Vesicular Glutamate Transporter

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Patrice G Guyenet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • coexpression of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 and γ aminobutyric acidergic markers in rat rostral medullary raphe and intermediolateral cell column
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Ruth L Stornetta, Diane L Rosin, Johnny R Simmons, Travis Mcquiston, Nina Vujovic, Matthew C Weston, Patrice G Guyenet
    Abstract:

    Markers of serotonergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic (glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform; GAD-67), and Glutamatergic transmission (Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3; VGLUT3) have been detected in presumed sympathetic premotor neurons of the medullary raphe, a region that controls sympathetic tone to brown fat, skin blood vessels, and heart. In this study, the degree of coexpression of these markers was examined in raphe neurons by simultaneous histological detection of tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH) immunoreactivity with GAD-67 mRNA and VGLUT3 mRNA. Over half (52%) of the VGLUT3 mRNA-positive neurons expressed one or both of the other markers. The proportion of VGLUT3 neurons containing at least one of the other two markers was even higher (89%) for VGLUT3 spinally projecting neurons. VGLUT3 neurons containing markers for both serotonin and GABA were especially numerous (50–72%, depending on rostrocaudal level) within the marginal layer of raphe pallidus and the parapyramidal region. The dual GABAergic and Glutamatergic nature of some bulbospinal raphe neurons was suggested by the presence of nerve terminals immunoreactive (ir) for both VGLUT3 and GABA in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) as detected by electron microscopy. VGLUT3-ir terminals formed approximately equal numbers of symmetric and asymmetric synapses onto presumed preganglionic neurons (nitric oxide synthase-ir profiles) or GABA-ir dendrites in IML, and terminals immunoreactive for both VGLUT3 and GABA always formed symmetric synapses. These data suggest that medullary raphe VGLUT3 neurons could inhibit sympathetic outflow and that their spinal targets include both preganglionic neurons and GABAergic interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:477–494, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • Vesicular Glutamate Transporter dnpi vglut2 is expressed by both c1 adrenergic and nonaminergic presympathetic vasomotor neurons of the rat medulla
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Ruth L Stornetta, Charles P Sevigny, Ann M Schreihofer, Diane L Rosin, Patrice G Guyenet
    Abstract:

    The main source of excitatory drive to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons that control blood pressure is from neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). This monosynaptic input includes adrenergic (C1), peptidergic, and noncatecholaminergic neurons. Some of the cells in this pathway are suspected to be Glutamatergic, but conclusive evidence is lacking. In the present study we sought to determine whether these presympathetic neurons express the Vesicular Glutamate Transporter BNPI/VGLUT1 or the closely related gene DNPI, the rat homolog of the mouse Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT2. Both BNPI/VGLUT1 and DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNAs were detected in the medulla oblongata by in situ hybridization, but only DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in the RVLM. Moreover, BNPI immunoreactivity was absent from the thoracic spinal cord lateral horn. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in many medullary cells retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold from the spinal cord (T2; four rats). Within the RVLM, 79% of the bulbospinal C1 cells contained DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. Bulbospinal noradrenergic A5 neurons did not contain DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. The RVLM of six unanesthetized rats subjected to 2 hours of hydralazine-induced hypotension contained tenfold more c-Fos-ir DNPI/VGLUT2 neurons than that of six saline-treated controls. c-Fos-ir DNPI/VGLUT2 neurons included C1 and non-C1 neurons (3:2 ratio). In seven barbiturate-anesthetized rats, 16 vasomotor presympathetic neurons were filled with biotinamide and analyzed for the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and/or DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. Biotinamide-labeled neurons included C1 and non-C1 cells. Most non-C1 (9/10) and C1 presympathetic cells (5/6) contained DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. In conclusion, DNPI/VGLUT2 is expressed by most blood pressure-regulating presympathetic cells of the RVLM. The data suggest that these neurons may be Glutamatergic and that the C1 adrenergic phenotype is one of several secondary phenotypes that are differentially expressed by subgroups of these cells.

  • Vesicular Glutamate Transporter dnpi vglut2 mrna is present in c1 and several other groups of brainstem catecholaminergic neurons
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Ruth L Stornetta, Charles P Sevigny, Patrice G Guyenet
    Abstract:

    The mouse Glutamate Vesicular Transporter VGLUT2 has recently been characterized. The rat homolog of VGLUT2, differentiation-associated Na(+)/P(i) coTransporter (DNPI), was examined using a digoxigenin-labeled DNPI/VGLUT2 cRNA probe in the present study to determine which, if any, of the various groups of pontine or medullary monoaminergic neurons express DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA and, thus, are potentially Glutamatergic. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was widely distributed within the brainstem and seemed exclusively neuronal. By using a double in situ hybridization method, the presence of the mRNA for DNPI/VGLUT2 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-67 was mutually exclusive. By combining DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA detection and conventional immunohistochemistry, DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was undetectable in lower brainstem cholinergic and serotonergic cells, but it was present in several tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) cell groups. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was detected in most of the adrenergic neurons of the C1, C2, and C3 groups (75-80% of TH-ir neurons), in the A2 noradrenergic group (80%), and in vast numbers of area postrema cells. Within the A1 region, many fewer TH-ir cells contained DNPI/VGLUT2 (16%). Finally, DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was undetectable in the pontine noradrenergic cell groups (A5 and A6/locus coeruleus). In conclusion, the general pattern of DNPI/VGLUT2 expression and its exclusion from GABAergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons supports the notion that DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA identifies a subset of Glutamatergic neurons in the lower brainstem. Within this region several catecholaminergic cell groups appear to be Glutamatergic, including but not limited to the adrenergic cell groups C1-C3. Based on the present evidence, the noradrenergic cell groups of the pons (A5 and A6) do not contain either known Vesicular Glutamate Transporter and are most likely not Glutamatergic.

Åsa Wallén-mackenzie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Ruth L Stornetta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • coexpression of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 and γ aminobutyric acidergic markers in rat rostral medullary raphe and intermediolateral cell column
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Ruth L Stornetta, Diane L Rosin, Johnny R Simmons, Travis Mcquiston, Nina Vujovic, Matthew C Weston, Patrice G Guyenet
    Abstract:

    Markers of serotonergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic (glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform; GAD-67), and Glutamatergic transmission (Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3; VGLUT3) have been detected in presumed sympathetic premotor neurons of the medullary raphe, a region that controls sympathetic tone to brown fat, skin blood vessels, and heart. In this study, the degree of coexpression of these markers was examined in raphe neurons by simultaneous histological detection of tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH) immunoreactivity with GAD-67 mRNA and VGLUT3 mRNA. Over half (52%) of the VGLUT3 mRNA-positive neurons expressed one or both of the other markers. The proportion of VGLUT3 neurons containing at least one of the other two markers was even higher (89%) for VGLUT3 spinally projecting neurons. VGLUT3 neurons containing markers for both serotonin and GABA were especially numerous (50–72%, depending on rostrocaudal level) within the marginal layer of raphe pallidus and the parapyramidal region. The dual GABAergic and Glutamatergic nature of some bulbospinal raphe neurons was suggested by the presence of nerve terminals immunoreactive (ir) for both VGLUT3 and GABA in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) as detected by electron microscopy. VGLUT3-ir terminals formed approximately equal numbers of symmetric and asymmetric synapses onto presumed preganglionic neurons (nitric oxide synthase-ir profiles) or GABA-ir dendrites in IML, and terminals immunoreactive for both VGLUT3 and GABA always formed symmetric synapses. These data suggest that medullary raphe VGLUT3 neurons could inhibit sympathetic outflow and that their spinal targets include both preganglionic neurons and GABAergic interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:477–494, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • Vesicular Glutamate Transporter dnpi vglut2 is expressed by both c1 adrenergic and nonaminergic presympathetic vasomotor neurons of the rat medulla
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Ruth L Stornetta, Charles P Sevigny, Ann M Schreihofer, Diane L Rosin, Patrice G Guyenet
    Abstract:

    The main source of excitatory drive to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons that control blood pressure is from neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). This monosynaptic input includes adrenergic (C1), peptidergic, and noncatecholaminergic neurons. Some of the cells in this pathway are suspected to be Glutamatergic, but conclusive evidence is lacking. In the present study we sought to determine whether these presympathetic neurons express the Vesicular Glutamate Transporter BNPI/VGLUT1 or the closely related gene DNPI, the rat homolog of the mouse Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT2. Both BNPI/VGLUT1 and DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNAs were detected in the medulla oblongata by in situ hybridization, but only DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in the RVLM. Moreover, BNPI immunoreactivity was absent from the thoracic spinal cord lateral horn. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in many medullary cells retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold from the spinal cord (T2; four rats). Within the RVLM, 79% of the bulbospinal C1 cells contained DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. Bulbospinal noradrenergic A5 neurons did not contain DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. The RVLM of six unanesthetized rats subjected to 2 hours of hydralazine-induced hypotension contained tenfold more c-Fos-ir DNPI/VGLUT2 neurons than that of six saline-treated controls. c-Fos-ir DNPI/VGLUT2 neurons included C1 and non-C1 neurons (3:2 ratio). In seven barbiturate-anesthetized rats, 16 vasomotor presympathetic neurons were filled with biotinamide and analyzed for the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and/or DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. Biotinamide-labeled neurons included C1 and non-C1 cells. Most non-C1 (9/10) and C1 presympathetic cells (5/6) contained DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. In conclusion, DNPI/VGLUT2 is expressed by most blood pressure-regulating presympathetic cells of the RVLM. The data suggest that these neurons may be Glutamatergic and that the C1 adrenergic phenotype is one of several secondary phenotypes that are differentially expressed by subgroups of these cells.

  • Vesicular Glutamate Transporter dnpi vglut2 mrna is present in c1 and several other groups of brainstem catecholaminergic neurons
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Ruth L Stornetta, Charles P Sevigny, Patrice G Guyenet
    Abstract:

    The mouse Glutamate Vesicular Transporter VGLUT2 has recently been characterized. The rat homolog of VGLUT2, differentiation-associated Na(+)/P(i) coTransporter (DNPI), was examined using a digoxigenin-labeled DNPI/VGLUT2 cRNA probe in the present study to determine which, if any, of the various groups of pontine or medullary monoaminergic neurons express DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA and, thus, are potentially Glutamatergic. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was widely distributed within the brainstem and seemed exclusively neuronal. By using a double in situ hybridization method, the presence of the mRNA for DNPI/VGLUT2 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-67 was mutually exclusive. By combining DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA detection and conventional immunohistochemistry, DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was undetectable in lower brainstem cholinergic and serotonergic cells, but it was present in several tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) cell groups. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was detected in most of the adrenergic neurons of the C1, C2, and C3 groups (75-80% of TH-ir neurons), in the A2 noradrenergic group (80%), and in vast numbers of area postrema cells. Within the A1 region, many fewer TH-ir cells contained DNPI/VGLUT2 (16%). Finally, DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was undetectable in the pontine noradrenergic cell groups (A5 and A6/locus coeruleus). In conclusion, the general pattern of DNPI/VGLUT2 expression and its exclusion from GABAergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons supports the notion that DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA identifies a subset of Glutamatergic neurons in the lower brainstem. Within this region several catecholaminergic cell groups appear to be Glutamatergic, including but not limited to the adrenergic cell groups C1-C3. Based on the present evidence, the noradrenergic cell groups of the pons (A5 and A6) do not contain either known Vesicular Glutamate Transporter and are most likely not Glutamatergic.

Takeshi Kaneko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 expressing nonserotonergic projection neurons constitute a subregion in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Hioki, Michiteru Konno, Fumino Fujiyama, Takashi Hayakawa, Kouichi Nakamura, Hisashi Nakamura, Takeshi Kaneko
    Abstract:

    We previously reported that about 80% of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 (VGLUT3)-positive cells displayed immunoreactivity for serotonin, but the others were negative in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei, such as the dorsal (DR) and median raphe nuclei (MnR). In the present study, to investigate the precise distribution of VGLUT3-expressing nonserotonergic neurons in the DR and MnR, we performed double fluorescence in situ hybridization for VGLUT3 and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2). According to the distribution of VGLUT3 and TPH2 mRNA signals, we divided the DR into six subregions. In the MnR and the rostral (DRr), ventral (DRV), and caudal (DRc) parts of the DR, VGLUT3 and TPH2 mRNA signals were frequently colocalized (about 80%). In the lateral wings (DRL) and core region of the dorsal part of the DR (DRDC), TPH2-producing neurons were predominantly distributed, and about 94% of TPH2-producing neurons were negative for VGLUT3 mRNA. Notably, in the shell region of the dorsal part of the DR (DRDSh), VGLUT3 mRNA signals were abundantly detected, and about 75% of VGLUT3-expressing neurons were negative for TPH2 mRNA. We then examined the projection of VGLUT3-expressing nonserotonergic neurons in the DRDSh by anterograde and retrograde labeling after chemical depletion of serotonergic neurons. The projection was observed in various brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, hypothalamic nuclei, and preoptic area. These results suggest that VGLUT3-expressing nonserotonergic neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei are preferentially distributed in the DRDSh and modulate many brain regions with the neurotransmitter Glutamate via ascending axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:668–686, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • axon terminals expressing Vesicular Glutamate Transporter vglut1 or vglut2 within the trigeminal motor nucleus of the rat origins and distribution patterns
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2009
    Co-Authors: You-wang Pang, Kouichi Nakamura, Takeshi Kaneko, Kanghui Xiong, Noboru Mizuno
    Abstract:

    Little is known about the significance of the two types of Glutamatergic neurons (those expressing Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT1 or VGLUT2) in the control of jaw movements. We thus examined the origin and distribution of axon terminals with VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 immunoreactivity within the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vm) in the rat. The Vm was divided into the dorsolateral division (Vm.dl; jaw-closing motoneuron pool) and the ventromedial division (Vm.vm; jaw-opening motoneuron pool). VGLUT1-immunopositive terminals were seen within the Vm.dl only, whereas VGLUT2-immunopositive ones were distributed to both the Vm.dl and the Vm.vm. Transection of the motor root eliminated almost all VGLUT1-immunopositive axons in the Vm.dl, with no changes of VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in the two divisions, indicating that the VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-immunopositive axons came from primary afferents in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and premotor neurons for the Vm, respectively. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that VGLUT2 neurons were much more numerous than VGLUT1 neurons in the regions corresponding to the reported premotoneuron pool for the Vm. The results of immunofluorescence labeling combined with anterograde tract tracing further indicated that premotor neurons with VGLUT2 in the trigeminal sensory nuclei, the supratrigeminal region, and the reticular region ventral to the Vm sent axon terminals contacting trigeminal motoneurons and that some of the VGLUT1-expressing premotor neurons in the reticular region ventral to the Vm sent axon terminals to jaw-closing motoneurons. The present results suggested that the roles played by Glutamatergic neurons in controlling jaw movements might be different between VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-expressing neurons.

  • Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 (VGLUT3) identifies spatially segregated excitatory terminals in the rat substantia nigra.
    The European journal of neuroscience, 2006
    Co-Authors: Raquel Martín-ibáñez, Hiroyuki Hioki, Takeshi Kaneko, Monica Jenstad, Paul Berghuis, Robert H. Edwards, Jan Mulder, Josep M. Canals, Patrik Ernfors, Farrukh A. Chaudhry
    Abstract:

    The excitability of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra is controlled by the convergent activity of multiple Glutamatergic afferents. Here, we show that Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 (VGLUT3)-immunoreactive (ir) terminals segregate to the perisomatic region of DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and VGLUT3 decorates a synapse population distinct from those marked by Vesicular Glutamate Transporters 1 and 2. VGLUT3-ir nerve endings form asymmetric terminals on DA neurons. Retrograde tracing suggests the superior colliculus as an origin of excitatory VGLUT3-ir afferents. Collectively, our data indicate that VGLUT3 identifies a novel excitatory terminal subset that contributes to the tuning of DA cell excitability in the substantia nigra.

  • postnatal changes of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter vglut 1 and vglut2 immunoreactivities and their colocalization in the mouse forebrain
    The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Kouichi Nakamura, Hiroyuki Hioki, Fumino Fujiyama, Takeshi Kaneko
    Abstract:

    Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 (VGluT1) and VGluT2 accumulate neurotransmitter Glutamate into synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals, and their antibodies are thus considered to be a good marker for Glutamatergic axon terminals. In the present study, we investigated the postnatal development and maturation of Glutamatergic neuronal systems by single- and double-immunolabelings for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in mouse forebrain including the telencephalon and diencephalon. VGluT2 immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the forebrain, particularly in the diencephalon, from postnatal day 0 (P0) to adulthood, suggesting relatively early maturation of VGluT2-loaded Glutamatergic axons. In contrast, VGluT1 immunoreactivity was intense only in the limbic regions at P0, and drastically increased in the other telencephalic and diencephalic regions during three postnatal weeks. Interestingly, VGluT1 immunoreactivity was frequently colocalized with VGluT2 immunoreactivity at single axon terminal-like profiles in layer IV of the primary somatosensory area from P5 to P10 and in the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus from P0 to P14. This was in sharp contrast to the finding that almost no colocalization was found in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, patchy regions of the caudate-putamen, and the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, where moderate to intense immunoreactivities for VGluT1 and VGluT2 were intermingled with each other in neuropil during postnatal development. The present results indicate that VGluT2-loaded Glutamatergic axons maturate earlier than VGluT1-laden axons in the mouse telencephalic and diencephalic regions, and suggest that VGluT1 plays a transient developmental role in some Glutamatergic systems that mainly use VGluT2 in the adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:263–288, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • chemically specific circuit composed of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 and preprotachykinin b producing interneurons in the rat neocortex
    Cerebral Cortex, 2004
    Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Hioki, Fumino Fujiyama, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Wakoto Matsuda, Takeshi Kaneko
    Abstract:

    The third Vesicular Glutamate Transporter, VGLUT3, is distributed in cell bodies of neocortical neurons and axon terminals mainly in the superficial part of layer II/III of the cerebral cortex. We examined the chemical characteristics of VGLUT3-expressing neurons by immunohistochemistry in the rat neocortex. Since the vast majority of VGLUT3-immunoreactive neurons showed immunoreactivities for GABA, preprotachykinin B (PPTB) and cholecystokinin, VGLUT3immunoreactive neocortical neurons were considered to constitute a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons. VGLUT3-immunoreactive axon terminals were immunopositive for either Vesicular GABA Transporter (VGAT) or serotonin. These results together with anterograde tracer injection and chemical lesion experiments in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei revealed that the neocortex contains at least two kinds of VGLUT3-laden axon terminals: one is serotonergic and derived from the raphe nuclei, and the other is GABAergic and intrinsic in the neocortex. Furthermore, many VGLUT3/VGATimmunoreactive terminals formed axon baskets and made axosomatic symmetric synapses on neocortical neurons, most of which were immunoreactive for PPTB. VGLUT3-immunopositive axon baskets surrounded about a half of PPTB-positive and almost all VGLUT3-positive neurons. Thus, VGLUT3-expressing GABAergic interneurons form a chemically specific circuit within the PPTBproducing interneuron group and it is likely that Glutamate is used within the chemically specific circuit.

Erika Comasco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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