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Yun-bo Shi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Typhlosole is present in the entire small intestine of premetamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles (A) but only in the anterior small intestine of premetamorphic X. laevis tadpoles (B).
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:A schematic diagram of the intestine from the anterior to the posterior is shown on the left (dashed lines indicate the boundaries of Typhlosole with the intestines). On the right of each panel shows representative MGPY-stained cross-sections of the intestine from indicated regions of the intestine of premetamorphic tadpoles at stage 54. In the middle is a schematic drawing of the cross-section showing the presence or absence of the Typhlosole. Note the presence of the Typhlosole in the posterior half of the small intestine in X. tropicalis but not X. laevis.
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Reductions in the length of Typhlosole and the small intestine of premetamorphic X. laevis and X. tropicalis tadpoles upon T3 treatment.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Stage 54 X. laevis or tropicalis tadpoles were treated with 10 nM T3 at 18°C (Xenopus laevis tadpoles) or 25°C (Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles) for the indicated days and the intestine was isolated. The length of the Typhlosole and the small intestine were measured. Note that the lengths of the intestine was reduced upon T3 treatment and that after 4–5 days of treatment, the Typhlosole was no longer identifiable due to metamorphic changes in the intestine, resembling that at the climax of metamorphosis. The faster changes for X. tropicalis tadpoles were in part due to the higher temperature at which the animals needed to be reared.
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Morphological changes in the Xenopus tropicalis intestine during natural metamorphosis.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:The intestine of Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles at stage 54 to 66 was isolated and stained with MGPY and photographed with a light microscope. A–C and G–I: a cross-section of the intestine at the indicated stage. D–F and J–L: the enlarged photo of the boxed area in A–C and G–I, respectively. Note that during metamorphosis, the MGPY staining became weaker in larval epithelium as the cells undergo degeneration. At the climax of metamorphosis, the newly formed, proliferating adult epithelial islets were strongly stained by MGPY (arrows). The connective tissue (CT) and muscles (Mu) increased dramatically during metamorphosis. Ep: epithelium; Lu: lumen; Ty: Typhlosole; Scale bars: 50 µm.
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T3 induces intestinal remodeling in premetamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Stages 54 X. tropicalis tadpoles were treated with 10 nM T3 at 25°C. The intestine was isolated from the tadpoles at day 0, 1, 3, and 5, respectively. The intestine was fixed, sectioned, and stained with MGPY as in Fig. 2. A–D: a cross-section of the intestine after 0, 1, 3, 5 days of T3 treatment, respectively. E–H: the enlarged image of the boxed area for the corresponding tissues in A–D, respectively. Note that after 3 days of T3 treatment, the MGPY staining became weaker in larval epithelium as the cells undergo apoptosis. At the same time, the newly formed, proliferating adult epithelial islets were strongly stained by MGPY (arrows). The connective tissue (CT) and muscles (Mu) increased dramatically during metamorphosis. Ep: epithelium; Lu: lumen; Ty: Typhlosole. Scale bars: 50 µm.
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Spatiotemporal expression of LGR5 mRNA in the small intestine during natural metamorphosis.
2013Co-Authors: Guihong Sun, Atsuko Ishizuya-oka, Takashi Hasebe, Kenta Fujimoto, Hiroki Matsuda, Mitsuko Kajita, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Cross sections of the intestine at premetamorphic stage 54 (A, A′), prometamorphic stage 56/57 (B, B′), metamorphic climax stages 61 (C, C′, F) and 62 (D, D′, G), and the end of metamorphosis (stage 66) (E, E′) were hybridized with LGR5 antisense (A–E′) or sense probe (G). To compare the localization of LGR5 mRNA (C, C′) with that of adult epithelial progenitor cells, the serial sections at stage 60/61 were stained with methyl green-pyronin Y (MG-PY) (F). Arrows indicate the cells expressing LGR5 (A′–E′), while arrowheads indicate adult epithelial progenitor cells (F). Higher magnification of boxed areas in (A)–(E) are shown in (A′)–(E′). Sense probe did not produce any signal (G). Note that at metamorphic climax stage 61, LGR5 mRNA was localized in the islets between the larval epithelial cells and the connective tissue (C, C′). These islet cells were identified as the adult epithelial progenitor cells strongly stained red with pyronin Y (F) [29]. AE: adult epithelial cell including progenitor/stem cell, CT: connective tissue, LE: larval epithelial cell, Lu: lumen, M: muscle layer, Ty: Typhlosole. Scale bars are 100 µm (A–E, G) and 20 µm (A′–E′, F), respectively.
Job Sterling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Typhlosole is present in the entire small intestine of premetamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles (A) but only in the anterior small intestine of premetamorphic X. laevis tadpoles (B).
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:A schematic diagram of the intestine from the anterior to the posterior is shown on the left (dashed lines indicate the boundaries of Typhlosole with the intestines). On the right of each panel shows representative MGPY-stained cross-sections of the intestine from indicated regions of the intestine of premetamorphic tadpoles at stage 54. In the middle is a schematic drawing of the cross-section showing the presence or absence of the Typhlosole. Note the presence of the Typhlosole in the posterior half of the small intestine in X. tropicalis but not X. laevis.
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Reductions in the length of Typhlosole and the small intestine of premetamorphic X. laevis and X. tropicalis tadpoles upon T3 treatment.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Stage 54 X. laevis or tropicalis tadpoles were treated with 10 nM T3 at 18°C (Xenopus laevis tadpoles) or 25°C (Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles) for the indicated days and the intestine was isolated. The length of the Typhlosole and the small intestine were measured. Note that the lengths of the intestine was reduced upon T3 treatment and that after 4–5 days of treatment, the Typhlosole was no longer identifiable due to metamorphic changes in the intestine, resembling that at the climax of metamorphosis. The faster changes for X. tropicalis tadpoles were in part due to the higher temperature at which the animals needed to be reared.
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Morphological changes in the Xenopus tropicalis intestine during natural metamorphosis.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:The intestine of Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles at stage 54 to 66 was isolated and stained with MGPY and photographed with a light microscope. A–C and G–I: a cross-section of the intestine at the indicated stage. D–F and J–L: the enlarged photo of the boxed area in A–C and G–I, respectively. Note that during metamorphosis, the MGPY staining became weaker in larval epithelium as the cells undergo degeneration. At the climax of metamorphosis, the newly formed, proliferating adult epithelial islets were strongly stained by MGPY (arrows). The connective tissue (CT) and muscles (Mu) increased dramatically during metamorphosis. Ep: epithelium; Lu: lumen; Ty: Typhlosole; Scale bars: 50 µm.
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T3 induces intestinal remodeling in premetamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Stages 54 X. tropicalis tadpoles were treated with 10 nM T3 at 25°C. The intestine was isolated from the tadpoles at day 0, 1, 3, and 5, respectively. The intestine was fixed, sectioned, and stained with MGPY as in Fig. 2. A–D: a cross-section of the intestine after 0, 1, 3, 5 days of T3 treatment, respectively. E–H: the enlarged image of the boxed area for the corresponding tissues in A–D, respectively. Note that after 3 days of T3 treatment, the MGPY staining became weaker in larval epithelium as the cells undergo apoptosis. At the same time, the newly formed, proliferating adult epithelial islets were strongly stained by MGPY (arrows). The connective tissue (CT) and muscles (Mu) increased dramatically during metamorphosis. Ep: epithelium; Lu: lumen; Ty: Typhlosole. Scale bars: 50 µm.
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Cytological and morphological analyses reveal distinct features of intestinal development during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:The formation and/or maturation of adult organs in vertebrates often takes place during postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals when thyroid hormone (T3) levels are high. The T3-dependent anuran metamorphosis serves as a model to study postembryonic development. Studies on the remodeling of the intestine during Xenopus (X.) laevis metamorphosis have shown that the development of the adult intestine involves de novo formation of adult stem cells in a process controlled by T3. On the other hand, X. tropicalis, highly related to X. laevis, offers a number of advantages for studying developmental mechanisms, especially at genome-wide level, over X. laevis, largely due to its shorter life cycle and sequenced genome. To establish X. tropicalis intestinal metamorphosis as a model for adult organogenesis, we analyzed the morphological and cytological changes in X. tropicalis intestine during metamorphosis.We observed that in X. tropicalis, the premetamorphic intestine was made of mainly a monolayer of larval epithelial cells surrounded by little connective tissue except in the single epithelial fold, the Typhlosole. During metamorphosis, the larval epithelium degenerates and adult epithelium develops to form a multi-folded structure with elaborate connective tissue and muscles. Interestingly, Typhlosole, which is likely critical for adult epithelial development, is present along the entire length of the small intestine in premetamorphic tadpoles, in contrast to X. laevis, where it is present only in the anterior 1/3. T3-treatment induces intestinal remodeling, including the shortening of the intestine and the Typhlosole, just like in X. laevis.Our observations indicate that the intestine undergoes similar metamorphic changes in X. laevis and X. tropicalis, making it possible to use the large amount of information available on X. laevis intestinal metamorphosis and the genome sequence information and genetic advantages of X. tropicalis to dissect the pathways governing adult intestinal development
Kazuo Matsuura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Typhlosole is present in the entire small intestine of premetamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles (A) but only in the anterior small intestine of premetamorphic X. laevis tadpoles (B).
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:A schematic diagram of the intestine from the anterior to the posterior is shown on the left (dashed lines indicate the boundaries of Typhlosole with the intestines). On the right of each panel shows representative MGPY-stained cross-sections of the intestine from indicated regions of the intestine of premetamorphic tadpoles at stage 54. In the middle is a schematic drawing of the cross-section showing the presence or absence of the Typhlosole. Note the presence of the Typhlosole in the posterior half of the small intestine in X. tropicalis but not X. laevis.
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Reductions in the length of Typhlosole and the small intestine of premetamorphic X. laevis and X. tropicalis tadpoles upon T3 treatment.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Stage 54 X. laevis or tropicalis tadpoles were treated with 10 nM T3 at 18°C (Xenopus laevis tadpoles) or 25°C (Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles) for the indicated days and the intestine was isolated. The length of the Typhlosole and the small intestine were measured. Note that the lengths of the intestine was reduced upon T3 treatment and that after 4–5 days of treatment, the Typhlosole was no longer identifiable due to metamorphic changes in the intestine, resembling that at the climax of metamorphosis. The faster changes for X. tropicalis tadpoles were in part due to the higher temperature at which the animals needed to be reared.
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Morphological changes in the Xenopus tropicalis intestine during natural metamorphosis.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:The intestine of Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles at stage 54 to 66 was isolated and stained with MGPY and photographed with a light microscope. A–C and G–I: a cross-section of the intestine at the indicated stage. D–F and J–L: the enlarged photo of the boxed area in A–C and G–I, respectively. Note that during metamorphosis, the MGPY staining became weaker in larval epithelium as the cells undergo degeneration. At the climax of metamorphosis, the newly formed, proliferating adult epithelial islets were strongly stained by MGPY (arrows). The connective tissue (CT) and muscles (Mu) increased dramatically during metamorphosis. Ep: epithelium; Lu: lumen; Ty: Typhlosole; Scale bars: 50 µm.
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T3 induces intestinal remodeling in premetamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles.
2013Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:Stages 54 X. tropicalis tadpoles were treated with 10 nM T3 at 25°C. The intestine was isolated from the tadpoles at day 0, 1, 3, and 5, respectively. The intestine was fixed, sectioned, and stained with MGPY as in Fig. 2. A–D: a cross-section of the intestine after 0, 1, 3, 5 days of T3 treatment, respectively. E–H: the enlarged image of the boxed area for the corresponding tissues in A–D, respectively. Note that after 3 days of T3 treatment, the MGPY staining became weaker in larval epithelium as the cells undergo apoptosis. At the same time, the newly formed, proliferating adult epithelial islets were strongly stained by MGPY (arrows). The connective tissue (CT) and muscles (Mu) increased dramatically during metamorphosis. Ep: epithelium; Lu: lumen; Ty: Typhlosole. Scale bars: 50 µm.
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Cytological and morphological analyses reveal distinct features of intestinal development during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1Co-Authors: Job Sterling, Kazuo Matsuura, Yun-bo ShiAbstract:The formation and/or maturation of adult organs in vertebrates often takes place during postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals when thyroid hormone (T3) levels are high. The T3-dependent anuran metamorphosis serves as a model to study postembryonic development. Studies on the remodeling of the intestine during Xenopus (X.) laevis metamorphosis have shown that the development of the adult intestine involves de novo formation of adult stem cells in a process controlled by T3. On the other hand, X. tropicalis, highly related to X. laevis, offers a number of advantages for studying developmental mechanisms, especially at genome-wide level, over X. laevis, largely due to its shorter life cycle and sequenced genome. To establish X. tropicalis intestinal metamorphosis as a model for adult organogenesis, we analyzed the morphological and cytological changes in X. tropicalis intestine during metamorphosis.We observed that in X. tropicalis, the premetamorphic intestine was made of mainly a monolayer of larval epithelial cells surrounded by little connective tissue except in the single epithelial fold, the Typhlosole. During metamorphosis, the larval epithelium degenerates and adult epithelium develops to form a multi-folded structure with elaborate connective tissue and muscles. Interestingly, Typhlosole, which is likely critical for adult epithelial development, is present along the entire length of the small intestine in premetamorphic tadpoles, in contrast to X. laevis, where it is present only in the anterior 1/3. T3-treatment induces intestinal remodeling, including the shortening of the intestine and the Typhlosole, just like in X. laevis.Our observations indicate that the intestine undergoes similar metamorphic changes in X. laevis and X. tropicalis, making it possible to use the large amount of information available on X. laevis intestinal metamorphosis and the genome sequence information and genetic advantages of X. tropicalis to dissect the pathways governing adult intestinal development
Rosa Fernández - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluating evolutionary pressures and phylogenetic signal in earthworms a case study the number of Typhlosole lamellae in hormogastridae annelida oligochaeta
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel Fernández Marchán, Marta Novo, Rosa Fernández, Irene De Sosa, Dolores Trigo, Darío J. Díaz CosínAbstract:Rarely have phylogenetic comparative methods been used to study the correlation between phenotypic traits and environmental variables in invertebrates. With the widespread convergence and conservativeness of the morphological characters used in earthworms, these comparative methods could be useful to improve our understanding of their evolution and systematics. One of the most prominent morphological characters in the family Hormogastridae, endemic to Mediterranean areas, is their multilamellar Typhlosole, traditionally thought to be an adaptation to soils poor in nutrients. We tested the correlation of body size and soil characteristics with the number of Typhlosole lamellae through a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analysis. An ultrametric phylogenetic hypothesis was built with a 2580-bp DNA sequence from 90 populations, used in combination with three morphological and 11 soil variables. The best-supported model, based on the Akaike information criterion, was obtained by optimizing the parameters lambda (λ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ). The phylogenetic signal was strong for the number of Typhlosole lamellae and average body weight, and was lower for soil variables. Increasing body weight appeared to be the main evolutionary pressure behind the increase in the number of Typhlosole lamellae, with soil texture and soil richness having a weaker but significant effect. Information on the evolutionary rate of the number of Typhlosole lamellae suggested that the early evolution of this character could have strongly shaped its variability, as is found in an adaptive radiation. This work highlights the importance of implementing the phylogenetic comparative method to test evolutionary hypotheses in invertebrate taxa.
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Evaluating evolutionary pressures and phylogenetic signal in earthworms: a case study – the number of Typhlosole lamellae in Hormogastridae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel Fernández Marchán, Marta Novo, Rosa Fernández, Irene De Sosa, Dolores Trigo, Darío J. Díaz CosínAbstract:Rarely have phylogenetic comparative methods been used to study the correlation between phenotypic traits and environmental variables in invertebrates. With the widespread convergence and conservativeness of the morphological characters used in earthworms, these comparative methods could be useful to improve our understanding of their evolution and systematics. One of the most prominent morphological characters in the family Hormogastridae, endemic to Mediterranean areas, is their multilamellar Typhlosole, traditionally thought to be an adaptation to soils poor in nutrients. We tested the correlation of body size and soil characteristics with the number of Typhlosole lamellae through a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analysis. An ultrametric phylogenetic hypothesis was built with a 2580-bp DNA sequence from 90 populations, used in combination with three morphological and 11 soil variables. The best-supported model, based on the Akaike information criterion, was obtained by optimizing the parameters lambda (λ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ). The phylogenetic signal was strong for the number of Typhlosole lamellae and average body weight, and was lower for soil variables. Increasing body weight appeared to be the main evolutionary pressure behind the increase in the number of Typhlosole lamellae, with soil texture and soil richness having a weaker but significant effect. Information on the evolutionary rate of the number of Typhlosole lamellae suggested that the early evolution of this character could have strongly shaped its variability, as is found in an adaptive radiation. This work highlights the importance of implementing the phylogenetic comparative method to test evolutionary hypotheses in invertebrate taxa.
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Selected virtual 2D sections through the μCT dataset of a PTA-stained specimen of Aporrectodea caliginosa (MCZ IZ 24805, freshly fixed specimen).
2014Co-Authors: Rosa Fernández, Sebastian Kvist, Jennifer Lenihan, Gonzalo Giribet, Alexander ZieglerAbstract:(A) Transverse section at segment X (red), coronal section at the level of the buccal cavity (green), and sagittal section at the level of the Typhlosole (blue). (B) Transverse section at segment XXXV (red), coronal section at the level of the spermathecae (green), and sagittal section at the level of the hearts (blue). Abbreviations: Air, trapped air; Buc, buccal cavity; Cli, clitellum; Cro, crop; Dbv, dorsal blood vessel; Dpo, dorsal pore; Eso, esophagus; Giz, gizzard; Hea, heart; Int, intestine; Mne, metanephridium; Pha, pharynx; Phm, pharyngeal muscle; Pro, prostomium; Sep, septum; Sev, seminal vesicle; Sga, supraesophageal ganglion; Sfu, sperm funnel; Spe, spermatheca; Typ, Typhlosole; Vbv, Ventral blood vessel; Vnc, ventral nerve cord. Roman numerals denote segment numbers.
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Selected virtual 2D sections through μCT datasets of PTA-stained specimens of Aporrectodea caliginosa (MCZ IZ 95557, museum specimen, left), A. trapezoides (MCZ IZ 24804, freshly fixed specimen, center), and A. trapezoides (MCZ IZ 95901, museum speci
2014Co-Authors: Rosa Fernández, Sebastian Kvist, Jennifer Lenihan, Gonzalo Giribet, Alexander ZieglerAbstract:(A) Coronal view. (B) Sagittal view. (C) Transverse view. Abbreviations: Buc, buccal cavity; Cco, cerebral commissure; Cgl, calciferous gland; Cip, chaetal insertion point; Cli, clitellum; Cro, crop; Dbv, dorsal blood vessel; Eso, esophagus; Giz, gizzard; Hea, heart; Int, intestine; Mne, metanephridium; Pha, pharynx; Phm, pharyngeal muscle; Pro, prostomium; Sep, septum; Sev, seminal vesicle; Sfu, sperm funnel; Sga, supraesophageal ganglion; Spe, spermatheca; Spp, spermathecal pore; Tes, testes; Typ, Typhlosole; Vnc, ventral nerve cord. Roman numerals denote segment numbers.
Darío J. Díaz Cosín - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluating evolutionary pressures and phylogenetic signal in earthworms a case study the number of Typhlosole lamellae in hormogastridae annelida oligochaeta
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel Fernández Marchán, Marta Novo, Rosa Fernández, Irene De Sosa, Dolores Trigo, Darío J. Díaz CosínAbstract:Rarely have phylogenetic comparative methods been used to study the correlation between phenotypic traits and environmental variables in invertebrates. With the widespread convergence and conservativeness of the morphological characters used in earthworms, these comparative methods could be useful to improve our understanding of their evolution and systematics. One of the most prominent morphological characters in the family Hormogastridae, endemic to Mediterranean areas, is their multilamellar Typhlosole, traditionally thought to be an adaptation to soils poor in nutrients. We tested the correlation of body size and soil characteristics with the number of Typhlosole lamellae through a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analysis. An ultrametric phylogenetic hypothesis was built with a 2580-bp DNA sequence from 90 populations, used in combination with three morphological and 11 soil variables. The best-supported model, based on the Akaike information criterion, was obtained by optimizing the parameters lambda (λ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ). The phylogenetic signal was strong for the number of Typhlosole lamellae and average body weight, and was lower for soil variables. Increasing body weight appeared to be the main evolutionary pressure behind the increase in the number of Typhlosole lamellae, with soil texture and soil richness having a weaker but significant effect. Information on the evolutionary rate of the number of Typhlosole lamellae suggested that the early evolution of this character could have strongly shaped its variability, as is found in an adaptive radiation. This work highlights the importance of implementing the phylogenetic comparative method to test evolutionary hypotheses in invertebrate taxa.
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Evaluating evolutionary pressures and phylogenetic signal in earthworms: a case study – the number of Typhlosole lamellae in Hormogastridae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel Fernández Marchán, Marta Novo, Rosa Fernández, Irene De Sosa, Dolores Trigo, Darío J. Díaz CosínAbstract:Rarely have phylogenetic comparative methods been used to study the correlation between phenotypic traits and environmental variables in invertebrates. With the widespread convergence and conservativeness of the morphological characters used in earthworms, these comparative methods could be useful to improve our understanding of their evolution and systematics. One of the most prominent morphological characters in the family Hormogastridae, endemic to Mediterranean areas, is their multilamellar Typhlosole, traditionally thought to be an adaptation to soils poor in nutrients. We tested the correlation of body size and soil characteristics with the number of Typhlosole lamellae through a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analysis. An ultrametric phylogenetic hypothesis was built with a 2580-bp DNA sequence from 90 populations, used in combination with three morphological and 11 soil variables. The best-supported model, based on the Akaike information criterion, was obtained by optimizing the parameters lambda (λ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ). The phylogenetic signal was strong for the number of Typhlosole lamellae and average body weight, and was lower for soil variables. Increasing body weight appeared to be the main evolutionary pressure behind the increase in the number of Typhlosole lamellae, with soil texture and soil richness having a weaker but significant effect. Information on the evolutionary rate of the number of Typhlosole lamellae suggested that the early evolution of this character could have strongly shaped its variability, as is found in an adaptive radiation. This work highlights the importance of implementing the phylogenetic comparative method to test evolutionary hypotheses in invertebrate taxa.
