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Juan Ramón Castel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Yield components and grape composition responses to seasonal water deficits in Tempranillo grapevines
Irrigation Science, 2012Co-Authors: Diego S. Intrigliolo, D. Pérez, D. Risco, A. Yeves, Juan Ramón CastelAbstract:A field experiment was carried out over three seasons on Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo in order to compare pre-Veraison and post-Veraison water restrictions on vine performance and fruit composition. Rain-fed vines were compared with a treatment named MAX that was constantly irrigated at 75 % of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). In addition, an early (pre-Veraison) water deficit strategy (ED) was applied by withholding irrigation until plant water stress experienced by vines surpassed a threshold value of midday stem water potential of −1.0 MPa. After that, 75 % of ETc was applied. A late season deficit (LD) treatment was irrigated as per the MAX up to Veraison, and thereafter, water application was reduced to approximately 37 % of ETc. All irrigation regimes increased vine yield up to 58 % with respect to the rain-fed treatment, and no differences in yield among the irrigated treatments occurred. However, there were differences in berry composition among the different irrigation strategies. The ED strategy was more effective than the LD one in reducing berry growth leading to more concentrated berries in terms of sugars and anthocyanins. The LD water shortage impaired berry sugar accumulation due to the detrimental effect of water stress on leaf photosynthesis.
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Response of grapevine cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to timing and amount of irrigation: water relations, vine growth, yield and berry and wine composition
Irrigation Science, 2009Co-Authors: Diego S. Intrigliolo, Juan Ramón CastelAbstract:The effects of several moderate irrigation regimes on vine water status, yield, and must and wine composition, were investigated during five seasons in a vineyard planted with Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo. Treatments consisted of non-irrigated vines and six differentially irrigated treatments with contrasting watering regimes during the pre-Veraison and post-Veraison periods. There were large differences in yield and grape and wine quality responses to irrigation among seasons, probably as consequence of the different environmental conditions and crop levels. It was, however, clear that vines benefit more of the irrigation supplied in years of high yield levels. Across seasons, yield increased in proportion to the amount of water applied mostly due to the larger berries of irrigated vines, and there was no clear response to the timing of irrigation supplied. In addition, there were no carry over effects due to irrigation on bud fertility. The post-Veraison water application was necessary to increase must sugar level and wine alcohol content. However, water restrictions during the pre-Veraison period lead to more concentrated berries in terms of total phenolic and anthocyanins. The only noticeable detrimental effect of irrigation, regardless of the timing of its application, on wine composition was an increase in wine pH.
Mark A. Matthews - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the peripheral xylem of grapevine vitis vinifera 1 structural integrity in post Veraison berries
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2008Co-Authors: David S Chatelet, Kenneth A. Shackel, Thomas L Rost, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:During the development of many fleshy fruits, water flow becomes progressively more phloemic and less xylemic. In grape (Vitis vinifera L.), the current hypothesis to explain this change is that the tracheary elements of the peripheral xylem break as a result of berry growth, rendering the xylem structurally discontinuous and hence non-functional. Recent work, however, has shown via apoplastic dye movement through the xylem of post-Veraison berries that the xylem should remain structurally intact throughout berry development. To corroborate this, peripheral xylem structure in developing Chardonnay berries was investigated via maceration and plastic sectioning. Macerations revealed that, contrary to current belief, the xylem was comprised mostly of vessels with few tracheids. In cross-section, the tracheary elements of the vascular bundles formed almost parallel radial files, with later formed elements toward the epidermis and earlier formed elements toward the centre of the berry. Most tracheary elements remained intact throughout berry maturation, consistent with recent reports of vascular dye movement in post-Veraison berries.
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fruit ripening in vitis vinifera apoplastic solute accumulation accounts for pre Veraison turgor loss in berries
Planta, 2008Co-Authors: Hiroshi Wada, Kenneth A. Shackel, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:In Vitis vinifera L. berries, the onset of ripening (known as “Veraison”) involves loss of turgor (P) in the mesocarp cells. We hypothesized that P loss was associated with an accumulation of apoplastic solutes in mesocarp tissue prior to Veraison. Apoplastic sap was extracted from the mesocarp by centrifugation at the appropriate gravity to measure the apoplast solute potential (ΨsA) and assay the sap composition. The ΨsA was about −0.2 MPa early in development, decreased about 1.0 MPa by Veraison, and continued to decrease during ripening to almost −4.0 MPa by the end of berry development. Potassium, malate, tartrate, proline, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were quantified in apoplastic sap. The calculated contribution of these solutes was about 50% of the total ΨsA preVeraison, but increased to about 75% as fructose and glucose accumulated during ripening. The contribution of the estimated matric potential to apoplast water potential decreased during development and was only 1.5% postVeraison. We conclude that high concentrations of solutes accumulated in the mesocarp apoplast prior to Veraison, and that P loss was a direct result of decreased ΨsA. Because ΨsA decreased before Veraison, our findings suggest that apoplast solutes play an important role in the events of cellular metabolism that lead to the onset of ripening.
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functional xylem in the post Veraison grape berry
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2005Co-Authors: Bhaskar R Bondada, Mark A. Matthews, Kenneth A. ShackelAbstract:A number of studies have shown a transition from a primarily xylem to a primarily phloem flow of water as fleshy fruits develop, and the current hypothesis to explain this transition, particularly in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries, is that the vascular tissue (tracheids) become non-functional as a result of post-Veraison berry growth. In most studies, pedicels have been dipped in a vial containing an apoplastic dye, which was taken up into the entire peripheral and axial xylem vasculature of preVeraison, but not post-Veraison berries. The pressure plate/pressure membrane apparatus that is commonly used to study soil moisture characteristics was adapted and the pre- to post-Veraison change in xylem functionality in grape berries was re-evaluated by establishing a hydrostatic (tension) gradient between the pedicel and a cut surface at the stylar end of the berry. Under the influence of this applied hydrostatic gradient, movement of the apoplastic tracer dye, basic fuchsin, was found in the pedicel and throughout the axial and peripheral xylem of the berry mesocarp. A similar movement of dye could be obtained by simply adjoining the stylar cut surface to a dry, hydrophilic wicking material. Since both pre- and post-Veraison berries hydrate when the pedicel is dipped in water, it is hypothesized that the absence of dye movement into the vasculature of post-Veraison berries indicates not a loss of xylem function, but rather the loss of an appropriate driving force (hydrostatic gradient) in the berry apoplast. Based on this hypothesis, and the substantial decrease in xylem flows that occur in intact grape berries at Veraison, it is suggested that there may be significant changes in the pattern of solute partitioning between the fruit symplast and apoplast at Veraison. It is further suggested that diurnal patterns in symplast/apoplast solute partitioning in grapes and other fleshy fruit, may explain the observed minimal xylem contribution to the water budgets of these fruits.
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Field evaluation of water transport in grape berries during water deficits
Physiologia Plantarum, 1996Co-Authors: Mark D. Greenspan, Hans R. Schultz, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:The net flow in vascular and transpirational components of the grape berry water budget was evaluated during water deficits imposed at different stages of fruit development. Diurnal fluctuations in berry diameter were measured on field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) by using electronic displacement transducers. Water deficits were imposed by withholding irrigation, and water potentials of mid-shoot leaves, basal stem xylem and clusters were determined with a pressure chamber. The relative net flows through pedicel xylem and phloem and through berry transpiration were estimated pre-Veraison and post-Veraison. The xylem functioned nearly exclusively in providing net inflow pre-Veraison, while the phloem was clearly dominant post-Veraison. Accordingly, the amplitude of diurnal contraction was markedly smaller post-Veraison than pre-Veraison. The amplitude of diurnal contraction increased dramatically with decreasing plant water status pre-Veraison, yet exhibited little sensitivity to low vine water status post-Veraison. Measurements of the difference in water potential between clusters and source stems did not provide evidence of a gradient that would elicit significant water movement from the cluster to the stem at any time of the day. This was true for both irrigated and non-irrigated vines, although the non-irrigated vines exhibited a smaller gradient favoring inflow throughout much of the day. The gradient for xylem water transport to the cluster was considerably smaller post-Veraison than pre-Veraison. The results showed that berry transpiration functioned as the primary pathway for water loss both pre- and post-Veraison.
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Developmental changes in the diurnal water budget of the grape berry exposed to water deficits
Plant Cell and Environment, 1994Co-Authors: Mark D. Greenspan, Kenneth A. Shackel, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:The diurnal water budget of developing grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries was evaluated before and after the onset of fruit ripening (Veraison). The diameter of individual berries of potted ‘Zinfandel’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines was measured continuously with electronic displacement transducers over 24 h periods under controlled environmental conditions, and leaf water status was determined by the pressure chamber technique. For well-watered vines, daytime contraction was much less during ripening (after Veraison) than before ripening. Daytime contraction was reduced by restricting berry or shoot transpiration, with the larger effect being shoot transpiration pre-Veraison and berry transpiration post-Veraison. The contributions of the pedicel xylem and phloem as well as berry transpiration to the net diurnal water budget of the fruit were estimated by eliminating phloem or phloem and xylem pathways. Berry transpiration was significant and comprised the bulk of water outflow for the berry both before and after Veraison. A nearly exclusive role for the xylem in water transport into the berry was evident during pre-Veraison development, but the phloem was clearly dominant in the post-Veraison water budget. Daytime contraction was very sensitive to plant water status before Veraison but was remarkably insensitive to changes in plant water status after Veraison. This transition is attributed to an increased phloem inflow and a partial discontinuity in berry xylem during ripening.
Diego S. Intrigliolo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Yield components and grape composition responses to seasonal water deficits in Tempranillo grapevines
Irrigation Science, 2012Co-Authors: Diego S. Intrigliolo, D. Pérez, D. Risco, A. Yeves, Juan Ramón CastelAbstract:A field experiment was carried out over three seasons on Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo in order to compare pre-Veraison and post-Veraison water restrictions on vine performance and fruit composition. Rain-fed vines were compared with a treatment named MAX that was constantly irrigated at 75 % of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). In addition, an early (pre-Veraison) water deficit strategy (ED) was applied by withholding irrigation until plant water stress experienced by vines surpassed a threshold value of midday stem water potential of −1.0 MPa. After that, 75 % of ETc was applied. A late season deficit (LD) treatment was irrigated as per the MAX up to Veraison, and thereafter, water application was reduced to approximately 37 % of ETc. All irrigation regimes increased vine yield up to 58 % with respect to the rain-fed treatment, and no differences in yield among the irrigated treatments occurred. However, there were differences in berry composition among the different irrigation strategies. The ED strategy was more effective than the LD one in reducing berry growth leading to more concentrated berries in terms of sugars and anthocyanins. The LD water shortage impaired berry sugar accumulation due to the detrimental effect of water stress on leaf photosynthesis.
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Response of grapevine cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to timing and amount of irrigation: water relations, vine growth, yield and berry and wine composition
Irrigation Science, 2009Co-Authors: Diego S. Intrigliolo, Juan Ramón CastelAbstract:The effects of several moderate irrigation regimes on vine water status, yield, and must and wine composition, were investigated during five seasons in a vineyard planted with Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo. Treatments consisted of non-irrigated vines and six differentially irrigated treatments with contrasting watering regimes during the pre-Veraison and post-Veraison periods. There were large differences in yield and grape and wine quality responses to irrigation among seasons, probably as consequence of the different environmental conditions and crop levels. It was, however, clear that vines benefit more of the irrigation supplied in years of high yield levels. Across seasons, yield increased in proportion to the amount of water applied mostly due to the larger berries of irrigated vines, and there was no clear response to the timing of irrigation supplied. In addition, there were no carry over effects due to irrigation on bud fertility. The post-Veraison water application was necessary to increase must sugar level and wine alcohol content. However, water restrictions during the pre-Veraison period lead to more concentrated berries in terms of total phenolic and anthocyanins. The only noticeable detrimental effect of irrigation, regardless of the timing of its application, on wine composition was an increase in wine pH.
Kenneth A. Shackel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the peripheral xylem of grapevine vitis vinifera 1 structural integrity in post Veraison berries
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2008Co-Authors: David S Chatelet, Kenneth A. Shackel, Thomas L Rost, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:During the development of many fleshy fruits, water flow becomes progressively more phloemic and less xylemic. In grape (Vitis vinifera L.), the current hypothesis to explain this change is that the tracheary elements of the peripheral xylem break as a result of berry growth, rendering the xylem structurally discontinuous and hence non-functional. Recent work, however, has shown via apoplastic dye movement through the xylem of post-Veraison berries that the xylem should remain structurally intact throughout berry development. To corroborate this, peripheral xylem structure in developing Chardonnay berries was investigated via maceration and plastic sectioning. Macerations revealed that, contrary to current belief, the xylem was comprised mostly of vessels with few tracheids. In cross-section, the tracheary elements of the vascular bundles formed almost parallel radial files, with later formed elements toward the epidermis and earlier formed elements toward the centre of the berry. Most tracheary elements remained intact throughout berry maturation, consistent with recent reports of vascular dye movement in post-Veraison berries.
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fruit ripening in vitis vinifera apoplastic solute accumulation accounts for pre Veraison turgor loss in berries
Planta, 2008Co-Authors: Hiroshi Wada, Kenneth A. Shackel, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:In Vitis vinifera L. berries, the onset of ripening (known as “Veraison”) involves loss of turgor (P) in the mesocarp cells. We hypothesized that P loss was associated with an accumulation of apoplastic solutes in mesocarp tissue prior to Veraison. Apoplastic sap was extracted from the mesocarp by centrifugation at the appropriate gravity to measure the apoplast solute potential (ΨsA) and assay the sap composition. The ΨsA was about −0.2 MPa early in development, decreased about 1.0 MPa by Veraison, and continued to decrease during ripening to almost −4.0 MPa by the end of berry development. Potassium, malate, tartrate, proline, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were quantified in apoplastic sap. The calculated contribution of these solutes was about 50% of the total ΨsA preVeraison, but increased to about 75% as fructose and glucose accumulated during ripening. The contribution of the estimated matric potential to apoplast water potential decreased during development and was only 1.5% postVeraison. We conclude that high concentrations of solutes accumulated in the mesocarp apoplast prior to Veraison, and that P loss was a direct result of decreased ΨsA. Because ΨsA decreased before Veraison, our findings suggest that apoplast solutes play an important role in the events of cellular metabolism that lead to the onset of ripening.
-
functional xylem in the post Veraison grape berry
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2005Co-Authors: Bhaskar R Bondada, Mark A. Matthews, Kenneth A. ShackelAbstract:A number of studies have shown a transition from a primarily xylem to a primarily phloem flow of water as fleshy fruits develop, and the current hypothesis to explain this transition, particularly in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries, is that the vascular tissue (tracheids) become non-functional as a result of post-Veraison berry growth. In most studies, pedicels have been dipped in a vial containing an apoplastic dye, which was taken up into the entire peripheral and axial xylem vasculature of preVeraison, but not post-Veraison berries. The pressure plate/pressure membrane apparatus that is commonly used to study soil moisture characteristics was adapted and the pre- to post-Veraison change in xylem functionality in grape berries was re-evaluated by establishing a hydrostatic (tension) gradient between the pedicel and a cut surface at the stylar end of the berry. Under the influence of this applied hydrostatic gradient, movement of the apoplastic tracer dye, basic fuchsin, was found in the pedicel and throughout the axial and peripheral xylem of the berry mesocarp. A similar movement of dye could be obtained by simply adjoining the stylar cut surface to a dry, hydrophilic wicking material. Since both pre- and post-Veraison berries hydrate when the pedicel is dipped in water, it is hypothesized that the absence of dye movement into the vasculature of post-Veraison berries indicates not a loss of xylem function, but rather the loss of an appropriate driving force (hydrostatic gradient) in the berry apoplast. Based on this hypothesis, and the substantial decrease in xylem flows that occur in intact grape berries at Veraison, it is suggested that there may be significant changes in the pattern of solute partitioning between the fruit symplast and apoplast at Veraison. It is further suggested that diurnal patterns in symplast/apoplast solute partitioning in grapes and other fleshy fruit, may explain the observed minimal xylem contribution to the water budgets of these fruits.
-
Developmental changes in the diurnal water budget of the grape berry exposed to water deficits
Plant Cell and Environment, 1994Co-Authors: Mark D. Greenspan, Kenneth A. Shackel, Mark A. MatthewsAbstract:The diurnal water budget of developing grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries was evaluated before and after the onset of fruit ripening (Veraison). The diameter of individual berries of potted ‘Zinfandel’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines was measured continuously with electronic displacement transducers over 24 h periods under controlled environmental conditions, and leaf water status was determined by the pressure chamber technique. For well-watered vines, daytime contraction was much less during ripening (after Veraison) than before ripening. Daytime contraction was reduced by restricting berry or shoot transpiration, with the larger effect being shoot transpiration pre-Veraison and berry transpiration post-Veraison. The contributions of the pedicel xylem and phloem as well as berry transpiration to the net diurnal water budget of the fruit were estimated by eliminating phloem or phloem and xylem pathways. Berry transpiration was significant and comprised the bulk of water outflow for the berry both before and after Veraison. A nearly exclusive role for the xylem in water transport into the berry was evident during pre-Veraison development, but the phloem was clearly dominant in the post-Veraison water budget. Daytime contraction was very sensitive to plant water status before Veraison but was remarkably insensitive to changes in plant water status after Veraison. This transition is attributed to an increased phloem inflow and a partial discontinuity in berry xylem during ripening.
Julián Cuevas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Post-Veraison regulated deficit irrigation in ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grape saves water and improves berry skin color
Agricultural Water Management, 2016Co-Authors: Virginia Pinillos, Fernando Marcelo Chiamolera, Juan F Ortiz, J J Hueso, Julián CuevasAbstract:Poor skin color in red table grape cultivars is one of the most troublesome difficulty producers face in the management of this crop. Recent EU limitations of ethylene release products left growers with poor prospects to improve the color of the berry. In this work, we have explored ‘Crimson Seedless’ response to deficit irrigation from Veraison to the end of harvest and we observed an improvement in the development of the berry skin color. Earlier yield was also obtained in plants under deficit irrigation, with a higher percentage of yield in the first picking operations, due to earlier acquisition of color by the berries. Negative effects on berry size or on total yield were not observed. Therefore, we may recommend deficit irrigation from Veraison to harvest as a mean to increase the quality of the berry and to reduce water consumption.
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post Veraison regulated deficit irrigation in crimson seedless table grape saves water and improves berry skin color
Agricultural Water Management, 2016Co-Authors: Virginia Pinillos, Fernando Marcelo Chiamolera, Juan F Ortiz, J J Hueso, Julián CuevasAbstract:Poor skin color in red table grape cultivars is one of the most troublesome difficulty producers face in the management of this crop. Recent EU limitations of ethylene release products left growers with poor prospects to improve the color of the berry. In this work, we have explored ‘Crimson Seedless’ response to deficit irrigation from Veraison to the end of harvest and we observed an improvement in the development of the berry skin color. Earlier yield was also obtained in plants under deficit irrigation, with a higher percentage of yield in the first picking operations, due to earlier acquisition of color by the berries. Negative effects on berry size or on total yield were not observed. Therefore, we may recommend deficit irrigation from Veraison to harvest as a mean to increase the quality of the berry and to reduce water consumption.
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Post-Veraison regulated deficit irrigation in 'Crimson Seedless' tablegrape saves water and improves berry skin color
Agricultural Water Management, 2015Co-Authors: Virginia Pinillos, Fernando Marcelo Chiamolera, Juan F Ortiz, J J Hueso, Julián CuevasAbstract:Poor skin color in red table grape cultivars is one of the most troublesome difficulty producers facein the management of this crop. Recent EU limitations of ethylene release products left growers withpoor prospects to improve the color of the berry. In this work, we have explored 'Crimson Seedless'response to deficit irrigation from Veraison to the end of harvest and we observed an improvement inthe development of the berry skin color. Earlier yield was also obtained in plants under deficit irrigation,with a higher percentage of yield in the first picking operations, due to earlier acquisition of color by theberries. Negative effects on berry size or on total yield were not observed. Therefore, we may recommenddeficit irrigation from Veraison to harvest as a mean to increase the quality of the berry and to reducewater consumption.