The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mario Raviglione - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Global Tuberculosis Control: Toward the 2015 Targets and Beyond.
Annals of internal medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Emilio Dirlikov, Mario Raviglione, Fabio ScanoAbstract:Since 1990, progress has been made toward global Tuberculosis Control, as measured by targets set for 2015. However, Tuberculosis remains a major threat to health around the world. Beyond 2015, tub...
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Resources required for global Tuberculosis Control.
Science (New York N.Y.), 2002Co-Authors: Katherine Floyd, Mario Raviglione, Léopold Blanc, Jong-wook LeeAbstract:We estimate that to achieve the World Health Organization's Tuberculosis Control targets, the 22 high-burden countries (HBCs) that collectively account for approximately 80% of the world's Tuberculosis cases require about $1 billion per year during the period 2001 to 2005. A further $0.2 billion per year is needed for low and lower-middle income countries outside the 22 HBCs. There is a resource gap of up to around $300 million per year. Substantial progress in Tuberculosis Control could be achieved with increased investment that is large in the context of existing spending, but small in the wider context of global health expenditure.
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Evolution of WHO policies for Tuberculosis Control, 1948–2001
Lancet (London England), 2002Co-Authors: Mario Raviglione, A PioAbstract:Summary We examine the evolution of WHO managerial policies for Tuberculosis Control during 1948–2001 to provide a new framework that will accelerate Control expansion in the near future. In the first period (1948–63), a vertical approach to Tuberculosis Control was the policy adopted by WHO and the international community. However, although this approach was successful in more-developed countries, it largely failed in resource-poor settings. As a result, involvement of general health services was soon deemed essential. During 1989–98, a new framework for effective Tuberculosis Control was created and a new five-element strategy was branded with the name of DOTS. This period was characterised by the recognition of Tuberculosis Control as a public-health priority, the intensification of Tuberculosis Control efforts worldwide, and the return of Tuberculosis to the political agenda of governments. However, although nominal adoption of DOTS increased rapidly due to massive promotion by WHO and partners, expansion to provide full access was too slow and only 23% of all infectious cases in 1999 were managed under DOTS. A truly multisectoral approach based on advocacy and social mobilisation, community involvement, and engagement of private-for-profit practitioners is becoming the way forward for Tuberculosis Control. HIV-associated Tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis must be tackled as priority issues. We conclude that, based on the lessons of the past, the future of Tuberculosis Control should be focused on a pragmatic approach combining a specialised, well-defined management system with a fully integrated service delivery. A multisectoral approach that builds on global and national partnerships is the key to future Tuberculosis Control.
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evolution of who policies for Tuberculosis Control 1948 2001
The Lancet, 2002Co-Authors: Mario Raviglione, A PioAbstract:Summary We examine the evolution of WHO managerial policies for Tuberculosis Control during 1948–2001 to provide a new framework that will accelerate Control expansion in the near future. In the first period (1948–63), a vertical approach to Tuberculosis Control was the policy adopted by WHO and the international community. However, although this approach was successful in more-developed countries, it largely failed in resource-poor settings. As a result, involvement of general health services was soon deemed essential. During 1989–98, a new framework for effective Tuberculosis Control was created and a new five-element strategy was branded with the name of DOTS. This period was characterised by the recognition of Tuberculosis Control as a public-health priority, the intensification of Tuberculosis Control efforts worldwide, and the return of Tuberculosis to the political agenda of governments. However, although nominal adoption of DOTS increased rapidly due to massive promotion by WHO and partners, expansion to provide full access was too slow and only 23% of all infectious cases in 1999 were managed under DOTS. A truly multisectoral approach based on advocacy and social mobilisation, community involvement, and engagement of private-for-profit practitioners is becoming the way forward for Tuberculosis Control. HIV-associated Tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis must be tackled as priority issues. We conclude that, based on the lessons of the past, the future of Tuberculosis Control should be focused on a pragmatic approach combining a specialised, well-defined management system with a fully integrated service delivery. A multisectoral approach that builds on global and national partnerships is the key to future Tuberculosis Control.
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responding to market failures in Tuberculosis Control
Science, 2001Co-Authors: Rajesh Gupta, Jim Yong Kim, Marcos A Espinal, Jeanmichel Caudron, Bernard Pecoul, Paul Farmer, Mario RaviglioneAbstract:The specter of multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) threatens the gains achieved by Tuberculosis Control through international recommendations currently accepted by 127 countries. The high cost of second-line drugs is a clear example of a market failure serving as a barrier to treatment of MDR-TB cases. [ Gupta et al .][1] describe an approach based on policy development, consolidating and increasing demand, and increasing supply to decrease the cost of second-line drugs. As a result, prices decreased from 48-97% for a treatment regimen and competition was increased in monopoly markets. An independent scientific committee fosters access to the drugs under tightly monitored pilot projects to prevent the creation of resistance to second-line drugs. This strategy may be applicable to other infectious-disease treatment efforts. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5532/1049
L. S. Chauhan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tuberculosis Control in India
The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Reuben Granich, Fraser Wares, Sahu Suvanand, L. S. ChauhanAbstract:We were disappointed and not a little surprised by your news article regarding progress in Tuberculosis Control in India in 2002. We strongly disagree with the content of the article. Tuberculosis remains a serious public-health problem in India accounting for nearly one-third of the global burden. Despite the introduction of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1962 India has about 2 million new cases every year of which nearly 1 million are infectious smear-positive pulmonary cases. One person dies from Tuberculosis in India every minute—more than 1000 every day and 450 000 every year. Indias Tuberculosis problem is further compounded by an estimated 3.97 million people infected with HIV Tuberculosis being the most common opportunistic disease amongst HIV-infected people. However the news is not all bad. Recognising the devastating socio-economic impact of this airborne disease in 1993 the government of India embarked on an ambitious revised Tuberculosis-Control programme based on the WHO-recommended directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) strategy with three pilot sites covering a population of 4.2 million. (excerpt)
Devi Sridhar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The World Bank & financing Tuberculosis Control, 1986-2017
Wellcome Open Research, 2019Co-Authors: Manveer Rahi, Genevie Fernandes, Janelle Winters, Devi SridharAbstract:Background: Tuberculosis is among the leading contributors to global mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and has had a major socioeconomic cost in recent history. The World Bank is a leading institution for global health governance and financing, but little research has concentrated on the role of the World Bank in global Tuberculosis Control. Methods: We tracked the development of the World Bank’s policies and associated financial flows for Tuberculosis Control. First, we performed a scoping review of both published and grey literature. Second, we used the World Bank’s Projects & Operations database to construct a dataset of all World Bank projects with funding allocated to the “Tuberculosis” theme from 1986 to 2017. Finally, we analysed the World Bank’s funding patterns alongside wider funding for Tuberculosis using the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Development Assistance for Health database. Results: We identified four periods in the World Bank’s involvement in global Tuberculosis Control, from the recognition of Tuberculosis as a global health issue to the creation of a global coalition against Tuberculosis. Between 1986 and 2017 the World Bank undertook 79 projects with financing from its core lending divisions with a Tuberculosis Control theme or focus. Within the 79 projects, the World Bank committed 19.6% of funding, or $0.9bn, towards Tuberculosis Control. The World Bank has invested significantly into Direct Observation of Treatment, Short-course chemotherapy (DOTS). After the formation of private-public partnerships against Tuberculosis in 2002 such as the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria, the World Bank’s core financing decreased and private-public partnerships provided increasing levels of substitutive financing for Tuberculosis Control. Conclusions: The World Bank has been pivotal in leading global financing, garnering advocacy and creating widespread coalition in the battle against Tuberculosis Control in recent decades.
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The World Bank & financing Tuberculosis Control, 1986-2017
Wellcome Open Research, 2018Co-Authors: Manveer Rahi, Genevie Fernandes, Janelle Winters, Devi SridharAbstract:Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading contributors to global mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and has had a major socioeconomic cost in recent history. The World Bank is a leading institution for global health governance and financing, but little research has concentrated on the role of the World Bank in global Tuberculosis Control. Methods: We tracked the development of the World Bank’s policies and associated financial flows for Tuberculosis Control. First, we performed a scoping review of both published and grey literature. Second, we used the Bank’s Projects & Operations database to construct a dataset of all World Bank projects with funding allocated to the “Tuberculosis” theme from 1986 to 2017. Finally, we analysed the World Bank’s funding patterns alongside wider funding for Tuberculosis using the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Development Assistance for Health database. Results: We identified four periods in the World Bank’s involvement in global Tuberculosis Control, from the recognition of Tuberculosis as a global health issue to the creation of a global coalition against Tuberculosis. Between 1986 and 2017 the World Bank undertook 79 projects with financing from its core lending divisions with a Tuberculosis Control theme or focus. Within the 79 projects the Bank committed 19.6% of funding, or $0.9bn, towards Tuberculosis Control. The World Bank has been involved in increasingly vertical programming with a growing proportion of project funding invested into Tuberculosis Control over time. However, after the formation of private-public partnerships against Tuberculosis in 2002 such as the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria, the Bank’s core financing decreased and private-public partnerships provided increasing levels of substitutive financing for Tuberculosis Control. Conclusions: The World Bank has been pivotal in leading global financing, garnering advocacy and creating widespread coalition in the battle against Tuberculosis Control in recent decades.
Richard Coker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Public health law and Tuberculosis Control in Europe.
Public health, 2007Co-Authors: Richard Coker, Sandra Mounier-jack, Robyn MartinAbstract:BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis Control is an important public health challenge in many European countries. Law is an important tool that policy-makers can draw upon to support Control efforts and, according to the World Health Organization, represents a tangible expression of political commitment and will. Despite this, little national research, and even less cross-national comparative research, has been conducted to describe and analyse legislative approaches to Tuberculosis Control. METHODS: We conducted a survey of 14 European countries to identify, describe, map and analyse legislative tools used to support Tuberculosis Control. RESULTS: We found a wide range of legislative models. Legal measures available to nation states, such as compulsory examination, compulsory screening, compulsory detention, compulsory treatment and compulsory vaccination, vary widely in both scope and number. We identified a typology of legal frameworks, from the most authoritarian to the least restrictive. It seems likely that the application of some laws might not withstand scrutiny under the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. CONCLUSIONS: Harmonization of legislative response to infectious diseases, based upon sound evidence, may be necessary if collaborative efforts in support of infectious disease Control, as envisaged in the new International Health Regulations, are to be most effective and are to reflect more appropriately a globalized 21st century world.
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Reform of Tuberculosis Control and DOTS within Russian public health systems: an ecological study.
European journal of public health, 2006Co-Authors: Florian M. Marx, Rifat Atun, Wieslaw Jakubowiak, Martin Mckee, Richard CokerAbstract:Objectives: To investigate the association between clinical need and hospital bed supply and utilization in Russia; and, to investigate these associations in areas where traditional Russian Tuberculosis health care systems exist and where the directly observed therapy–short course (DOTS) strategy has been implemented. Design: Ecological study using 2002 routine data. Main outcome measures: Hospital bed utilization and hospital admissions for patients with Tuberculosis in regions that adhere to the traditional Russian method of managing Tuberculosis and those where the DOTS strategy has been implemented. Results: The ratio of beds per newly notified case was 0.86. The mean duration of hospital stay per admission was 86 days for non-DOTS regions and 90 days for regions where the DOTS strategy had been implemented. The number of admissions in each region correlated closely with the number of newly registered cases and hospital beds were, on average, occupied for 325 days. In the regions where the DOTS strategy had been implemented bed occupancy was 324 days. Conclusions: Under the Russian Tuberculosis Control system, hospital utilization is predominantly determined by supply-side factors, namely the number of Tuberculosis dedicated hospital beds, and this system extends across all regions. Implementation of the DOTS strategy in Russia has not led to fundamental structural changes in Tuberculosis Control systems.
Reuben Granich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tuberculosis Control in India
The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Reuben Granich, Fraser Wares, Sahu Suvanand, L. S. ChauhanAbstract:We were disappointed and not a little surprised by your news article regarding progress in Tuberculosis Control in India in 2002. We strongly disagree with the content of the article. Tuberculosis remains a serious public-health problem in India accounting for nearly one-third of the global burden. Despite the introduction of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in 1962 India has about 2 million new cases every year of which nearly 1 million are infectious smear-positive pulmonary cases. One person dies from Tuberculosis in India every minute—more than 1000 every day and 450 000 every year. Indias Tuberculosis problem is further compounded by an estimated 3.97 million people infected with HIV Tuberculosis being the most common opportunistic disease amongst HIV-infected people. However the news is not all bad. Recognising the devastating socio-economic impact of this airborne disease in 1993 the government of India embarked on an ambitious revised Tuberculosis-Control programme based on the WHO-recommended directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) strategy with three pilot sites covering a population of 4.2 million. (excerpt)
