 7 days incubation with Trilinolein, both the activity and mRNA levels of SOD were lowered in a dose-dependent manner. 4. These data emphasize the importance of choosing an optimal dosage for supplementation with anti-oxidants in humans for the scavenging of oxygen free radicals.
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changes in superoxide dismutase activity and mrna in vivo after short term supplementation with Trilinolein in rats
National Medical Journal of China, 2000Co-Authors: Paul K S Chan, Yi Jen Chen, Wen Pin Huang, Jueitang ChengAbstract:BACKGROUND: Oxidative damage plays a central role in atherogenesis and antioxidation defense mechanisms may prevent atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the effect of short-term supplementation of the natural lipophilic antioxidant Trilinolein on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and SOD-mRNA gene expression in vivo in rat vital organs. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 8) were injected intraperitoneally with Trilinolein (1 mM/ml/kg/day in 0.5% ethanol) daily for three consecutive days. Two control groups (n = 8) were administered saline or 0.5% ethanol in saline, respectively, for three days. RESULTS: Assay of SOD activity and SOD-mRNA by Northern blotting in rat liver, spleen and brain showed significant increases in SOD activity and increased SOD-mRNA gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: The natural lipophilic antioxidant Trilinolein potentiates the SOD antioxidation defense mechanism and increases gene expression of SOD-mRNA after short-term supplementation in rats.
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myocardial protective effect of Trilinolein an antioxid ant isolated from the medicinal plant panax pseudoginseng
Life Sciences, 1997Co-Authors: Paul Chan, Chuangye Hong, Brian Tomlinson, Nenchung Chang, Janepyng Chen, Jueitang ChengAbstract:Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated that Trilinolein, a natural plant triacylglycerol, is a novel myocardial protective agent in vivo . The mechanism probably involves an antioxidant effect. This work investigated the mechanism of myocardial protection of Trilinolein to determine if inhibition of calcium influx and alteration of activity of Superoxide dismutase are involved. In isolated cardiomyocytes, pretreatment with Trilinolein at a low concentration of 10 −9 M effectively reduced 45 Ca 2+ influx stimulated by hypoxia/normoxia by 34 %. In isolated perfused rat heart subjected to 60 min global hypoxemia without reperfusion, pretreatment with 10 −7 M Trilinolein for 15 min reduced infarct size by 37%. Assay of Superoxide dismutase-mRNA by Northern blot analysis in in vivo rat heart subjected to 30 min ischaemia and 10 min reperfusion showed pretreatment with 10 −7 M Trilinolein had a synergistic action with antioxidant systems preventing the rise in Superoxide dismutase-mRNA. These results reconfirm the myocardial protection of Trilinolein and suggest it may be related to antioxidant activity and inhibition of 45 Ca 2+ influx.
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the in vitro antioxid ant activity of Trilinolein and other lipid related natural substances as measured by enhanced chemiluminescence
Life Sciences, 1996Co-Authors: Paul Chan, Jueitang Cheng, Chiung Wen Tsao, Chuangye HongAbstract:Abstract There ia abundant evidence for the premise that oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) mediate ischemia/reperfusion injury to the myocardium. OFR scavengers such as Superoxide dismutase can effectively reduce damage through lipid peroxidation during ischemia/reperfusion. Enhanced chemiluminescence, which has been used to measure OFR, was used to measure the antioxidant activity of fatty acids (palmitic and linoleic acid) and triglycerides (triolein, tristearin) and natural plant antioxidants (magnolol, catechin, Trilinolein). Trilinolein, which has recently been isolated from natural products, as well as the well-known water soluble analogue of vitamin E - Trolox, were used as control. During pretreatment with chemicals, at concentrations of 10 −9 to 10 −7 M, enhanced chemiluminescence of linoleic acid (C 18:2) showed a dose-responsive reduction of OFR with a maximal mean reduction of -31.9 % when compared to baseline. A saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid (C 16:0) showed only relatively weak antioxidant activity at concentrations of 10 −7 to 10 −6 M with a maximum reduction of OFR of -15.2 % only. Control chemicals such as Trilinolein and Trolox showed significant antioxidant activity. At concentrations between 10 −6 and 10 −10 M and Trilinolein has the most potent antioxidant activity with a maximal mean reduction of OFR of -48.0%, whereas Trolox showed only -39.2 %. As for the natural plant antioxidants, only catechin showed potent antioxidant activity (-40 %). Polyunsaturated triglycerides such as triolein (oleic acid, C 18:1) also possess significant OFR scavenging effect (- 31.9 %) whilst saturated triglycerides such as tristearin (stearic acid, C 18:0) had only relatively weak antioxidant activity (- 15.2 %). Generally, the antioxidant activity of unsaturated compounds is stronger than saturated compounds; double-bond existence may partially explain this phenomenon.
Paul K S Chan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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molecular mechanism of the inhibitory effect of Trilinolein on endothelin 1 induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
Planta Medica, 2005Co-Authors: Shi Chung Chen, Jun Jack Cheng, Ming Hsiung Hsieh, Tzuhurng Cheng, Paul K S ChanAbstract:: Trilinolein, isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Sanchi ( Panax notoginseng), has been shown to have myocardial protective effects via its antioxidant ability. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of Trilinolein in the heart remain to be elucidated. Oxidative mechanisms have been implicated in neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. We therefore have examined whether Trilinolein attenuates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and thus ET-1-induced hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with ET-1 (10 nM), [3H]leucine incorporation and the beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MyHC) promoter activity were examined. Trilinolein (1 and 10 microM) inhibited the ET-1-induced increase of [3H]-leucine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. Trilinolein (1 and 10 microM) also inhibited ET-1-induced beta-MyHC promoter activity in cardiomyocytes. We further examined the effects of Trilinolein on ET-1-induced intracellular ROS generation by measuring a redox-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, fluorescence intensity. Trilinolein (1 and 10 microM) inhibited ET-1-increased intracellular ROS levels in a concentration-dependent manner. This increase of ROS by ET-1 (10 nM) or H2O2 (25 microM) was significantly inhibited by Trilinolein (10 microM) and N-acetylcysteine (10 mM). Moreover, ET-1- or H2O2-induced beta-MyHC promoter activity and protein synthesis were also inhibited by Trilinolein (10 microM). These data indicate that Trilinolein inhibits ET-1-induced beta-MyHC promoter activity, and subsequent hypertrophy via its antioxidant ability in cardiomyocytes.
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cardiovascular effects of Trilinolein a natural triglyceride isolated from the herb sanchi panax notoginseng
Acta Cardiologica Sinica, 2005Co-Authors: Paul K S Chan, Brian TomlinsonAbstract:Trilinolein is a natural triacylglycerol isolated from the traditional Chinese herb, Panax notoginseng, and has been found to have several pharmacological effects. Through various mechanisms, Trilinolein has been demonstrated to have anti-ischemic, antiarrhythmic, and antioxidant properties. This article summarizes our research on the myocardial protective effects of Trilinolein, which may explain some of the benefits of the natural herb in treating circulatory disorders which have been perceived by empirical practice.
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protective effects of Trilinolein extracted from panax notoginseng against cardiovascular disease
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2002Co-Authors: Paul K S Chan, Neil G Thomas, Brian TomlinsonAbstract:Trilinolein is a triacylglycerol purified from a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng. Trilinolein has been reported to provide a number of beneficial effects including reducing thrombogenicity and arrhythmias and increasing erythrocyte deformability. Additionally, Trilinolein has been reported to be an antioxidant, which can counteract free radical damage associated with atherogenesis, and myocardial damage seen with ischaemia and reperfusion. These pharmacologic effects may explain the perceived benefits derived from treating circulatory disorders with the herb over the centuries.
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effects of Trilinolein on superoxide dismutase activity and mrna levels in aortic smooth muscle cells
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2000Co-Authors: Paul K S Chan, Brian Tomlinson, Jun Jen Chang, Fu Chean Chen, Ming Shun Wu, Jueitang ChengAbstract:SUMMARY 1. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death in Western countries. Oxygen free radicals are considered to be intimately involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Anti-oxidants may help to protect mammalian cells from the damage induced by these reactive oxygen species. Many reports have indicated that anti-oxidants used in the treatment or prevention of disease could modify the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, the effects of long-term anti-oxidant treatment on the levels of SOD in smooth muscle cells (SMC) is still unclear. In the present study, the effects of the lipophilic anti-oxidant Trilinolein on the activity and gene expression of SOD in SMC were evaluated. 2. After 2 days incubation with 0.1 μmol/L Trilinolein, the activity and mRNA levels of SOD were increased in rat aortic SMC (A7r5), but there was no significant change in these parameters with a higher concentration of 1 μmol/L Trilinolein. 3. In contrast, after 7 days incubation with Trilinolein, both the activity and mRNA levels of SOD were lowered in a dose-dependent manner. 4. These data emphasize the importance of choosing an optimal dosage for supplementation with anti-oxidants in humans for the scavenging of oxygen free radicals.
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changes in superoxide dismutase activity and mrna in vivo after short term supplementation with Trilinolein in rats
National Medical Journal of China, 2000Co-Authors: Paul K S Chan, Yi Jen Chen, Wen Pin Huang, Jueitang ChengAbstract:BACKGROUND: Oxidative damage plays a central role in atherogenesis and antioxidation defense mechanisms may prevent atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the effect of short-term supplementation of the natural lipophilic antioxidant Trilinolein on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and SOD-mRNA gene expression in vivo in rat vital organs. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 8) were injected intraperitoneally with Trilinolein (1 mM/ml/kg/day in 0.5% ethanol) daily for three consecutive days. Two control groups (n = 8) were administered saline or 0.5% ethanol in saline, respectively, for three days. RESULTS: Assay of SOD activity and SOD-mRNA by Northern blotting in rat liver, spleen and brain showed significant increases in SOD activity and increased SOD-mRNA gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: The natural lipophilic antioxidant Trilinolein potentiates the SOD antioxidation defense mechanism and increases gene expression of SOD-mRNA after short-term supplementation in rats.
Tadahiro Nagata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cis trans isomerisation of triolein Trilinolein and trilinolenin induced by heat treatment
Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Wakako Tsuzuki, Reiko Nagata, Ritsuko Yunoki, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, Tadahiro NagataAbstract:Abstract To estimate the trans -fatty acid production of edible oils during the frying process, 1.0 g of triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin, as representative oils, were heated at 180 °C for a defined period. The amounts of trans -fatty acids in heated triacylglycerols were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography after methylation. It was revealed that heating induced cis to trans -isomerisation of unsaturated triacylglycerols, and that trans -fatty acid amounts increased gradually, depending on the heating period. For example, trans -isomer amounts in triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin (per gram) were 5.8 mg, 3.1 mg and 6.5 mg, respectively, after 8 h incubation at 180 °C. At that time, the contents of polar compounds contained in the heated triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin were 22%, 27% and 31%, respectively. When triolein was heated under a N 2 stream, neither trans -isomerisation nor polar compounds were detected. The addition of α-tocopherol (1.0%) to triolein significantly prevented not only lipid oxidation but also trans -isomerisation during heating. A commercially available vegetable oil was also heated under the same conditions as these model oils. Compared with the trans -isomerisation in model oils, the degree of trans -isomerisation in the edible oil was relatively low. Tocopherols in the oil would prevent not only lipid oxidation but also isomerisation. These results suggest that the geometric isomerisation of unsaturated fatty acids during heating accompanies lipid oxidation.
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cis/trans-Isomerisation of triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin induced by heat treatment
Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Wakako Tsuzuki, Reiko Nagata, Ritsuko Yunoki, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, Tadahiro NagataAbstract:Abstract To estimate the trans -fatty acid production of edible oils during the frying process, 1.0 g of triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin, as representative oils, were heated at 180 °C for a defined period. The amounts of trans -fatty acids in heated triacylglycerols were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography after methylation. It was revealed that heating induced cis to trans -isomerisation of unsaturated triacylglycerols, and that trans -fatty acid amounts increased gradually, depending on the heating period. For example, trans -isomer amounts in triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin (per gram) were 5.8 mg, 3.1 mg and 6.5 mg, respectively, after 8 h incubation at 180 °C. At that time, the contents of polar compounds contained in the heated triolein, Trilinolein and trilinolenin were 22%, 27% and 31%, respectively. When triolein was heated under a N 2 stream, neither trans -isomerisation nor polar compounds were detected. The addition of α-tocopherol (1.0%) to triolein significantly prevented not only lipid oxidation but also trans -isomerisation during heating. A commercially available vegetable oil was also heated under the same conditions as these model oils. Compared with the trans -isomerisation in model oils, the degree of trans -isomerisation in the edible oil was relatively low. Tocopherols in the oil would prevent not only lipid oxidation but also isomerisation. These results suggest that the geometric isomerisation of unsaturated fatty acids during heating accompanies lipid oxidation.
Chuangye Hong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of Trilinolein on strophanthidin induced ventricular tachycardia in guinea pigs
Pharmacology, 1999Co-Authors: Yi Jen Chen, Shih Ann Chen, Chern En Chiang, Mausong Chang, Chuangye HongAbstract:Trilinolein, a triacylglycerol with linoleic acid, was found to inhibit Ca2+ influx in cardiomyocytes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Trilinolein on ventricular ar
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myocardial protective effect of Trilinolein an antioxid ant isolated from the medicinal plant panax pseudoginseng
Life Sciences, 1997Co-Authors: Paul Chan, Chuangye Hong, Brian Tomlinson, Nenchung Chang, Janepyng Chen, Jueitang ChengAbstract:Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated that Trilinolein, a natural plant triacylglycerol, is a novel myocardial protective agent in vivo . The mechanism probably involves an antioxidant effect. This work investigated the mechanism of myocardial protection of Trilinolein to determine if inhibition of calcium influx and alteration of activity of Superoxide dismutase are involved. In isolated cardiomyocytes, pretreatment with Trilinolein at a low concentration of 10 −9 M effectively reduced 45 Ca 2+ influx stimulated by hypoxia/normoxia by 34 %. In isolated perfused rat heart subjected to 60 min global hypoxemia without reperfusion, pretreatment with 10 −7 M Trilinolein for 15 min reduced infarct size by 37%. Assay of Superoxide dismutase-mRNA by Northern blot analysis in in vivo rat heart subjected to 30 min ischaemia and 10 min reperfusion showed pretreatment with 10 −7 M Trilinolein had a synergistic action with antioxidant systems preventing the rise in Superoxide dismutase-mRNA. These results reconfirm the myocardial protection of Trilinolein and suggest it may be related to antioxidant activity and inhibition of 45 Ca 2+ influx.
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Determinations of Trilinolein and 1,2– Dilinoleoyl-3-Oleoyl-Glycerol in Various Panax Ginseng by HPLC
Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 1997Co-Authors: Y. H. Wang, Chuangye Hong, Chieh-fu Chen, Tung-hu TsaiAbstract:Abstract A simultaneous analysis of Trilinolein and 1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleoyl-glycerol (DLO) in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) by a high performance liquid chromatographic method was used in the analysis of various Ginseng Radix. Chromatographic analysis is achieved on an isocratic system consisting of a polymeric reversed phase C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol (50:50, v/v) to elute the Trilinolein and DLO. The system was detected at 205 nm. The results indicate that various ginseng extraction from Korean, Japanese and Chinese by n-hexane contained 0.37 ± 0.009, 0.39 ± 0.016, and 0.27 ± 0.009 mg/g, respectively for Trilinolein; and 0.41 ± 0.009, 0.45 ± 0.01, and 0.22 ± 0.008 mg/g, respectively for DLO. Quantitative determination of the triacylglycerol content in different parts of ginseng showed that the contents were in the following order: rhizome head > main root > root hair.
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determinations of Trilinolein and 1 2 dilinoleoyl 3 oleoyl glycerol in various panax ginseng by hplc
Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 1997Co-Authors: Yayu Wang, Chuangye Hong, Chieh-fu Chen, Tung-hu TsaiAbstract:Abstract A simultaneous analysis of Trilinolein and 1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleoyl-glycerol (DLO) in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) by a high performance liquid chromatographic method was used in the analysis of various Ginseng Radix. Chromatographic analysis is achieved on an isocratic system consisting of a polymeric reversed phase C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol (50:50, v/v) to elute the Trilinolein and DLO. The system was detected at 205 nm. The results indicate that various ginseng extraction from Korean, Japanese and Chinese by n-hexane contained 0.37 ± 0.009, 0.39 ± 0.016, and 0.27 ± 0.009 mg/g, respectively for Trilinolein; and 0.41 ± 0.009, 0.45 ± 0.01, and 0.22 ± 0.008 mg/g, respectively for DLO. Quantitative determination of the triacylglycerol content in different parts of ginseng showed that the contents were in the following order: rhizome head > main root > root hair.
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the in vitro antioxid ant activity of Trilinolein and other lipid related natural substances as measured by enhanced chemiluminescence
Life Sciences, 1996Co-Authors: Paul Chan, Jueitang Cheng, Chiung Wen Tsao, Chuangye HongAbstract:Abstract There ia abundant evidence for the premise that oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) mediate ischemia/reperfusion injury to the myocardium. OFR scavengers such as Superoxide dismutase can effectively reduce damage through lipid peroxidation during ischemia/reperfusion. Enhanced chemiluminescence, which has been used to measure OFR, was used to measure the antioxidant activity of fatty acids (palmitic and linoleic acid) and triglycerides (triolein, tristearin) and natural plant antioxidants (magnolol, catechin, Trilinolein). Trilinolein, which has recently been isolated from natural products, as well as the well-known water soluble analogue of vitamin E - Trolox, were used as control. During pretreatment with chemicals, at concentrations of 10 −9 to 10 −7 M, enhanced chemiluminescence of linoleic acid (C 18:2) showed a dose-responsive reduction of OFR with a maximal mean reduction of -31.9 % when compared to baseline. A saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid (C 16:0) showed only relatively weak antioxidant activity at concentrations of 10 −7 to 10 −6 M with a maximum reduction of OFR of -15.2 % only. Control chemicals such as Trilinolein and Trolox showed significant antioxidant activity. At concentrations between 10 −6 and 10 −10 M and Trilinolein has the most potent antioxidant activity with a maximal mean reduction of OFR of -48.0%, whereas Trolox showed only -39.2 %. As for the natural plant antioxidants, only catechin showed potent antioxidant activity (-40 %). Polyunsaturated triglycerides such as triolein (oleic acid, C 18:1) also possess significant OFR scavenging effect (- 31.9 %) whilst saturated triglycerides such as tristearin (stearic acid, C 18:0) had only relatively weak antioxidant activity (- 15.2 %). Generally, the antioxidant activity of unsaturated compounds is stronger than saturated compounds; double-bond existence may partially explain this phenomenon.
Hsu Chen Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trilinolein Inhibits Proliferation of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A549 Through the Modulation of PI3K/Akt Pathway
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Pei Yu Chou, Guanjhong Huang, Yi Chung Chien, Ying Yi Chen, Chieh Hsi Wu, Ming Jyh Sheu, Hsu Chen ChengAbstract:Trilinolein has been identified as one of the active constituents isolated from Panax notoginseng used widely in traditional Chinese medicine. Protective actions of Panax notoginseng against cerebral ischemia, beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, and hemostatic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, renoprotective and estrogen-like activities have been illustrated. In the present study, the effects of Trilinolein on the growth of non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 were investigated. It was found that the exposure of A549 cells to Trilinolein resulted in the growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Trilinolein treatment induced the upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, which was associated with the proteolytic activation of caspases and the concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Intracellular reactive oxygen species seem to play a role in the Trilinolein-induced apoptosis, since ROS were produced early in the Trilinolein treatment. Moreover, the activity of PI3K/Akt was downregulated in Trilinolein-treated cells. Our results demonstrated that the most important regulators of Trilinolein-induced apoptosis are Bcl-2 family and caspase-3, which are associated with cytochrome c release and dephosphorylation on the Akt signaling pathway.
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Trilinolein inhibits proliferation of human non small cell lung carcinoma a549 through the modulation of pi3k akt pathway
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Pei Yu Chou, Guanjhong Huang, Yi Chung Chien, Ying Yi Chen, Chieh Hsi Wu, Ming Jyh Sheu, Hsu Chen ChengAbstract:Trilinolein has been identified as one of the active constituents isolated from Panax notoginseng used widely in traditional Chinese medicine. Protective actions of Panax notoginseng against cerebral ischemia, beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, and hemostatic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, renoprotective and estrogen-like activities have been illustrated. In the present study, the effects of Trilinolein on the growth of non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 were investigated. It was found that the exposure of A549 cells to Trilinolein resulted in the growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Trilinolein treatment induced the upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, which was associated with the proteolytic activation of caspases and the concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Intracellular reactive oxygen species seem to play a role in the Trilinolein-induced apoptosis, since ROS were produced early in the Trilinolein treatment. Moreover, the activity of PI3K/Akt was downregulated in Trilinolein-treated cells. Our results demonstrated that the most important regulators of Trilinolein-induced apoptosis are Bcl-2 family and caspase-3, which are associated with cytochrome c release and dephosphorylation on the Akt signaling pathway.
