The Experts below are selected from a list of 1923 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Klaus Nehring - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The veil of public ignorance
Journal of Economic Theory, 2004Co-Authors: Klaus NehringAbstract:Abstract A theory of cooperative choice under incomplete information is developed in which agents possess private information at the time of contracting and have agreed on a Utilitarian “Standard of evaluation” governing choices under complete information. The task is to extend this Standard to situations of incomplete information. Our first main result generalizes Harsanyi's (J. Polit. Econ. 63 (1955) 309) classical result to situations of incomplete information, assuming that group preferences satisfy Bayesian Coherence and Interim Pareto Dominance. These axioms are mutually compatible if and only if a common prior exists. We argue that this result partly resolves the impossibility of Bayesian preference aggregation under complete information.
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Utilitarian Cooperation under Incomplete Information
2002Co-Authors: Klaus NehringAbstract:A theory of cooperative choice under incomplete information is developed in which agents possess private information at the time of contracting. It is assumed that the group of cooperating agents has agreed on a Utilitarian “Standard of fairness” (group preference ordering) governing choices under complete information. The task is to extend this Standard to choices whose consequences depend on agents’ private information. It is accomplished by formulating appropriate axioms of Bayesian coherence at the group level. Assuming the existence of a common prior, the first main result generalizes Harsanyi’s (1955) classical characterization of Utilitarian preference aggregation to incomplete information. We then show that Bayesian coherence of group preferences is compatible with Interim Pareto Dominance only if a common prior exists. This second result generalizes and corrects the classical literature on consistent Bayesian preference aggregation under complete information: allowing for incompleteness of information, consistent Bayesian aggregation turns out to be possible even if agents’ beliefs differ, as long as differences in beliefs can be attributed to differences in information. We finally relax the assumption that the Standard of fairness is complete. In the extreme case in which no interpersonal utility-comparisons are made, this leads to an ex-interim justification of ex-ante Pareto efficiency as a criterion of welfare evaluation.
Zhu Ning - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the Role of Counselling Panel in College Students' Career Project
Journal of Yangzhou University, 2012Co-Authors: Zhu NingAbstract:In seeking employment some college students tend to take the Utilitarian Standard;after getting employed,they may not stay in one position for long.These problems are rooted in their understanding of employment.Through career project,counselling panel can help college students set up their occupational orientation.
Alexander Mackenzie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differential encoding of the two fundamental ethical Standards
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2002Co-Authors: Ming Singer, Alexander MackenzieAbstract:This study explored the encoding salience of the two fundamental ethical Standards of extrinsic utility and intrinsic duty. The specific research question was: "To what extent are the two key notions of human good encoded in distinctive cognitive schemas?" The release-from-- proactive-interference (RPI) experimental paradigm in memory research was used to address the question. Words in the conceptual categories of "money" and "morals" were selected to denote the Utilitarian and deontological notions respectively. Results show a significant release in recall when words were shifted from one notion to the other. The theoretical and practical implications of the differential encoding of the two ethical Standards are then discussed. The recent upsurge of interest in virtue ethics in normative philosophy has had a widespread influence over a variety of intellectual disciplines. With specific reference to applied psychology, it has been noted that almost every topic within organizational psychology has become an ethical issue (Rousseau, 1997). However, to understand such ethical issues pertaining to applied psychology, it is necessary to first clearly identify the key constituents of ethics and fundamental human good. The current philosophical literature of ethics typically focuses on the two main ethical Standards that are identified in the UD model: the Utilitarian Standard (U) and the deontological (D) Standard (for reviews, see Brady & Dunn, 1995; Velasquez, 1996). The Utilitarian ethical Standard emphasizes extrinsic and tangible consequences. The right or wrong of an act is determined by its outcome, that is whether it maximizes the net gain for either the individual or for the greatest number of people in the community. On the other hand, the deontological (deon: the Greek word for duty) ethical Standard focuses on intrinsic principles. The right or wrong of an act is determined by its intrinsic value or underlying intention. In his deontological theory of moral duties, the modern philosopher Immanuel Kant (1964) argued that the goodness of an act is determined solely by its underlying goodwill or good intention, irrespective of its external outcome. Kant also viewed duty and right as the two sides of the same coin: for every fundamental human right there is a reciprocal moral duty. Thus, the deontological ethical Standard is based on intrinsic value; what is right or wrong depends mainly on whether one fulfills the moral obligation by performing one's moral duties. While the UD Standards represent the philosophical and normative prescriptions of morality, there has been empirical evidence suggesting that people's actual behavior is indeed governed by, and hence reflects, these normative Standards. In this context, a recent comprehensive study surveyed people's attitudes and behavior about morality in a work context. The study involved three respondent groups: the general public, university students, and managerial professionals. The results have shown that, among a group offered, all respondents identified utility and duty as the key determinants of ethical behavior in work situations (Singer, 2000). Therefore, these data have lent support to the normative prescription that extrinsic utility and intrinsic duty are the fundamental constituents of ethics and morality. In moral psychology, all key theories of morality reflect this UD dichotomy of extrinsic utility and intrinsic duty. The distinction between "severity of consequence" and "purity of intentionality" was central to the Piagetian (1932/1965) theory of moral development. In the theories of personal moral orientation of both Kohlberg (1976) and Forsyth (1980), the same dichotomy of external outcome and intrinsic value was also made. Outside moral psychology, Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory focuses on the motivaing effects of intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcers. Although that theory has generated a great deal of empirical research in motivation (e. …
Chen Juanzhen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the Duality of Political Beliefs for College Students in the Period of Social Transformation
Journal of Putian University, 2011Co-Authors: Chen JuanzhenAbstract:The contemporary college students in the period of social transformation are faced with coexistence of traditional,modern and postmodern ideological trends at the same time.Their personality,psychology and behaviors etc.have strong features of times development.What's more,they are in the social environment full of modern risks.Therefore,their political beliefs have obvious duality.This paper mainly analyzes the duality in terms of several aspects including lofty political beliefs and value orientation based on Utilitarian Standard,plural development of pursuit for beliefs and confusing and puzzling choice for individuals,rational political thoughts and emotional involvement in political practices,subjective expectations towards political participation and objective limitation towards the effects of participation etc..
Zhou Quan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Utilitarian Tendency in Ideological and Moral Textbooks:A Case Study
Jiangsu Education Research, 2009Co-Authors: Zhou QuanAbstract:The purpose of ideological and moral textbooks is to stimulate and cultivate good moral character in students.However,analysis of 2004 version of the junior high school ideological and moral textbooks shows there is a considerable degree of Utilitarian tendency in them,which mainly includes three aspects: usefulness of ethics,money-oriented examples and businessman-centered examples.Through statistical analysis of relevant data,the capability to deal with money from society,the social value of the Utilitarian Standard,and the tool tendency of society may be the reasons for the Utilitarian tendency in the textbooks.
