The Experts below are selected from a list of 300 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lawrence W Sherman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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“Soft” policing at hot spots—do Police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial
Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2016Co-Authors: Barak Ariel, Cristobal Weinborn, Lawrence W ShermanAbstract:Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased Police patrols in hot spots are dependent on the “hard” threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether “soft” patrols by civilian (but Uniformed) Police staff with few arrest powers and no weapons can also reduce crime. We also sought to assess whether the number of discrete patrol visits to a hot spot was more or less important than the total minutes of Police presence across all visits, and whether effects based on counts of crime would be consistent with effects on a Crime Harm Index outcome.
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soft policing at hot spots do Police community support officers work a randomized controlled trial
Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2016Co-Authors: Lawrence W Sherman, Barak Ariel, Cristobal WeinbornAbstract:Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased Police patrols in hot spots are dependent on the “hard” threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether “soft” patrols by civilian (but Uniformed) Police staff with few arrest powers and no weapons can also reduce crime. We also sought to assess whether the number of discrete patrol visits to a hot spot was more or less important than the total minutes of Police presence across all visits, and whether effects based on counts of crime would be consistent with effects on a Crime Harm Index outcome.
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deterrent effects of Police raids on crack houses a randomized controlled experiment
Justice Quarterly, 1995Co-Authors: Lawrence W Sherman, Dennis P Rogan, Timothy Edwards, Rachel Whipple, Dennis Shreve, Daniel Witcher, William Trimble, Robert Velke, Mark Blumberg, Anne BeattyAbstract:We tested the block-level deterrent effects on crime of Uniformed Police raids of crack houses. Court-authorized raids were legally possible on 207 blocks with at least five calls for Police service in the preceding 30 days. Raids were assigned randomly to 104 locations and were conducted at 98 of those sites; the other 109 were left alone. Experimental blocks, in relation to controls, showed reductions in both calls for service and offense reports, but effects were quite small and decayed in two weeks. Raids in which arrests were made (23 of 104 assigned) had no consistently different impact from raids in which no arrests were made. Raids had more effect on calls for service in the winter than in the spring, but we found little seasonal or period difference in effects of raids on offense reports. Alternative Police methods may be far more cost-effective than raids in “harm reduction” for crack houses.
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general deterrent effects of Police patrol in crime hot spots a randomized controlled trial
Justice Quarterly, 1995Co-Authors: Lawrence W Sherman, David WeisburdAbstract:Many criminologists doubt that the dosage of Uniformed Police patrol causes any measurable difference in crime. This article reports a one-year randomized trial in Minneapolis of increases in patrol dosage at 55 of 110 crime “hot spots,” monitored by 7,542 hours of systematic observations. The experimental group received, on average, twice as much observed patrol presence, although the ratio displayed wide seasonal fluctuation. Reductions in total crime calls ranged from 6 percent to 13 percent. Observed disorder was only half as prevalent in experimental as in control hot spots. We conclude that substantial increases in Police patrol presence can indeed cause modest reductions in crime and more impressive reductions in disorder within high crime locations.
Johannes Knutsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differences in Performance among Swedish Uniformed Police Officers
Policing, 2012Co-Authors: Stefan Holgersson, Johannes KnutssonAbstract:This study looked into the level of activity and the quality of Uniformed Police officers' work, by means of participant observation, interviews, and archival data on the number of interventions taken on the officers' own initiative. Regarding activity, the study showed that with an increasing number of years of service, the level of Uniformed Police officers' activity decreased. Regarding the quality of Uniformed Police work, a scale was employed in order to measure it, establishing different levels of acceptable performance. Officers who did not interact with citizens in an acceptable manner and/or did not apply rules or routines in a proper manner were designated ‘not acceptable’. Officers who merely responded to calls for service but who did not take enough initiative by themselves achieved only the lowest level of acceptable performance. If they made interventions on their own initiative to a passable extent, they achieved a higher level. In order to achieve the highest level, officers had to show a high degree of professionalism. Only a small fraction was judged to reach the highest standard.
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Individuella arbetsprestationer i uniformerat polisarbete
2008Co-Authors: Stefan Holgersson, Johannes KnutssonAbstract:The report consists of an empirical study of Uniformed Police officers’ productivity.About 120 officers fulfilling ordinary Uniformed Police service have beenstudied through participant observation and interviews. Besides that, archivaldata on different types of interventions the officers have taken initiative to carryout, has been collected. To study the quantitative dimension of productivity, differencesin the production of interventions by own initiative have been analyzed.The result shows that the level of activity differs markedly, with a small group ofvery high producing officers that account for a considerable proportion of the totalnumber of interventions. On the other side, there is a group of passive officerswith low production. In general, Police officers with shorter time in service havehigher production than officers with longer. To deal with the issue of qualitativeaspects of Police work, the officers were, with use of the collected information,divided into different groups according to the extent they lived up to differentlevels of requirements. To pass the criterions for level I, the officers must treatpersons they interact with in a proper manner. They must also solve and reporttasks they were given in an acceptable way. To pass the requirements for level II,the officers must also take own initiatives making interventions to a passable extent.In the highest level, level III, the officers must also take care of situations ina problem-solving way; a working style that takes both experience and highcompetence. A little more than ten percent of the officers did not make the lowestlevel, and were categorized as unacceptable. About 40 percent passed the criterionsfor level I, a similar proportion level II, but only five percent passed therequirements for level III. Officers belonging to this group were characterized byrelative long time in service, they were highly motivated, had strong sense of integrityand were in good physical shape. For more officers to reach the highestlevel, different factors affecting motivation must be changed. What is consideredmost de-motivating varies. Irrational systems of filing reports, too little feedback,leaders not in touch with officers in the field, not relevant follow up systems,lack of opportunities for personal development and lack of further educationare common themes when Police officers themselves describes what is consideredto be most frustrating. Another important factor is the follow-up systemsthat are used by the Police. It focuses on simple measurable goals that the officersare supposed to fulfil. Experience shows, however, that such systems maybe counter productive, where the goal becomes to fulfil the goal and not what thegoal is supposed to measure. Additionally, it does not give any information aboutthe quality of the work. To improve the results the Police organization must tryto correct or lessen the influence of these factors.
Stefan Holgersson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differences in Performance among Swedish Uniformed Police Officers
Policing, 2012Co-Authors: Stefan Holgersson, Johannes KnutssonAbstract:This study looked into the level of activity and the quality of Uniformed Police officers' work, by means of participant observation, interviews, and archival data on the number of interventions taken on the officers' own initiative. Regarding activity, the study showed that with an increasing number of years of service, the level of Uniformed Police officers' activity decreased. Regarding the quality of Uniformed Police work, a scale was employed in order to measure it, establishing different levels of acceptable performance. Officers who did not interact with citizens in an acceptable manner and/or did not apply rules or routines in a proper manner were designated ‘not acceptable’. Officers who merely responded to calls for service but who did not take enough initiative by themselves achieved only the lowest level of acceptable performance. If they made interventions on their own initiative to a passable extent, they achieved a higher level. In order to achieve the highest level, officers had to show a high degree of professionalism. Only a small fraction was judged to reach the highest standard.
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Individuella arbetsprestationer i uniformerat polisarbete
2008Co-Authors: Stefan Holgersson, Johannes KnutssonAbstract:The report consists of an empirical study of Uniformed Police officers’ productivity.About 120 officers fulfilling ordinary Uniformed Police service have beenstudied through participant observation and interviews. Besides that, archivaldata on different types of interventions the officers have taken initiative to carryout, has been collected. To study the quantitative dimension of productivity, differencesin the production of interventions by own initiative have been analyzed.The result shows that the level of activity differs markedly, with a small group ofvery high producing officers that account for a considerable proportion of the totalnumber of interventions. On the other side, there is a group of passive officerswith low production. In general, Police officers with shorter time in service havehigher production than officers with longer. To deal with the issue of qualitativeaspects of Police work, the officers were, with use of the collected information,divided into different groups according to the extent they lived up to differentlevels of requirements. To pass the criterions for level I, the officers must treatpersons they interact with in a proper manner. They must also solve and reporttasks they were given in an acceptable way. To pass the requirements for level II,the officers must also take own initiatives making interventions to a passable extent.In the highest level, level III, the officers must also take care of situations ina problem-solving way; a working style that takes both experience and highcompetence. A little more than ten percent of the officers did not make the lowestlevel, and were categorized as unacceptable. About 40 percent passed the criterionsfor level I, a similar proportion level II, but only five percent passed therequirements for level III. Officers belonging to this group were characterized byrelative long time in service, they were highly motivated, had strong sense of integrityand were in good physical shape. For more officers to reach the highestlevel, different factors affecting motivation must be changed. What is consideredmost de-motivating varies. Irrational systems of filing reports, too little feedback,leaders not in touch with officers in the field, not relevant follow up systems,lack of opportunities for personal development and lack of further educationare common themes when Police officers themselves describes what is consideredto be most frustrating. Another important factor is the follow-up systemsthat are used by the Police. It focuses on simple measurable goals that the officersare supposed to fulfil. Experience shows, however, that such systems maybe counter productive, where the goal becomes to fulfil the goal and not what thegoal is supposed to measure. Additionally, it does not give any information aboutthe quality of the work. To improve the results the Police organization must tryto correct or lessen the influence of these factors.
Sebastiaan Rothmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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occupational stress personality traits coping strategies and suicide ideation in the south african Police service
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2007Co-Authors: Jacobus J Pienaar, Sebastiaan Rothmann, Fons J R Van De VijverAbstract:The objective of this study is to determine whether suicide ideation among Uniformed Police officers of the South African Police Service could be predicted on the basis of occupational stress, personality traits, and coping strategies. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, the Police Stress Inventory, the Personality Characteristics Inventory, and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced are administered to a stratified random sample of 1,794 Police employees from eight South African provinces. A logistic regression analysis shows that low scores on conscientiousness, emotional stability, approach coping, and turning to religion as well as high scores on avoidance coping are associated with more suicide ideation.
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Coping, stress and suicide ideation in the South African Police Service in the Eastern Cape.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 2003Co-Authors: R Meyer, Sebastiaan Rothmann, Jaco PienaarAbstract:The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between coping and stress on the one hand and suicide ideation among Police members on the other. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population (N = 307) consisted of Uniformed Police members in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The COPE, Police Stress Inventory, Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire and a Biographical Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. The results showed that passive coping strategies are related to suicide ideation. A discriminant analysis showed that suicide attempt, passive coping strategies, medical conditions, use of alcohol, problem-focused coping strategies and Police-specific demands correctly classified 64.29 per cent of participants who scored high on suicide ideation. JEL I12, I30
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STRENGTHS, COPING AND SUICIDE IDEATION IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN Police SERVICES IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Sebastiaan Rothmann, P. Van RensburgAbstract:Relatively high numbers of suicides occur in the South African Police Services. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between sense of coherence, generalised self-efficacy, locus of control and coping on the one hand and suicide ideation among Police personnel on the other hand. The study population (N = 287) consisted of Uniformed Police personnel in the North West Province. The results showed that sense of coherence and generalised self-efficacy are related to suicide ideation of Police members. A discriminant analysis showed that sense of coherence, coping strategies and medical status correctly classified 81,48% of participants who scored high on suicide ideation. OPSOMMING ‘n Relatiewe hoe getal selfmoorde kom in die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens voor. Die doelstelling van hierdie navorsing was om die verband tussen koherensiesin, algemene selfdoeltreffendheid, lokus van beheer en coping enersyds en selfmoorddenkbeeldvorming van polisiepersoneel andersyds te bepaal. Die studiepopulasie (N = 287) het bestaan uit polisiepersoneel in die Noordwes-Provinsie. Die resultate het aangetoon dat koherensiesin en algemene selfdoeltreffendheid verband hou met selfmoorddenkbeeldvorming by polisiepersoneel. ‘n Diskriminantontleding het aangetoon dat koherensiesin, coping-strategiee en mediese toestand 81,48% van die deelnemers met hoe tellings ten opsigte van selfmoorddenkbeeldvorming korrek geklassifiseer het.
Barak Ariel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does Tracking and Feedback Boost Patrol Time in Hot Spots? Two Tests
Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 2017Co-Authors: Charlotte De Brito, Barak ArielAbstract:Do Police officers complete more assigned patrols in targeted crime hot spots when their supervisors track and feedback data on the proportions of targeted patrols completed? Uniformed Police officers filled out ‘patrol cards’ indicating arrival and departure times at each scheduled hot spot patrol location within four large London railway stations, returning the cards to supervisors each shift. For the experiment, all patrol cards were forwarded to a central analysis unit, where they were digitised and turned into weekly reports for two of the four stations (test stations) but not the other two (control stations). The reports were expressed in a fraction composed of a denominator = numbers of hot spot locations assigned for patrols (which varied widely from day to day), and a numerator = number of locations at which patrols had been completed. Each week for 3 weeks, the central analysis unit sent reports on ‘percent of assigned patrols completed’ by day of the preceding week to the commanders of the two test stations and to higher-level commanders. The test station commanders were required to ‘brief’ their patrol teams on the proportion of patrols completed. Two sites assigned to control conditions received no such information but were still required to conduct hot spot patrols as their business as usual. One test station showed a 22% increase in assigned patrols completed, but the second test station showed no discernible effect of tracking and feedback compared to control conditions. These differences between test site results were associated with different leadership histories, turnover and communication styles in each site. Patrol dosage feedback was followed by increased patrol dosage delivered in relation to matched control sites, but only in one of two tests. These mixed findings suggest the potential value of further research on tracking and feedback, specifically addressing the communication methods, rewards and penalties for line officers responding to the feedback.
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soft policing at hot spots do Police community support officers work a randomized controlled trial
Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2016Co-Authors: Lawrence W Sherman, Barak Ariel, Cristobal WeinbornAbstract:Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased Police patrols in hot spots are dependent on the “hard” threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether “soft” patrols by civilian (but Uniformed) Police staff with few arrest powers and no weapons can also reduce crime. We also sought to assess whether the number of discrete patrol visits to a hot spot was more or less important than the total minutes of Police presence across all visits, and whether effects based on counts of crime would be consistent with effects on a Crime Harm Index outcome.
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“Soft” policing at hot spots—do Police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial
Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2016Co-Authors: Barak Ariel, Cristobal Weinborn, Lawrence W ShermanAbstract:Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased Police patrols in hot spots are dependent on the “hard” threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether “soft” patrols by civilian (but Uniformed) Police staff with few arrest powers and no weapons can also reduce crime. We also sought to assess whether the number of discrete patrol visits to a hot spot was more or less important than the total minutes of Police presence across all visits, and whether effects based on counts of crime would be consistent with effects on a Crime Harm Index outcome.
