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Beatrix Patzak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variola: zur Geschichte einer museal präsenten Seuche
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 2008Co-Authors: Markus W. Moser, Beatrix PatzakAbstract:Variola ist seit nunmehr über 30 Jahren keine endemische Infektionskrankheit. Die Geschichte der verschwundenen Anthroponose und ihrer Bewältigung ist beispielhaft für die Verwobenheit medizinischen Denkens und Handelns mit natürlichen wie kulturellen Gegebenheiten. Variola, wissenschaftlich-technologische Entwicklung, Vakzination und die ihr lange vorangehende Variolation werden anhand historischer Literatur und museal gepflegter Hinterlassenschaften der Auseinandersetzung mit der Seuche betrachtet. Die Sammlung im Pathologisch-anatomischen Bundesmuseum im Wiener Narrenturm reicht von für aktuelle Grundlagenforschung interessanten Präparaten bis zu papierenen Dokumenten. Durch in Wachsmoulagen gegossene klinische Forschung in verschiedenen Wiener Krankenanstalten entstanden um 1900 nicht nur innovative Impfverfahren, sondern auch künstlerische Objekte von bleibendem instruktivem Wert. Smallpox, once a major menace of humankind, is the only endemic anthroponosis that has completely disappeared due to organized human action. The history of variola and of the rationales of prevention and control associated with ancient Variolation, modern vaccination and the surrounding research enterprises and sanitary regimes provide paradigmatic examples of the involvement of medical thought and scientific dynamics with natural and cultural necessities and technological evolution. Taking the form of a broad historiographic sketch this is discussed not only based on representative literature, but contemplating material relics of the medical endeavor with smallpox. The objects are maintained by the Austrian Federal Museum of Pathological Anatomy, located in the unique historic building known as Narrenturm or Fool's Tower in Vienna's traditional medical district. They range from textual documents to wet specimens recently reactivated for virological research. Special focus lies on waxen moulages, crafted in the context of early 20th century clinical research and teaching.
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Variola: zur Geschichte einer museal präsenten Seuche
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 2008Co-Authors: Markus W. Moser, Beatrix PatzakAbstract:Variola ist seit nunmehr uber 30 Jahren keine endemische Infektionskrankheit. Die Geschichte der verschwundenen Anthroponose und ihrer Bewaltigung ist beispielhaft fur die Verwobenheit medizinischen Denkens und Handelns mit naturlichen wie kulturellen Gegebenheiten. Variola, wissenschaftlich-technologische Entwicklung, Vakzination und die ihr lange vorangehende Variolation werden anhand historischer Literatur und museal gepflegter Hinterlassenschaften der Auseinandersetzung mit der Seuche betrachtet. Die Sammlung im Pathologisch-anatomischen Bundesmuseum im Wiener Narrenturm reicht von fur aktuelle Grundlagenforschung interessanten Praparaten bis zu papierenen Dokumenten. Durch in Wachsmoulagen gegossene klinische Forschung in verschiedenen Wiener Krankenanstalten entstanden um 1900 nicht nur innovative Impfverfahren, sondern auch kunstlerische Objekte von bleibendem instruktivem Wert.
Donald Milton Milton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2012Co-Authors: Donald Milton MiltonAbstract:The mode of infection transmission has profound implications for effective containment by public health interventions. The mode of smallpox transmission was never conclusively established. Although, “respiratory droplet” transmission was generally regarded as the primary mode of transmission, the relative importance of large ballistic droplets and fine particle aerosols that remain suspended in air for more than a few seconds was never resolved. This review examines evidence from the history of Variolation, data on mucosal infection collected in the last decades of smallpox transmission, aerosol measurements, animal models, reports of smallpox lung among healthcare workers, and the epidemiology of smallpox regarding the potential importance of fine particle aerosol mediated transmission. I introduce briefly the term anisotropic infection to describe the behavior of Variola major in which route of infection appears to have altered the severity of disease.
Alicia Grant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The globalisation of Variolation
2013Co-Authors: Alicia GrantAbstract:Variolation is the undervalued and frequently overlooked precursor of vaccination appeared in the 18th century Europe as the first effective prophylaxis against smallpox. This thesis aims firstly to investigate and redress the neglected path from untreatable smallpox to vaccination, in selected countries with a focus on the influence of England on the spread of Variolation to other countries. Secondly, to present Variolation not only as the origin of immunology but also as the catalyst for the conception and introduction of public health. New findings noted briefly, ranged from unanticipated documents to re-evaluations, as in the first chapter, of the accepted role of Sir Hans Sloane in initiating Variolation in England. Originally Turkey, chapter two, was not selected as a country but researching the religious acrimony in England after Lady Mary Montagu's 'ethnic' Variolation of her daughter, this thesis contests, with much evidence to the contrary, the widely held Eurocentric belief that the Ottoman Muslims used Variolation in the 18th century. In the third chapter, concerning the latter half of the century in England and France, the scope of the contribution of the 'quack' Robert Sutton is reappraised. In Russia, many 'unsung heroes' were discovered long before the accepted initial Variolation in 1768 of Czarin Catherine II by Dr. Thomas Dimsdale. A reassessment of aspects of the character of the latter followed the discovery of an archival letter from his mentor's sister in England; also the unacknowledged plagiariam in his book of Robert Sutton's new improved method of Variolation. The probability of Russian students bringing the method of Variolation from China to Turkey is coutnered. In Sweden, investigation led to the relocation of an account of Variolation long regarded as lost - sent by King Charles XII in 712 while in exile in Turkey - lying between the patient prescriptions of his surgeon Dr. Neumann for 300 years in Uppsala University archives. In addition, this study contests current conclusions drawn from Sweden's 18th century statistics. The final chapter of the Colonies of America challenges the claim that Washington's laudable Variolation of his troops in 1777 was 'the first mass Variolation in history'.
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Incidents in reposition of smallpox virus laboratories and its retrospect and ponderation
Zhonghua yi shi za zhi (Beijing China : 1980), 2013Co-Authors: Alicia GrantAbstract:Reposition of variola virus in some laboratories in the UK led to some serious incidents before the announcement by WHO of the Global Eradication of Smallpox in 1980. These three incidents resulted in 78 people recorded as infected with smallpox, among them 3 died, with very many others misdiagnosed at the time as suffering from chickenpox. Therefore WHO discussed the problems and decided to reduce gradually the number of repositories of variola virus in laboratories world-wide from previously unknown numbers to two. However, suppose in the event of a sudden outbreak of a new, mutated species of smallpox virus, what should we do? Maybe, the obsolete ancient prophylactic practice of Variolation could be of considerable contingency value.
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Thirty methods of Variolation and their cultural background
Zhonghua yi shi za zhi (Beijing China : 1980), 2010Co-Authors: Alicia GrantAbstract:There were 30 methods of Variolation in history. Ease of access to the materials to do it was a primary consideration, but the cultural background and traditions of different countries, areas and nations were cardinal causes of the variation in methods. Religions gave great influence. However, one idea was universally pursued-that people everywhere sought to protect themselves by preventing smallpox. Key words: Variolation; Relative history of medicine; Vaccination
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Were the Turks in the 18th century variolated against smallpox? the analysis of a typical example of misconception in medical cross-cultural transmission
Zhonghua yi shi za zhi (Beijing China : 1980), 2009Co-Authors: Alicia GrantAbstract:There has been a continuing misconception for almost three centuries since the transmis-sion of Variolation from Turkey(actually the Ottoman Empire) to England that this was a practice of the Turkish Muslims. There are many sources of cogent evidence that Variolation in the 18th century in the Otto-man Empire was opposed by Muslims due to their religious beliefs. This article uses cultural anthropology in its analysis of the reasons for the misconception. Key words: Turks; Smallpox; Variolation; Cross-cultural transmission; Communication of medicine
Markus W. Moser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variola: zur Geschichte einer museal präsenten Seuche
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 2008Co-Authors: Markus W. Moser, Beatrix PatzakAbstract:Variola ist seit nunmehr über 30 Jahren keine endemische Infektionskrankheit. Die Geschichte der verschwundenen Anthroponose und ihrer Bewältigung ist beispielhaft für die Verwobenheit medizinischen Denkens und Handelns mit natürlichen wie kulturellen Gegebenheiten. Variola, wissenschaftlich-technologische Entwicklung, Vakzination und die ihr lange vorangehende Variolation werden anhand historischer Literatur und museal gepflegter Hinterlassenschaften der Auseinandersetzung mit der Seuche betrachtet. Die Sammlung im Pathologisch-anatomischen Bundesmuseum im Wiener Narrenturm reicht von für aktuelle Grundlagenforschung interessanten Präparaten bis zu papierenen Dokumenten. Durch in Wachsmoulagen gegossene klinische Forschung in verschiedenen Wiener Krankenanstalten entstanden um 1900 nicht nur innovative Impfverfahren, sondern auch künstlerische Objekte von bleibendem instruktivem Wert. Smallpox, once a major menace of humankind, is the only endemic anthroponosis that has completely disappeared due to organized human action. The history of variola and of the rationales of prevention and control associated with ancient Variolation, modern vaccination and the surrounding research enterprises and sanitary regimes provide paradigmatic examples of the involvement of medical thought and scientific dynamics with natural and cultural necessities and technological evolution. Taking the form of a broad historiographic sketch this is discussed not only based on representative literature, but contemplating material relics of the medical endeavor with smallpox. The objects are maintained by the Austrian Federal Museum of Pathological Anatomy, located in the unique historic building known as Narrenturm or Fool's Tower in Vienna's traditional medical district. They range from textual documents to wet specimens recently reactivated for virological research. Special focus lies on waxen moulages, crafted in the context of early 20th century clinical research and teaching.
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Variola: zur Geschichte einer museal präsenten Seuche
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 2008Co-Authors: Markus W. Moser, Beatrix PatzakAbstract:Variola ist seit nunmehr uber 30 Jahren keine endemische Infektionskrankheit. Die Geschichte der verschwundenen Anthroponose und ihrer Bewaltigung ist beispielhaft fur die Verwobenheit medizinischen Denkens und Handelns mit naturlichen wie kulturellen Gegebenheiten. Variola, wissenschaftlich-technologische Entwicklung, Vakzination und die ihr lange vorangehende Variolation werden anhand historischer Literatur und museal gepflegter Hinterlassenschaften der Auseinandersetzung mit der Seuche betrachtet. Die Sammlung im Pathologisch-anatomischen Bundesmuseum im Wiener Narrenturm reicht von fur aktuelle Grundlagenforschung interessanten Praparaten bis zu papierenen Dokumenten. Durch in Wachsmoulagen gegossene klinische Forschung in verschiedenen Wiener Krankenanstalten entstanden um 1900 nicht nur innovative Impfverfahren, sondern auch kunstlerische Objekte von bleibendem instruktivem Wert.
Hervé Bazin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vaccination: a History : From Lady Montagu to genetic engineering Ed. 1
2011Co-Authors: Hervé BazinAbstract:The history of vaccination is an important aspect of the history of mankind. Along with the development of hygiene, vaccinations have no doubt constituted the most outstanding advance in medicine. And yet, this subject that revolutionized both human and animal medicine has given rise to little, or at best incomplete, investigation. This oversight has now been remedied: the present volume is a fascinating work that reads like a novel but offers a wealth of information never before assembled in one book. This book is sure to interest a wide readership, including experts in the field. Vaccination: a History is composed of four major sections: The first deals mainly with smallpox (Variolation and Jennerian vaccination) and with little-known Variolation attempts in human medicine (syphilisation...) and veterinary medicine (bovine plague...). The role played by Lady Montagu, the instigator of this surprising novelty, is explored in detail. Stands in favour or against these practices are described, to illustrate how attitudes regarding them evolved. The second section concerning Pasteur differs greatly from the usual portrayal of the master's work, a portrayal that close examination of Pasteur's notebooks reveals to be somewhat (if not highly) imprecise. Many references from Pasteur's notebooks are given, to highlight successive discoveries based on experimental results and the evolution of Pasteur's ideas. The third section describes vaccine development after Pasteur, identifying the major stages of advancement in this field (serotherapy, anatoxins/toxoids, BCG, etc.). The modern era constitutes the fourth section and presents the advances made possible by molecular biology, as well as advances due simply to culture techniques, inoculation, etc. The last chapter, entirely dedicated to yellow fever, is very detailed in order to illustrate the interdependence between vaccine research and the ethical problems associated with vaccine use. Finally, the glossary presents the meaning and evolution of numerous terms such as immunity and vaccine, and the theories that gave rise to them, particularly before, during and after the Pasteurian era. Brief biographies of the most outstanding characters complete the picture. An extensive bibliography and an index follow. This book places the evolution of human (and veterinary) vaccinology in context. Ethical problems related to vaccine use are discussed, revealing surprising similarities to present-day issues.
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A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations.
Comparative immunology microbiology and infectious diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Hervé BazinAbstract:Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of 'virulent' matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This 'Variolation' technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As 'vaccination' is the term generally accepted for 'immunisation', Variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.
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Chapter 3 – Jenner, naturalist and country surgeon (1772–1795)
The Eradication of Smallpox, 2000Co-Authors: Hervé BazinAbstract:Dr. Edward Jenner possessed a very good medical knowledge, certainly equal or superior to the majority of his colleagues, doctors, or surgeons. He started to practice as a surgeon which consisted of carrying out minor operations, but sometimes very important ones as well. In those days, a surgeon also used to practice general medicine, dealing with stomach pains, fevers and various other disorders. He was a family doctor and apothecary, both making and distributing medicines. He also gave Variolations. Jenner frequently seemed to fulfill the role of consultant, in that he was called on by his colleagues to give advice on difficult cases. During the first part of his professional life, the one which could be called the "pre-vaccination" period, Jenner took an interest in numerous subjects, both related and unrelated to his job. He perfected and published a method of purification by emetic, a substance used to make feverish patients vomit and also (in principle) to reduce their temperature. He tested the properties of human blood as a plant fertilizer. He also studied the behavior of migratory birds, something that also fascinated many of his colleagues. However, throughout his medical career, which had started when he was thirteen, Jenner never forgot his first contact with smallpox, namely Variolation. He probably maintained almost daily contact with this disease through his patients, for it was endemic practically throughout England and, indeed, Europe.
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The myth becomes reality (1795–1798)
The Eradication of Smallpox, 2000Co-Authors: Hervé BazinAbstract:The problem of cowpox caught Dr. Edward Jenner's imagination. It is a relatively benign animal infection of the cow but transmissible to humans and perhaps gave them protection against smallpox. When Edward Jenner began medical practice in Berkeley, his work as a surgeon gave him the opportunity to variolate, using a virus produced from benign smallpox blisters or varioles. Variolation provoked local symptoms at the site of the inoculation, visible pustules, and general aches, pain, or fever in varying degrees. On the other hand, if the subject had been immunized by the natural smallpox or a previous Variolation, only a very light reaction occurred that was practically undetectable. Thus it was easy to test with some certainty whether or not a variolated person was susceptible to smallpox infection by his reaction to the inoculated virus. At that time, a good number of these people would have already contracted the cowpox (vaccinia) by milking diseased cows. Jenner came across many people who did not react to Variolation, and many of these remembered having contracted cowpox at some time or other in their lives. This revived old memories in Jenner concerning rumors about protection against smallpox, something he had heard talk of during his apprenticeship with Ludlow that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of the small-pox. The idea of inoculating with a contagious disease, in order to protect against that disease, was being talked about at that time which helped Jenner to develop the vaccine.
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Smallpox vaccination: Its value and its limitations (1798–1979)
The Eradication of Smallpox, 2000Co-Authors: Hervé BazinAbstract:A lot of people still did not know about the existence of pathogenic agents, micro-organisms that cause disease like bacteria or viruses. However, they knew that illnesses could be contagious and passed from one person to another or from animal to animal and even to humans. They also knew that if the individual recovered from the infection it was likely that he would be protected from that disease in the future. Variolation was a good example of this but others were known, such as clavelisation, which consisted of transmitting sheep pox from one sheep to another in order to protect against this disease. A lot of other contagious diseases had been transmitted experimentally, but for reasons other than providing protection. Variolation was relatively easy to carry out for there were almost always variolous people who could provide some smallpox "matter", as smallpox was endemic throughout the world. Moreover the smallpox virus was quite stable, that is to say it could remain active outside the human body for a certain amount of time. It could therefore be very easily spread around and transported from place to place. Finally, it was a "human" disease; its transmission from one person to another did not often pose any moral, ethical, or religious problems, which would have been the case if it was transmitted from animal to human.
