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Miljenko Marotti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME ITALIAN TYPES OF WILD FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL.)
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Roberta Piccaglia, Miljenko MarottiAbstract:Wild samples of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) were collected from thirteen Italian localities at different latitudes and grown in field trials to evaluate their morphological and agronomic characteristics and essential oil compositions. All the parameters were recorded at full bloom stage, and the essential oils (obtained by steam distillation) were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The morphological characteristics showed positive relations among the number of Umbels per plant, the plant weight, and the Umbel weight percentage, and between these three parameters and the oil content. The essential oils evidenced five chemical groups characterized by (1) α-phellandrene, methyl chavicol, and trans-anethole; (2) α-pinene, limonene, and trans-anethole; (3) methyl chavicol and α-phellandrene; (4) methyl chavicol and α-pinene; and (5) α-phellandrene. Keywords: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill.; Apiaceae; wild germ plasm; morphological characteristics; essential oil co...
Purwito Agus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Keragaan Karakter Pembungaan Kuantitatif dan Profil Metabolomik Bawang Merah (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) yang Diinduksi dengan Perlakuan Vernalisasi
'Institut Pertanian Bogor', 2019Co-Authors: Maharijaya Awang, Purwito AgusAbstract:Flowering initiation is regulated by the internal and external condition of plant. Vernalization is considered to induce flower initiation on shallots (Allium cepa var. aggregatum). This research objective was to analyze the flowering quantitatif characters and metabolomic profile of shallot during vernalization on bulb development. Vernalization was carried out at 8 0C for 6 weeks treatment were four bulb growth stage i.e non-vernalized bulbs (S0), vernalization on embryonic stage (S1), vernalized bulbs on 1 cm of shoot stage (S2) and vernalized bulbs on 2 cm of shoot stage (S3). Vernalization treatment in early stage increased the number of tillers, number of Umbel, diameter of Umbel and percentage of flowering compared to another stage. The early stage of bulbs growth was the effective stage in receiving vernalization treatment. The bigger number and diameter of Umbel lead to the higher percentage of flowering in shallot plant. The number and diameter of Umbel can be used as character of selection for the percentage flowering character in shallot. Metabolomic analysis has identified of 104 specific metabolites from different vernalization treatments and clustered shallot into three groups. The early stadium of bulbs development (embryo stadia and stadia 1 cm buds) contains specific metabolomes (phytol and 2-propanone) as the indicator of reproductive phase. Keywords: correlation, flower induction, hierarchical cluster analysis, metabolomicProses pembungaan pada bawang merah (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) sangat dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal tanaman. Induksi pembungaan dengan perlakuan vernalisasi dilakukan untuk mendorong inisiasi pembentukan bunga bawang merah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakter kuantitatif pembungaan dan profil metabolomik bawang merah yang diberikan perlakuan vernalisasi pada stadia perkembangan umbi. Vernalisasi dilakukan pada suhu 8 0C selama 6 minggu terdiri atas empat taraf, yaitu umbi tanpa vernalisasi (S0), vernalisasi pada stadia embrio (S1), vernalisasi pada stadia tumbuh tunas 1 cm (S2), dan vernalisasi pada stadia tumbuh tunas 2 cm (S3). Perlakuan vernalisasi pada stadia awal pertumbuhan umbi mampu meningkatkan karakter jumlah anakan, jumlah Umbel, diameter Umbel, dan persen berbunga bawang merah dibandingkan vernalisasi pada stadia lainnya. Stadia awal pertumbuhan umbi merupakan stadia terbaik dalam menerima perlakuan vernalisasi. Semakin besar jumlah Umbel dan diameter Umbel semakin meningkatkan persen berbunga bawang merah. Karakter jumlah Umbel dan diameter Umbel dapat digunakan sebagai karakter seleksi untuk peubah persen berbunga bawang merah. Analisis metabolomik berhasil mengidentifikasi 104 metabolit spesifik dan mengelompokkan bawang merah menjadi 3 kelompok stadia. Vernalisasi pada stadia awal perkembangan umbi (stadia embrio dan tunas 1 cm) menunjukkan adanya perubahan fase reproduktif, yang dicirikan dengan adanya senyawa phytol dan 2 propanone. Kata kunci: metabolomik, analisis pengelompokan hierarkis, induksi pembungaan, korelas
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The characteristic Performace of Quantitative Flowering Characters and Metabolomic Profile of Shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) Induced by Vernalization
'Institut Pertanian Bogor', 2019Co-Authors: Maharijaya Awang, Purwito AgusAbstract:Proses pembungaan pada bawang merah (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) sangat dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal tanaman. Induksi pembungaan dengan perlakuan vernalisasi dilakukan untuk mendorong inisiasi pembentukan bunga bawang merah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakter kuantitatif pembungaan dan profil metabolomik bawang merah yang diberikan perlakuan vernalisasi pada stadia perkembangan umbi. Vernalisasi dilakukan pada suhu 8 0C selama 6 minggu terdiri atas empat taraf, yaitu umbi tanpa vernalisasi (S0), vernalisasi pada stadia embrio (S1), vernalisasi pada stadia tumbuh tunas 1 cm (S2), dan vernalisasi pada stadia tumbuh tunas 2 cm (S3). Perlakuan vernalisasi pada stadia awal pertumbuhan umbi mampu meningkatkan karakter jumlah anakan, jumlah Umbel, diameter Umbel, dan persen berbunga bawang merah dibandingkan vernalisasi pada stadia lainnya. Stadia awal pertumbuhan umbi merupakan stadia terbaik dalam menerima perlakuan vernalisasi. Semakin besar jumlah Umbel dan diameter Umbel semakin meningkatkan persen berbunga bawang merah. Karakter jumlah Umbel dan diameter Umbel dapat digunakan sebagai karakter seleksi untuk peubah persen berbunga bawang merah. Analisis metabolomik berhasil mengidentifikasi 104 metabolit spesifik dan mengelompokkan bawang merah menjadi 3 kelompok stadia. Vernalisasi pada stadia awal perkembangan umbi (stadia embrio dan tunas 1 cm) menunjukkan adanya perubahan fase reproduktif, yang dicirikan dengan adanya senyawa phytol dan 2 propanone. Kata kunci: metabolomik, analisis pengelompokan hierarkis, induksi pembungaan, korelasiFlowering initiation is regulated by the internal and external condition of plant. Vernalization is considered to induce flower initiation on shallots (Allium cepa var. aggregatum). This research objective was to analyze the flowering quantitatif characters and metabolomic profile of shallot during vernalization on bulb development. Vernalization was carried out at 8 0C for 6 weeks treatment were four bulb growth stage i.e non-vernalized bulbs (S0), vernalization on embryonic stage (S1), vernalized bulbs on 1 cm of shoot stage (S2) and vernalized bulbs on 2 cm of shoot stage (S3). Vernalization treatment in early stage increased the number of tillers, number of Umbel, diameter of Umbel and percentage of flowering compared to another stage. The early stage of bulbs growth was the effective stage in receiving vernalization treatment. The bigger number and diameter of Umbel lead to the higher percentage of flowering in shallot plant. The number and diameter of Umbel can be used as character of selection for the percentage flowering character in shallot. Metabolomic analysis has identified of 104 specific metabolites from different vernalization treatments and clustered shallot into three groups. The early stadium of bulbs development (embryo stadia and stadia 1 cm buds) contains specific metabolomes (phytol and 2-propanone) as the indicator of reproductive phase. Keywords: correlation, flower induction, hierarchical cluster analysis, metabolomi
Pengli Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluating the hierarchical hygroscopic deformation of the daucus carota Umbel through structural characterization and mechanical analysis
Acta Biomaterialia, 2019Co-Authors: Pengli Zhang, Poyu Chen, Bingfeng Wang, Haobo Pan, Bin WangAbstract:Abstract Many physically immobile plants develop passive yet ingenious strategies for active seed dispersal through self-deformation in response to external stimuli, such as humidity. These hygroscopic deformations are usually driven by the internal heterogeneous architecture, which provides valuable, inspiring information for the development of novel actuating systems. The Daucus carota compound Umbel is an interesting structure showing a distinct hygroscopic deformation that operates at hierarchical levels among these plants. Here, we investigate the structure of the primary and secondary rays of the Umbel associated with their deformation through mechanical analyses. We reveal that through controlling both the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) and lignification, the multi-level bending behavior of the Umbel is achieved, which contributes to efficient seed protection and dispersal. The primary rays generally show more significant bending curvature changes than the secondary rays, and within each level, the outer rays exhibit a larger motion amplitude than the middle and inner rays. Mechanical testing and theoretical analysis support that adjusting the lignin content within the ray structure compensates for the effect of the small differences in cellulose MFA on its bending behavior, which contributes to the overall hygroscopic deformation. Findings also show that the primary outer ray can generate reaction forces that are more than 700 times its weight, which is higher than that for the pine cone scales. The new insights from this work are instructive for bioinspired designs of complex, self-deforming structures and devices. Statement of Significance The carrot (Daucus carota) compound Umbels exhibit a unique hierarchical, hygroscopic deformation for seed dispersal among immobile plants. In this work, we elucidate that the multi-level bending behavior of the Umbel is achieved through manipulating the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) and lignification of the primary and secondary rays for the first time. We also discover that adjusting the degree of lignification compensates for the effect of small cellulose MFA differences on the bending behavior theoretically and experimentally. The primary outer rays deform in a highly efficient manner, in which reactions forces about more than 700 times its weight are generated. The findings presented are instructive for bioinspired designs of complex, self-deforming structures and devices.
Lenka Moravcová - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Timing and extent of tissue removal affect reproduction characteristics of an invasive species Heracleum mantegazzianum
Biological Invasions, 2006Co-Authors: Petr Pyšek, Lukáš Krinke, Jan Pergl, Irena Perglová, Vojtěch Jarošík, Lenka MoravcováAbstract:Response of the invasive species Heracleum mantegazzianum to experimental removal of tissues was studied in the Czech Republic. The study aimed at determining (i) how efficiently plants respond, in terms of quantity and quality of produced fruit, to the removal of different amounts of generative and/or vegetative tissues; and (ii) whether regeneration ability depends on the time of treatment. Total number of fruits and their mean weight were reduced by removal of leaves, but germination percentage and rate of germination did not differ from control. More vigorous individuals compensated for the loss of tissues to a higher degree, and the advantage of being larger increased with severity of the treatment. Of 40 plants with Umbels completely removed, 18 (45.0%) regenerated and produced on average 103.4 ± 220.1 (mean ± SD) fruits. Total fruit numbers and total fruit weight of regenerating plants significantly differed neither among treatments nor from the control, but some treatments resulted in poorer germination compared to the control. Umbels removed from plants at the beginning of fruit development and left at the locality produced 18.6% of fruit numbers of control plants, and 24% of these seeds germinated. Control by removing Umbels from plants must ensure that they are collected and destroyed. From the management viewpoint, there is a trade-off between later Umbel removal, resulting in more efficient reduction in fecundity but necessity to handle more developed fruits, and early treatment, leading to a high regeneration, that produces seed of sufficient quantity and very little affected in terms of quality.
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effects of fruit position on fruit mass and seed germination in the alien species heracleum mantegazzianum apiaceae and the implications for its invasion
Acta Oecologica-international Journal of Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: Lenka Moravcová, Petr Pyšek, Irena Perglová, Vojtěch Jarošík, Jan PerglAbstract:The aims of this paper are to determine whether the effect of position of fruit on a plant affects the germination characteristics of seed of Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae), a Caucasian species invasive in Europe, and the germination potential of this species. Reproductive characteristics of H. mantegazzianum were studied at seven sites in the Czech Republic where this species is abundant. Fruits were collected and weighed from eight plants at each site, from three Umbel types (terminal, satellite and branch) and two fruit positions within an Umbel (central or marginal). Characteristics of individual Umbels (duration of flowering, size) and plants (fecundity, age, height, basal diameter) were recorded. Percentage germination and germination rate (time to when 50% of the seeds had germinated) were assessed. At each site, fruit mass and percentage germination varied greatly among plants. Fruits from terminal inflorescences were heavier than those from satellites and branches, and those produced in the centre of an Umbel were heavier than those from the margin. Mean percentage germination was 91%, which varied among sites but was not affected by fruit position on a plant. Germination rate increased with fruit mass. Neither Umbel size nor time of flowering had a significant effect on germination characteristics. At some sites, there was a negative relationship between fruit mass and plant height. A combination of reproductive traits (high fecundity, high germination capacity, opportunistic behaviour associated with limited effect of fruit position on a plant on germination characteristics) might determine this species ability to successfully invade new habitats.
J Gombert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Contrôle du Phomopsis, maladie émergente, en culture de carotte porte-graîne
2017Co-Authors: J Gombert, I Serandat, E. Morel, F. Bastide, P. Poupard, P. Simoneau, J. Kolopp, P.l. Guillermin, E. LaurentAbstract:The first triangular browning Umbels caused by Diaporthe angelicae on carrot seed crops were observed in France in 2007. This fungal phytopathogen negatively impacted carrot seed production. Little is known about this fungus. In order to control it in carrot seed production, a better understanding of its life cycle and its epidemiology is required. So, this is the reason why a three-years research project named DIAPOCAR was initiated in 2012. It appears that flower is the main sensitive organ and flowering the most sensitive stage of the Umbel. In the field, contaminations are particularly observed during flowering of the Umbels of order I and II if the weather is favourable to disease. Field fungicide trials show significant efficacy differences between fungicides and only three of them are efficient against carrot phomopsis. Finally, model simulations with the sunflower phomopsis model are promising and this tool to aid decision-making can be used to apply fungicides only when the weather is favourable to the disease. It should help carrot seed growers to determine the best timing for fungicide applications. Thus, a greater understanding of the biology of this fungus has led to a better control of phomopsis on carrot seed crops
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Characterization of fungal pathogens (Diaporthe angelicae and D. eres) responsible for Umbel browning and stem necrosis on carrot in France
Plant Pathology, 2016Co-Authors: F. Bastide, Philippe Simoneau, I Serandat, Emmanuelle Laurent, J Gombert, E. Morel, J. Kolopp, Pierre-louis Guillermin, Bruno Hamon, Romain BerruyerAbstract:A collection of 102 Diaporthe isolates was compiled from lesions on carrot, parsley and wild Apiaceae species in France from 2010 to 2014. Molecular typing based on ITS rDNA sequences resulted in the identification of 85 D. angelicae and 17 D. eres isolates. Based on sequences of the 30 part of the IGS rDNA, intraspecific variability was analysed for 17 D. angelicae and 13 D. eres isolates from diverse plant species, locations in France, and plant tissues. The genetic diversity was greater for D. angelicae isolates than D. eres isolates. In vitro sensitivity of five D. angelicae and four D. eres isolates to each of nine fungicides was similar for isolates of both species, with a marked variation in fungicide sensitivity depending on the active ingredient. To assess the pathogenicity of D. angelicae and D. eres isolates on carrot, one isolate of each species was inoculated onto Umbels in a controlled environment. Typical lesions were observed for both isolates. Carrot crop debris collected from a seed production field in France and placed in controlled conditions produced perithecia and ascospores typical of Diaporthe, that were further characterized molecularly as belonging to D. angelicae. Detection of Diaporthe species on seed lots from three carrot production fields in France was investigated. Both species were detected on seeds by conventional PCR assay, with a greater frequency for D. angelicae than D. eres (67% vs 33%, respectively). Overall, the results highlighted that Umbel browning in carrot seed crops in France was mainly caused by D. angelicae.
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first report of Umbel browning and stem necrosis caused by diaporthe angelicae on carrot in france
Plant Disease, 2014Co-Authors: L Menard, P E Brandeis, Philippe Simoneau, Pascal Poupard, I Serandat, J Detoc, L Robbes, Franck Bastide, Emmanuelle Laurent, J GombertAbstract:In 2011, carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed production occurred on 2,900 ha, which accounts for approximately 25% of the area devoted to the production of vegetable fine seeds. Since 2007, symptoms of Umbel browning have been regularly observed in carrot production areas located in the central region. Initially, triangular necrotic lesions appeared on carrot Umbels that later spread to the entire Umbels and often progressed to the stems. Diseased Umbels became dried prematurely, compromising seed development. The loss in seed production was estimated at approximately 8% of the harvested carrot Umbels during the cropping seasons of spring and summer 2007 and 2008 in France. In collaboration with seed companies, diseased carrot stems were collected from seven fields of seed production (eight plants per field) and a fungus was isolated from the tissue. The cultures were grown on malt (2%) agar (1.5%) medium and incubated for 2 weeks at 22°C in darkness. Young fungal colonies were white and a brownish green pigme...
