The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Arpad Horvath - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of life cycle energy and emissions footprints of passenger transportation in metropolitan regions
Atmospheric Environment, 2010Co-Authors: Mikhail Chester, Arpad Horvath, Samer MadanatAbstract:A comparative life-cycle energy and emissions (greenhouse gas, CO, NOX, SO2, PM10, and VOCs) inventory is created for three U.S. metropolitan regions (San Francisco, Chicago, and New York City). The inventory captures both Vehicle Operation (direct fuel or electricity consumption) and non-Operation components (e.g., Vehicle manufacturing, roadway maintenance, infrastructure Operation, and material production among others). While urban transportation inventories have been continually improved, little information exists identifying the particular characteristics of metropolitan passenger transportation and why one region may differ from the next. Using travel surveys and recently developed transportation life-cycle inventories, metropolitan inventories are constructed and compared. Automobiles dominate total regional performance accounting for 86–96% of energy consumption and emissions. Comparing system-wide averages, New York City shows the lowest end-use energy and greenhouse gas footprint compared to San Francisco and Chicago and is influenced by the larger share of transit ridership. While automobile fuel combustion is a large component of emissions, diesel rail, electric rail, and ferry service can also have strong contributions. Additionally, the inclusion of life-cycle processes necessary for any transportation mode results in significant increases (as large as 20 times that of Vehicle Operation) for the region. In particular, emissions of CO2 from cement production used in concrete throughout infrastructure, SO2 from electricity generation in non-Operational components (Vehicle manufacturing, electricity for infrastructure materials, and fuel refining), PM10 in fugitive dust releases in roadway construction, and VOCs from asphalt result in significant additional inventory. Private and public transportation are disaggregated as well as off-peak and peak travel times. Furthermore, emissions are joined with healthcare and greenhouse gas monetized externalities to evaluate the societal costs of passenger transportation in each region. Results are validated against existing studies. The dominating contribution of automobile end-use energy consumption and emissions is discussed and strategies for improving regional performance given private travel's disproportionate share are identified.
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Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains
Environmental Research Letters, 2009Co-Authors: Mikhail V. Chester, Arpad HorvathAbstract:To appropriately mitigate environmental impacts from transportation, it is necessary for decision makers to consider the life-cycle energy use and emissions. Most current decision-making relies on analysis at the tailpipe, ignoring Vehicle production, infrastructure provision, and fuel production required for support. We present results of a comprehensive life-cycle energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and selected criteria air pollutant emissions inventory for automobiles, buses, trains, and airplanes in the US, including Vehicles, infrastructure, fuel production, and supply chains. We find that total life-cycle energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions contribute an additional 63% for onroad, 155% for rail, and 31% for air systems over Vehicle tailpipe Operation. Inventorying criteria air pollutants shows that Vehicle non-Operational components often dominate total emissions. Life-cycle criteria air pollutant emissions are between 1.1 and 800 times larger than Vehicle Operation. Ranges in passenger occupancy can easily change the relative performance of modes. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Panos Y Papalambros - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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decomposition based design optimization of hybrid electric powertrain architectures simultaneous configuration and sizing design
Journal of Mechanical Design, 2016Co-Authors: Alparslan Emrah Bayrak, Namwoo Kang, Panos Y PapalambrosAbstract:Effective electrification of automotive Vehicles requires designing the powertrain’s configuration along with sizing its components for a particular Vehicle type. Employing planetary gear systems in hybrid electric Vehicle powertrain architectures allows various architecture alternatives to be explored, including singlemode architectures that are based on a fixed configuration and multi-mode architectures that allow switching power flow configuration during Vehicle Operation. Previous studies have addressed the configuration and sizing problems separately. However, the two problems are coupled and must be optimized together to achieve system optimality. An all-in-one system solution approach to the combined problem is not viable due to the high complexity of the resulting optimization problem. In this paper we propose a partitioning and coordination strategy based on Analytical Target Cascading for simultaneous design of powertrain configuration and sizing for given Vehicle applications. The capability of the proposed design framework is demonstrated by designing powertrains with one and two planetary gears for a mid-size passenger Vehicle.
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decomposition based design optimization of hybrid electric powertrain architectures simultaneous configuration and sizing design
Design Automation Conference, 2015Co-Authors: Alparslan Emrah Bayrak, Namwoo Kang, Panos Y PapalambrosAbstract:Effective electrification of automotive Vehicles requires designing the powertrain’s configuration along with sizing its components for a particular Vehicle type. Employing planetary gear systems in hybrid electric Vehicle powertrain architectures allows various architecture alternatives to be explored, including single-mode architectures that are based on a fixed configuration and multi-mode architectures that allow switching power flow configuration during Vehicle Operation. Previous studies have addressed the configuration and sizing problems separately. However, the two problems are coupled and must be optimized together to achieve system optimality. An all-in-one system solution approach to the combined problem is not viable due to the high complexity of the resulting optimization problem. In this paper we propose a partitioning and coordination strategy based on Analytical Target Cascading for simultaneous design of powertrain configuration and sizing for given Vehicle applications. The capability of the proposed design framework is demonstrated by designing powertrains with one and two planetary gears for a mid-size passenger Vehicle.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Andreas Jossen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lithium-ion cell-to-cell variation during battery electric Vehicle Operation
Journal of Power Sources, 2015Co-Authors: Simon F. Schuster, Markus Gleissenberger, Philipp Berg, Martin J. Brand, Andreas JossenAbstract:Abstract 484 new and 1908 aged lithium-ion cells out of two identical battery electric Vehicles (i.e. 954 cells each) were characterized by capacity and impedance measurements to yield a broad set of data for distribution fit analysis. Results prove alteration from normal to Weibull distribution for the parameters of lithium-ion cells with the progress of aging. Cells with abnormal characteristics in the aged state mostly exhibit lower capacities as compared to the distribution mode which is typical for the left-skewed Weibull shape. In addition, the strength of variation and the amount of outliers both are generally increased with the aging progress. Obtained results are compared to Vehicles' Operational data to provide recommendations with the aim to minimize the increasing parameter spread. However, neither temperature gradients in the battery pack nor an insufficient balancing procedure were determined. As the appearance of cells with suspicious parameters could not be assigned to local weak spots of the battery pack, a random and inevitable type of origin is assumed. Hence, the battery management system must ensure to detect outliers in a reliable manner and to balance resulting drifts of cells' states of charge to guarantee a safe battery storage Operation.
Matthieu Dubarry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chapter fifteen a roadmap to understand battery performance in electric and hybrid Vehicle Operation
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2010Co-Authors: Bor Yann Liaw, Matthieu DubarryAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter presents a roadmap that is rationalized to address the various obstacles faced while understanding the battery performance in practical EHV applications. The first step is the formulation of a systematic approach to analyze the driving and duty cycle data recorded from field testing and classify them according to operating condition and usage. Analyzing the performance characteristics of batteries from laboratory test results and deriving a proper correlation between duty cycles and performance characteristics via the understanding of degradation mechanisms is the second step. Developing an accurate predictive model and simulation tool and methodology to enable prediction of battery performance and life based on both laboratory testing and field Operation is the final step. Field testing enables proper data collection and analysis to help derive Vehicle usage patterns by using a fuzzy-logic pattern recognition (FL-PR) technique as a method to conduct driving cycle and duty cycle analyses. The combination of driving and duty cycle analyses helps in understanding EHV and battery performance in a synergistic manner and assisting the formulation of representative usage patterns that depict the average use of the Vehicle and battery in real-life situations. The process of utilizing incremental capacity analysis to extract battery degradation information and thus identify degradation mechanisms and quantify the effects is also presented. The integral understanding of different aspects in battery behavior and performance also helps to develop a suite of diagnostic tools to control and manage the battery pack.
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from driving cycle analysis to understanding battery performance in real life electric hybrid Vehicle Operation
Journal of Power Sources, 2007Co-Authors: Bor Yann Liaw, Matthieu DubarryAbstract:Abstract This paper proposes a methodology and approach to understand battery performance and life through driving cycle and duty cycle analyses from electric and hybrid Vehicle (EHV) Operation in real-world situations. Conducting driving cycle analysis with trip data collected from EHV Operation in real life is very difficult and challenging. In fact, no comprehensive approach has been accepted to date, except those using standard driving cycles on a dynamometer or a track. Similarly, analyzing duty cycle performance of a battery under real-life Operation faces the same challenge. A successful driving cycle analysis, however, can significantly enhance our understanding of EHV performance in real-life driving. Likewise, we also expect similar results through duty cycle analysis for batteries. Since 1995, we have been developing tools to analyze EHV and power source performance. In particular, we were able to collect data from a fleet of 15 Hyundai Santa Fe electric sports utility Vehicles (e-SUVs) operated on Oahu, Hawaii; from July 2001 to June 2003 to allow driving and duty cycle analyses in order to understand battery pack performance from a variety of EHV operating conditions. We thus developed a comprehensive approach that comprises fuzzy logic pattern recognition (FL-PR) techniques to perform driving and duty cycle analyses. This approach has been successfully applied to EHV performance analysis via the creation of a compositional driving profile called “driving cycle profile” (DrCP) for each trip. The same approach was used to analyze battery performance via the construction of “duty cycle profile” (DuCP) to express battery usage under various operating conditions. The combination of the two analyses enables us to understand both the usage profile of EHV and battery performance in synergetic details and in a systematic manner using a pattern recognition technique.
Samer Madanat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of life cycle energy and emissions footprints of passenger transportation in metropolitan regions
Atmospheric Environment, 2010Co-Authors: Mikhail Chester, Arpad Horvath, Samer MadanatAbstract:A comparative life-cycle energy and emissions (greenhouse gas, CO, NOX, SO2, PM10, and VOCs) inventory is created for three U.S. metropolitan regions (San Francisco, Chicago, and New York City). The inventory captures both Vehicle Operation (direct fuel or electricity consumption) and non-Operation components (e.g., Vehicle manufacturing, roadway maintenance, infrastructure Operation, and material production among others). While urban transportation inventories have been continually improved, little information exists identifying the particular characteristics of metropolitan passenger transportation and why one region may differ from the next. Using travel surveys and recently developed transportation life-cycle inventories, metropolitan inventories are constructed and compared. Automobiles dominate total regional performance accounting for 86–96% of energy consumption and emissions. Comparing system-wide averages, New York City shows the lowest end-use energy and greenhouse gas footprint compared to San Francisco and Chicago and is influenced by the larger share of transit ridership. While automobile fuel combustion is a large component of emissions, diesel rail, electric rail, and ferry service can also have strong contributions. Additionally, the inclusion of life-cycle processes necessary for any transportation mode results in significant increases (as large as 20 times that of Vehicle Operation) for the region. In particular, emissions of CO2 from cement production used in concrete throughout infrastructure, SO2 from electricity generation in non-Operational components (Vehicle manufacturing, electricity for infrastructure materials, and fuel refining), PM10 in fugitive dust releases in roadway construction, and VOCs from asphalt result in significant additional inventory. Private and public transportation are disaggregated as well as off-peak and peak travel times. Furthermore, emissions are joined with healthcare and greenhouse gas monetized externalities to evaluate the societal costs of passenger transportation in each region. Results are validated against existing studies. The dominating contribution of automobile end-use energy consumption and emissions is discussed and strategies for improving regional performance given private travel's disproportionate share are identified.
