The Experts below are selected from a list of 285 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Tyrone D Cannon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social cognition in 22q11 2 microdeletion syndrome relevance to psychosis
Schizophrenia Research, 2012Co-Authors: Maria Jalbrzikowski, Chelsea Carter, Damla Senturk, Carolyn Chow, Jessica M Hopkins, Michael F Green, Adriana Galvan, Tyrone D Cannon, Carrie E BeardenAbstract:22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) represents one of the largest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Approximately 30% of individuals with 22qDS develop psychotic illness in adolescence or young adulthood. Given that deficits in social cognition are increasingly viewed as a central aspect of idiopathic schizophrenia, we sought to investigate abilities in this domain as a predictor of psychotic symptoms in 22qDS participants. We assessed multiple domains of social and non-social cognition in 22qDS youth to: 1) characterize performance across these domains in 22qDS, and identify whether 22qDS participants fail to show expected patterns of age-related improvements on these tasks; and 2) determine whether social cognition better predicts positive and negative symptoms than does non-social cognition. Task domains assessed were: emotion recognition and differentiation, Theory of Mind (ToM), Verbal Knowledge, visuospatial skills, working memory, and processing speed. Positive and negative symptoms were measured using scores obtained from the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS). 22qDS participants (N=31, mean age: 15.9) showed the largest impairment, relative to healthy controls (N=31, mean age: 15.6), on measures of ToM and processing speed. In contrast to controls, 22qDS participants did not show age-related improvements on measures of working memory and Verbal Knowledge. Notably, ToM performance was the best predictor of positive symptoms in 22qDS, accounting for 39% of the variance in symptom severity. Processing speed emerged as the best predictor of negative symptoms, accounting for 37% of the variance in symptoms. Given that ToM was a robust predictor of positive symptoms in our sample, these findings suggest that social cognition may be a valuable intermediate trait for predicting the development of psychosis.
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A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings.
The American journal of psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Tara A. Niendam, Carrie E Bearden, Isabelle M. Rosso, Laura E. Sanchez, Trevor R. Hadley, Keith H. Nuechterlein, Tyrone D CannonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated childhood cognitive functioning in individuals who later developed schizophrenia and in their unaffected siblings. METHOD: Through the National Collaborative Perinatal Project, seven subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were administered at age 7 to 32 individuals who developed schizophrenia in adulthood, 25 of their nonschizophrenic siblings, and 201 demographically similar nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. Mixed model analysis was used to examine between-group differences in standardized scores on the subtests. RESULTS: The probands and unaffected siblings had lower scores for picture arrangement, vocabulary, and coding than the comparison subjects but differed from each other only on the coding subtest. CONCLUSIONS: Children who later developed schizophrenia and their siblings showed similar patterns of deficits involving spatial reasoning, Verbal Knowledge, perceptual-motor speed, and speeded processes of working memory. However, the probands exhib...
Kellie Green Hall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Effect of Erroneous Knowledge of Results on Skill Acquisition when Augmented Information is Redundant
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 1992Co-Authors: Martinus J. Buekers, Richard A. Magill, Kellie Green HallAbstract:Even though it can be shown that Verbal Knowledge of results (KR) is redundant with sensory feedback for learning certain motor skills, such findings do not eliminate the possibility that when KR i...
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Verbal Knowledge of results as redundant information for learning an anticipation timing skill
Human Movement Science, 1991Co-Authors: Richard A. Magill, Craig J. Chamberlin, Kellie Green HallAbstract:Abstract Two opposing views of the role of Verbal Knowledge of results (KR) during learning argue that KR adds essential information to sensory feedback that aids skill learning or that KR is redundant with visual feedback and is therefore not essential for learning this skill. These views were compared in four experiments that involved learning a coincidence-anticipation timing skill requiring a striking action for one stimulus speed (experiments 1 and 2) or three randomly presented stimulus speeds (experiments 3 and 4). Two learning test situations involved either a no-KR retention test (experiments 1 and 3) or a novel stimulus speeds transfer test (experiments 2 and 4). In each experiment, five KR withdrawal conditions were distinguished on the basis of the number of the 75 practice trials on which Verbal KR, as timing accuracy information, was available. Results of all four experiments were consistent in showing no differences among the KR withdrawal conditions during retention or transfer tests. Thus, visual feedback provided sufficient information to the learner to enable performance improvement during practice, maintain the acquired level of performance over a 24-hour period, and generalize performance to novel stimulus speed conditions.
Carrie E Bearden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social cognition in 22q11 2 microdeletion syndrome relevance to psychosis
Schizophrenia Research, 2012Co-Authors: Maria Jalbrzikowski, Chelsea Carter, Damla Senturk, Carolyn Chow, Jessica M Hopkins, Michael F Green, Adriana Galvan, Tyrone D Cannon, Carrie E BeardenAbstract:22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) represents one of the largest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Approximately 30% of individuals with 22qDS develop psychotic illness in adolescence or young adulthood. Given that deficits in social cognition are increasingly viewed as a central aspect of idiopathic schizophrenia, we sought to investigate abilities in this domain as a predictor of psychotic symptoms in 22qDS participants. We assessed multiple domains of social and non-social cognition in 22qDS youth to: 1) characterize performance across these domains in 22qDS, and identify whether 22qDS participants fail to show expected patterns of age-related improvements on these tasks; and 2) determine whether social cognition better predicts positive and negative symptoms than does non-social cognition. Task domains assessed were: emotion recognition and differentiation, Theory of Mind (ToM), Verbal Knowledge, visuospatial skills, working memory, and processing speed. Positive and negative symptoms were measured using scores obtained from the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS). 22qDS participants (N=31, mean age: 15.9) showed the largest impairment, relative to healthy controls (N=31, mean age: 15.6), on measures of ToM and processing speed. In contrast to controls, 22qDS participants did not show age-related improvements on measures of working memory and Verbal Knowledge. Notably, ToM performance was the best predictor of positive symptoms in 22qDS, accounting for 39% of the variance in symptom severity. Processing speed emerged as the best predictor of negative symptoms, accounting for 37% of the variance in symptoms. Given that ToM was a robust predictor of positive symptoms in our sample, these findings suggest that social cognition may be a valuable intermediate trait for predicting the development of psychosis.
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A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings.
The American journal of psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Tara A. Niendam, Carrie E Bearden, Isabelle M. Rosso, Laura E. Sanchez, Trevor R. Hadley, Keith H. Nuechterlein, Tyrone D CannonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated childhood cognitive functioning in individuals who later developed schizophrenia and in their unaffected siblings. METHOD: Through the National Collaborative Perinatal Project, seven subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were administered at age 7 to 32 individuals who developed schizophrenia in adulthood, 25 of their nonschizophrenic siblings, and 201 demographically similar nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. Mixed model analysis was used to examine between-group differences in standardized scores on the subtests. RESULTS: The probands and unaffected siblings had lower scores for picture arrangement, vocabulary, and coding than the comparison subjects but differed from each other only on the coding subtest. CONCLUSIONS: Children who later developed schizophrenia and their siblings showed similar patterns of deficits involving spatial reasoning, Verbal Knowledge, perceptual-motor speed, and speeded processes of working memory. However, the probands exhib...
Paul Hoffman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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where words meet numbers comprehension of measurement unit terms in posterior cortical atrophy
Neuropsychologia, 2019Co-Authors: Aida Suarez Gonzalez, Paul Hoffman, Sebastian J. CrutchAbstract:Abstract Units of measurement (e.g., metre, week, gram) are critically important concepts in everyday life. Little is known about how Knowledge of units is represented in the brain or how this relates to other forms of semantic Knowledge. As unit terms are intimately connected with numerical quantity, we might expect Knowledge for these concepts to be supported by parietally-mediated representations of space, time and magnitude. We investigated Knowledge for measurement units in patients with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), who display profound impairments of spatial and numerical cognition associated with occipital and parietal lobe atrophy. Relative to healthy controls, PCA patients displayed impairments for a range of unit-based Knowledge, including the ability to specify the dimension which a unit refers to (e.g., grams measure mass), to select the appropriate units to measure everyday quantities (e.g., grams for sugar) and to determine the relative magnitudes of different unit terms (e.g., gram is smaller than kilogram). In most cases, their performance was also significantly poorer than a patient control group diagnosed with typical Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest that impairment to systems that code numerical and spatial magnitudes has an effect on non-numerical Verbal Knowledge for measurement units. Units of measurement appear to lie at the intersection of the brain's Verbal and numerical semantic systems, making them a critical class of concepts in which to investigate how magnitude-based codes contribute to Verbal semantic representation.
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Brain grey and white matter predictors of Verbal ability traits in older age: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936.
NeuroImage, 2017Co-Authors: Paul Hoffman, Simon R. Cox, Dominika Dykiert, Susana Muñoz Maniega, Maria Del C. Valdés Hernández, Mark E. Bastin, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Ian J. DearyAbstract:Abstract Cerebral grey and white matter MRI parameters are related to general intelligence and some specific cognitive abilities. Less is known about how structural brain measures relate specifically to Verbal processing abilities. We used multi-modal structural MRI to investigate the grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) correlates of Verbal ability in 556 healthy older adults (mean age = 72.68 years, s.d. = .72 years). Structural equation modelling was used to decompose Verbal performance into two latent factors: a storage factor that indexed participants’ ability to store representations of Verbal Knowledge and an executive factor that measured their ability to regulate their access to this information in a flexible and task-appropriate manner. GM volumes and WM fractional anisotropy (FA) for components of the language/semantic network were used as predictors of these Verbal ability factors. Volume of the ventral temporal cortices predicted participants’ storage scores (β = .12, FDR-adjusted p = .04), consistent with the theory that this region acts as a key substrate of semantic Knowledge. This effect was mediated by childhood IQ, suggesting a lifelong association between ventral temporal volume and Verbal Knowledge, rather than an effect of cognitive decline in later life. Executive ability was predicted by FA fractional anisotropy of the arcuate fasciculus (β = .19, FDR-adjusted p = .001), a major language-related tract implicated in speech production. This result suggests that this tract plays a role in the controlled retrieval of word Knowledge during speech. At a more general level, these data highlight a basic distinction between information representation, which relies on the accumulation of tissue in specialised GM regions, and executive control, which depends on long-range WM pathways for efficient communication across distributed cortical networks.
Sebastian J. Crutch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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where words meet numbers comprehension of measurement unit terms in posterior cortical atrophy
Neuropsychologia, 2019Co-Authors: Aida Suarez Gonzalez, Paul Hoffman, Sebastian J. CrutchAbstract:Abstract Units of measurement (e.g., metre, week, gram) are critically important concepts in everyday life. Little is known about how Knowledge of units is represented in the brain or how this relates to other forms of semantic Knowledge. As unit terms are intimately connected with numerical quantity, we might expect Knowledge for these concepts to be supported by parietally-mediated representations of space, time and magnitude. We investigated Knowledge for measurement units in patients with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), who display profound impairments of spatial and numerical cognition associated with occipital and parietal lobe atrophy. Relative to healthy controls, PCA patients displayed impairments for a range of unit-based Knowledge, including the ability to specify the dimension which a unit refers to (e.g., grams measure mass), to select the appropriate units to measure everyday quantities (e.g., grams for sugar) and to determine the relative magnitudes of different unit terms (e.g., gram is smaller than kilogram). In most cases, their performance was also significantly poorer than a patient control group diagnosed with typical Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest that impairment to systems that code numerical and spatial magnitudes has an effect on non-numerical Verbal Knowledge for measurement units. Units of measurement appear to lie at the intersection of the brain's Verbal and numerical semantic systems, making them a critical class of concepts in which to investigate how magnitude-based codes contribute to Verbal semantic representation.
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The cognitive organization of music Knowledge: A clinical analysis
Brain, 2010Co-Authors: Rohani Omar, Julia C. Hailstone, Sebastian J. Crutch, Jane E Warren, Jason D WarrenAbstract:Despite much recent interest in the clinical neuroscience of music processing, the cognitive organization of music as a domain of non-Verbal Knowledge has been little studied. Here we addressed this issue systematically in two expert musicians with clinical diagnoses of semantic dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, in comparison with a control group of healthy expert musicians. In a series of neuropsychological experiments, we investigated associative Knowledge of musical compositions (musical objects), musical emotions, musical instruments (musical sources) and music notation (musical symbols). These aspects of music Knowledge were assessed in relation to musical perceptual abilities and extra-musical neuropsychological functions. The patient with semantic dementia showed relatively preserved recognition of musical compositions and musical symbols despite severely impaired recognition of musical emotions and musical instruments from sound. In contrast, the patient with Alzheimer’s disease showed impaired recognition of compositions, with somewhat better recognition of composer and musical era, and impaired comprehension of musical symbols, but normal recognition of musical emotions and musical instruments from sound. The findings suggest that music Knowledge is fractionated, and superordinate musical Knowledge is relatively more robust than Knowledge of particular music. We propose that music constitutes a distinct domain of non-Verbal Knowledge but shares certain cognitive organizational features with other brain Knowledge systems. Within the domain of music Knowledge, dissociable cognitive mechanisms process Knowledge derived from physical sources and the Knowledge of abstract musical entities.
