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Staffan Kjelleberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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marine bacteria from danish coastal waters show antifouling activity against the marine fouling bacterium pseudoalteromonas sp strain s91 and zoospores of the green alga ulva australis independent of bacteriocidal activity
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011Co-Authors: Staffan Kjelleberg, Nete Bernbom, Tilmann Harder, Lone GramAbstract:The aims of this study were to determine if marine bacteria from Danish coastal waters produce antifouling compounds and if antifouling bacteria could be ascribed to specific niches or seasons. We further assess if antibacterial effect is a good proxy for antifouling activity. We isolated 110 bacteria with anti-Vibrio activity from different sample types and locations during a 1-year sampling from Danish coastal waters. The strains were identified as Pseudoalteromonas, Phaeobacter, and Vibrionaceae based on phenotypic tests and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The numbers of bioactive bacteria were significantly higher in warmer than in colder months. While some species were isolated at all sampling locations, others were niche specific. We repeatedly isolated Phaeobacter gallaeciensis at surfaces from one site and Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata at two others. Twenty-two strains, representing the major taxonomic groups, different seasons, and isolation strategies, were tested for antiadhesive effect against the marine biofilm-forming bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain S91 and zoospores of the green alga Ulva australis. The antiadhesive effects were assessed by quantifying the number of strain S91 or Ulva spores attaching to a preformed biofilm of each of the 22 strains. The strongest antifouling activity was found in Pseudoalteromonas strains. Biofilms of Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata, and Pseudoalteromonas ulvae prevented Pseudoalteromonas S91 from attaching to steel surfaces. P. piscicida killed S91 bacteria in the suspension cultures, whereas P. Tunicata and P. ulvae did not; however, they did prevent adhesion by nonbactericidal mechanism(s). Seven Pseudoalteromonas species, including P. piscicida and P. Tunicata, reduced the number of settling Ulva zoospores to less than 10% of the number settling on control surfaces. The antifouling alpP gene was detected only in P. Tunicata strains (with purple and yellow pigmentation), so other compounds/mechanisms must be present in the other Pseudoalteromonas strains with antifouling activity.
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low densities of epiphytic bacteria from the marine alga ulva australis inhibit settlement of fouling organisms
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007Co-Authors: Jeremy S Webb, Carola Holmstrom, Rebecca J Case, Peter D Steinberg, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:Bacteria that produce inhibitory compounds on the surface of marine algae are thought to contribute to the defense of the host plant against colonization of fouling organisms. However, the number of bacterial cells necessary to defend against fouling on the plant surface is not known. Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 (formerly Roseobacter gallaeciensis) are marine bacteria often found in association with the alga Ulva australis and produce a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds against common fouling organisms. P. Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 biofilms with cell densities ranging from 102 to 108 cells cm–2 were established on polystyrene petri dishes. Attachment and settlement assays were performed with marine fungi (uncharacterized isolates from U. australis), marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis, Alteromonas sp., and Cellulophaga fucicola), invertebrate larvae (Bugula neritina), and algal spores (Polysiphonia sp.) and gametes (U. australis). Remarkably low cell densities (102 to 103 cells cm–2) of P. Tunicata were effective in preventing settlement of algal spores and marine fungi in petri dishes. P. Tunicata also prevented settlement of invertebrate larvae at densities of 104 to 105 cells cm–2. Similarly, low cell densities (103 to 104cells cm–2) of Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 had antilarval and antibacterial activity. Previously, it has been shown that abundance of P. Tunicata on marine eukaryotic hosts is low (<1 x 103 cells cm–2) (T. L. Skovhus et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2373-2382, 2004). Despite such low numbers of P. Tunicata on U. australis in situ, our data suggest that P. Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 are present in sufficient quantities on the plant to inhibit fouling organisms. This strongly supports the hypothesis that P. Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 can play a role in defense against fouling on U. australis at cell densities that commonly occur in situ
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microbial colonization and competition on the marine alga ulva australis
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Jeremy S Webb, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:Pseudalteromonas Tunicata and Roseobacter gallaeciensis are biofilm-forming marine bacteria that are often found in association with the surface of the green alga Ulva australis. They are thought to benefit the plant host by producing inhibitory compounds that are active against common fouling organisms. We investigated factors that influence the ability of P. Tunicata and R. gallaeciensis to attach to and colonize the plant surface and also the competitive interactions that occur between these organisms and other isolates from U. australis during biofilm formation on the plant surface. A surprisingly high number of P. Tunicata cells, at least 108 cells ml−1, were required for colonization and establishment of a population of cells that persists on axenic surfaces of U. australis. Factors that enhanced colonization of P. Tunicata included inoculation in the dark and pregrowth of inocula in medium containing cellobiose as the sole carbon source (cellulose is a major surface polymer of U. australis). It was also found that P. Tunicata requires the presence of a mixed microbial community to colonize effectively. In contrast, R. gallaeciensis effectively colonized the plant surface under all conditions tested. Studies of competitive interactions on the plant surface revealed that P. Tunicata was numerically dominant compared with all other bacterial isolates tested (except R. gallaeciensis), and this dominance was linked to production of the antibacterial protein AlpP. Generally, P. Tunicata was able to coexist with competing strains, and each strain existed as microcolonies in spatially segregated regions of the plant. R. gallaeciensis was numerically dominant compared with all strains tested and was able to invade and disperse preestablished biofilms. This study highlighted the fact that microbial colonization of U. australis surfaces is a dynamic process and demonstrated the differences in colonization strategies exhibited by the epiphytic bacteria P. Tunicata and R. gallaeciensis.
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ecological advantages of autolysis during the development and dispersal of pseudoalteromonas Tunicata biofilms
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Anne Maiprochnow, Jeremy S Webb, Belinda C Ferrari, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:In the ubiquitous marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata , subpopulations of cells are killed by the production of an autocidal protein, AlpP, during biofilm development. Our data demonstrate an involvement of this process in two parameters, dispersal and phenotypic diversification, which are of importance for the ecology of this organism and for its survival within the environment. Cell death in P. Tunicata wild-type biofilms led to a major reproducible dispersal event after 192 h of biofilm development. The dispersal was not observed with a ΔAlpP mutant strain. Using flow cytometry and the fluorescent dye DiBAC 4 (3), we also show that P. Tunicata wild-type cells that disperse from biofilms have enhanced metabolic activity compared to those cells that disperse from ΔAlpP mutant biofilms, possibly due to nutrients released from dead cells. Furthermore, we report that there was considerable phenotypic variation among cells dispersing from wild-type biofilms but not from the ΔAlpP mutant. Wild-type cells that dispersed from biofilms showed significantly increased variations in growth, motility, and biofilm formation, which may be important for successful colonization of new surfaces. These findings suggest for the first time that the autocidal events mediated by an antibacterial protein can confer ecological advantages to the species by generating a metabolically active and phenotypically diverse subpopulation of dispersal cells.
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competitive interactions in mixed species biofilms containing the marine bacterium pseudoalteromonas Tunicata
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005Co-Authors: Dhana Rao, Jeremy S Webb, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata is a biofilm-forming marine bacterium that is often found in association with the surface of eukaryotic organisms. It produces a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds, including an antibacterial protein (AlpP) thought to be beneficial for P. Tunicata during competition for space and nutrients on surfaces. As part of our studies on the interactions between P. Tunicata and the epiphytic bacterial community on the marine plant Ulva lactuca, we investigated the hypothesis that P. Tunicata is a superior competitor compared with other bacteria isolated from the plant. A number of U. lactuca bacterial isolates were (i) identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, (ii) characterized for the production of or sensitivity to extracellular antibacterial proteins, and (iii) labeled with a fluorescent color tag (either the red fluorescent protein DsRed or green fluorescent protein). We then grew single- and mixed-species bacterial biofilms containing P. Tunicata in glass flow cell reactors. In pure culture, all the marine isolates formed biofilms containing microcolony structures within 72 h. However, in mixed-species biofilms, P. Tunicata removed the competing strain unless its competitor was relatively insensitive to AlpP (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis) or produced strong inhibitory activity against P. Tunicata (Roseobacter gallaeciensis). Moreover, biofilm studies conducted with an AlpP− mutant of P. Tunicata indicated that the mutant was less competitive when it was introduced into preestablished biofilms, suggesting that AlpP has a role during competitive biofilm formation. When single-species biofilms were allowed to form microcolonies before the introduction of a competitor, these microcolonies coexisted with P. Tunicata for extended periods of time before they were removed. Two marine bacteria (R. gallaeciensis and P. Tunicata) were superior competitors in this study. Our data suggest that this dominance can be attributed to the ability of these organisms to rapidly form microcolonies and their ability to produce extracellular antibacterial compounds.
Job E Lopez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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humoral immune response of pigs sus scrofa domesticus upon repeated exposure to blood feeding by ornithodoros turicata duges ixodida argasidae
Parasites & Vectors, 2020Co-Authors: Aparna Krishnavajhala, Brittany A Armstrong, Adalberto Perez A De Leon, Serhii Filatov, Pete D Teel, Job E LopezAbstract:BACKGROUND: Ornithodoros turicata is an important vector of both human and veterinary pathogens. One primary concern is the global spread of African swine fever virus and the risk of its re-emergence in the Americas through potential transmission by O. turicata to domestic pigs and feral swine. Moreover, in Texas, African warthogs were introduced into the state for hunting purposes and evidence exists that they are reproducing and have spread to three counties in the state. Consequently, it is imperative to develop strategies to evaluate exposure of feral pigs and African warthogs to O. turicata. RESULTS: We report the development of an animal model to evaluate serological responses of pigs to O. turicata salivary proteins after three exposures to tick feeding. Serological responses were assessed for ~ 120 days by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting using salivary gland extracts from O. turicata. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that domestic pigs seroconverted to O. turicata salivary antigens that is foundational toward the development of a diagnostic assay to improve soft tick surveillance efforts.
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humoral immune response of pigs sus scrofa domesticus upon repeated exposure to blood feeding by ornithodoros turicata duges ixodida argasidae
Parasites & Vectors, 2020Co-Authors: Hee J Kim, Aparna Krishnavajhala, Brittany A Armstrong, Adalberto Perez A De Leon, Serhii Filatov, Pete D Teel, Job E LopezAbstract:Ornithodoros turicata is an important vector of both human and veterinary pathogens. One primary concern is the global spread of African swine fever virus and the risk of its re-emergence in the Americas through potential transmission by O. turicata to domestic pigs and feral swine. Moreover, in Texas, African warthogs were introduced into the state for hunting purposes and evidence exists that they are reproducing and have spread to three counties in the state. Consequently, it is imperative to develop strategies to evaluate exposure of feral pigs and African warthogs to O. turicata. We report the development of an animal model to evaluate serological responses of pigs to O. turicata salivary proteins after three exposures to tick feeding. Serological responses were assessed for ~ 120 days by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting using salivary gland extracts from O. turicata. Our findings indicate that domestic pigs seroconverted to O. turicata salivary antigens that is foundational toward the development of a diagnostic assay to improve soft tick surveillance efforts.
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the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia turicatae persists in the highly oxidative environment of its soft bodied tick vector
Cellular Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Travis J. Bourret, William K. Boyle, Amanda K Zalud, Jesus G Valenzuela, Fabiano Oliveira, Job E LopezAbstract:The relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae possesses a complex life cycle in its soft-bodied tick vector, Ornithodoros turicata. Spirochetes enter the tick midgut during a blood meal, and, during the following weeks, spirochetes disseminate throughout O. turicata. A population persists in the salivary glands allowing for rapid transmission to the mammalian hosts during tick feeding. Little is known about the physiological environment within the salivary glands acini in which B. turicatae persists. In this study, we examined the salivary gland transcriptome of O. turicata ticks and detected the expression of 57 genes involved in oxidant metabolism or antioxidant defences. We confirmed the expression of five of the most highly expressed genes, including glutathione peroxidase (gpx), thioredoxin peroxidase (tpx), manganese superoxide dismutase (sod-1), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (sod-2), and catalase (cat) by reverse-transcriptase droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR). We also found distinct differences in the expression of these genes when comparing the salivary glands and midguts of unfed O. turicata ticks. Our results indicate that the salivary glands of unfed O. turicata nymphs are highly oxidative environments where reactive oxygen species (ROS) predominate, whereas midgut tissues comprise a primarily nitrosative environment where nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed. Additionally, B. turicatae was found to be hyperresistant to ROS compared with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, suggesting it is uniquely adapted to the highly oxidative environment of O. turicata salivary gland acini.
Jeremy S Webb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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low densities of epiphytic bacteria from the marine alga ulva australis inhibit settlement of fouling organisms
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007Co-Authors: Jeremy S Webb, Carola Holmstrom, Rebecca J Case, Peter D Steinberg, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:Bacteria that produce inhibitory compounds on the surface of marine algae are thought to contribute to the defense of the host plant against colonization of fouling organisms. However, the number of bacterial cells necessary to defend against fouling on the plant surface is not known. Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 (formerly Roseobacter gallaeciensis) are marine bacteria often found in association with the alga Ulva australis and produce a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds against common fouling organisms. P. Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 biofilms with cell densities ranging from 102 to 108 cells cm–2 were established on polystyrene petri dishes. Attachment and settlement assays were performed with marine fungi (uncharacterized isolates from U. australis), marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis, Alteromonas sp., and Cellulophaga fucicola), invertebrate larvae (Bugula neritina), and algal spores (Polysiphonia sp.) and gametes (U. australis). Remarkably low cell densities (102 to 103 cells cm–2) of P. Tunicata were effective in preventing settlement of algal spores and marine fungi in petri dishes. P. Tunicata also prevented settlement of invertebrate larvae at densities of 104 to 105 cells cm–2. Similarly, low cell densities (103 to 104cells cm–2) of Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 had antilarval and antibacterial activity. Previously, it has been shown that abundance of P. Tunicata on marine eukaryotic hosts is low (<1 x 103 cells cm–2) (T. L. Skovhus et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2373-2382, 2004). Despite such low numbers of P. Tunicata on U. australis in situ, our data suggest that P. Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 are present in sufficient quantities on the plant to inhibit fouling organisms. This strongly supports the hypothesis that P. Tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 can play a role in defense against fouling on U. australis at cell densities that commonly occur in situ
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microbial colonization and competition on the marine alga ulva australis
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Jeremy S Webb, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:Pseudalteromonas Tunicata and Roseobacter gallaeciensis are biofilm-forming marine bacteria that are often found in association with the surface of the green alga Ulva australis. They are thought to benefit the plant host by producing inhibitory compounds that are active against common fouling organisms. We investigated factors that influence the ability of P. Tunicata and R. gallaeciensis to attach to and colonize the plant surface and also the competitive interactions that occur between these organisms and other isolates from U. australis during biofilm formation on the plant surface. A surprisingly high number of P. Tunicata cells, at least 108 cells ml−1, were required for colonization and establishment of a population of cells that persists on axenic surfaces of U. australis. Factors that enhanced colonization of P. Tunicata included inoculation in the dark and pregrowth of inocula in medium containing cellobiose as the sole carbon source (cellulose is a major surface polymer of U. australis). It was also found that P. Tunicata requires the presence of a mixed microbial community to colonize effectively. In contrast, R. gallaeciensis effectively colonized the plant surface under all conditions tested. Studies of competitive interactions on the plant surface revealed that P. Tunicata was numerically dominant compared with all other bacterial isolates tested (except R. gallaeciensis), and this dominance was linked to production of the antibacterial protein AlpP. Generally, P. Tunicata was able to coexist with competing strains, and each strain existed as microcolonies in spatially segregated regions of the plant. R. gallaeciensis was numerically dominant compared with all strains tested and was able to invade and disperse preestablished biofilms. This study highlighted the fact that microbial colonization of U. australis surfaces is a dynamic process and demonstrated the differences in colonization strategies exhibited by the epiphytic bacteria P. Tunicata and R. gallaeciensis.
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ecological advantages of autolysis during the development and dispersal of pseudoalteromonas Tunicata biofilms
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Anne Maiprochnow, Jeremy S Webb, Belinda C Ferrari, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:In the ubiquitous marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata , subpopulations of cells are killed by the production of an autocidal protein, AlpP, during biofilm development. Our data demonstrate an involvement of this process in two parameters, dispersal and phenotypic diversification, which are of importance for the ecology of this organism and for its survival within the environment. Cell death in P. Tunicata wild-type biofilms led to a major reproducible dispersal event after 192 h of biofilm development. The dispersal was not observed with a ΔAlpP mutant strain. Using flow cytometry and the fluorescent dye DiBAC 4 (3), we also show that P. Tunicata wild-type cells that disperse from biofilms have enhanced metabolic activity compared to those cells that disperse from ΔAlpP mutant biofilms, possibly due to nutrients released from dead cells. Furthermore, we report that there was considerable phenotypic variation among cells dispersing from wild-type biofilms but not from the ΔAlpP mutant. Wild-type cells that dispersed from biofilms showed significantly increased variations in growth, motility, and biofilm formation, which may be important for successful colonization of new surfaces. These findings suggest for the first time that the autocidal events mediated by an antibacterial protein can confer ecological advantages to the species by generating a metabolically active and phenotypically diverse subpopulation of dispersal cells.
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competitive interactions in mixed species biofilms containing the marine bacterium pseudoalteromonas Tunicata
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005Co-Authors: Dhana Rao, Jeremy S Webb, Staffan KjellebergAbstract:Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata is a biofilm-forming marine bacterium that is often found in association with the surface of eukaryotic organisms. It produces a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds, including an antibacterial protein (AlpP) thought to be beneficial for P. Tunicata during competition for space and nutrients on surfaces. As part of our studies on the interactions between P. Tunicata and the epiphytic bacterial community on the marine plant Ulva lactuca, we investigated the hypothesis that P. Tunicata is a superior competitor compared with other bacteria isolated from the plant. A number of U. lactuca bacterial isolates were (i) identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, (ii) characterized for the production of or sensitivity to extracellular antibacterial proteins, and (iii) labeled with a fluorescent color tag (either the red fluorescent protein DsRed or green fluorescent protein). We then grew single- and mixed-species bacterial biofilms containing P. Tunicata in glass flow cell reactors. In pure culture, all the marine isolates formed biofilms containing microcolony structures within 72 h. However, in mixed-species biofilms, P. Tunicata removed the competing strain unless its competitor was relatively insensitive to AlpP (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis) or produced strong inhibitory activity against P. Tunicata (Roseobacter gallaeciensis). Moreover, biofilm studies conducted with an AlpP− mutant of P. Tunicata indicated that the mutant was less competitive when it was introduced into preestablished biofilms, suggesting that AlpP has a role during competitive biofilm formation. When single-species biofilms were allowed to form microcolonies before the introduction of a competitor, these microcolonies coexisted with P. Tunicata for extended periods of time before they were removed. Two marine bacteria (R. gallaeciensis and P. Tunicata) were superior competitors in this study. Our data suggest that this dominance can be attributed to the ability of these organisms to rapidly form microcolonies and their ability to produce extracellular antibacterial compounds.
Çinar M.e. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Checklist of the phyla platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and chordata (Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and hemichordata) from the coast
'The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey', 2014Co-Authors: Çinar M.e.Abstract:In this paper, the current status of the species diversity of 13 phyla, namely Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (invertebrates, only Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Hemichordata) along the coasts of Turkey is reviewed. Platyhelminthes was represented by 186 species, Chordata by 64 species, Nemertea by 26 species, Nematoda by 20 species, Xenacoelomorpha by 11 species, Chaetognatha by 10 species, Acanthocephala by 9 species, Brachiopoda and Phoronida by 4 species, Myxozoa and Tradigrada by 2 species, and Cephalorhyncha and Echiura by 1 species. Two platyhelminth (Planocera cf. graf and Prostheceraeus vittatus), 2 nemertean (Drepanogigas albolineatus and Tubulanus superbus), 1 phoronid (Phoronis australis), and 2 ascidian (Polyclinella azemai and Ciona roulei) species are being newly reported for the first time from the coasts of Turkey. Four tunicate (Symplegma brakenhielmi, Microcosmus exasperatus, Herdmania momus, and Phallusia nigra) and 1 chaetognath (Ferosagitta galerita) species were classifed as alien species in the region. © 2014 Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved
Melih Ertan Cinar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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checklist of the phyla platyhelminthes xenacoelomorpha nematoda acanthocephala myxozoa tardigrada cephalorhyncha nemertea echiura brachiopoda phoronida chaetognatha and chordata Tunicata cephalochordata and hemichordata from the coasts of turkey
Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2014Co-Authors: Melih Ertan CinarAbstract:In this paper, the current status of the species diversity of 13 phyla, namely Platyhelminthes, Xenacoelomorpha, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Myxozoa, Tardigrada, Cephalorhyncha, Nemertea, Echiura, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, Chaetognatha, and Chordata (invertebrates, only Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Hemichordata) along the coasts of Turkey is reviewed. Platyhelminthes was represented by 186 species, Chordata by 64 species, Nemertea by 26 species, Nematoda by 20 species, Xenacoelomorpha by 11 species, Chaetognatha by 10 species, Acanthocephala by 9 species, Brachiopoda and Phoronida by 4 species, Myxozoa and Tradigrada by 2 species, and Cephalorhyncha and Echiura by 1 species. Two platyhelminth (Planocera cf. graffi and Prostheceraeus vittatus), 2 nemertean (Drepanogigas albolineatus and Tubulanus superbus), 1 phoronid (Phoronis australis), and 2 ascidian (Polyclinella azemai and Ciona roulei) species are being newly reported for the first time from the coasts of Turkey. Four tunicate (Symplegma brakenhielmi, Microcosmus exasperatus, Herdmania momus, and Phallusia nigra) and 1 chaetognath (Ferosagitta galerita) species were classified as alien species in the region.
