The Experts below are selected from a list of 297 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gilbert Schonfelder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the animal experimentation quandary stuck between legislation and scientific freedom more research and engagement by scientists is needed to help to improve animal welfare without hampering biomedical research
EMBO Reports, 2016Co-Authors: Bettina Bert, Justyna Chmielewska, Andreas Hensel, Barbara Grune, Gilbert SchonfelderAbstract:Many European citizens see animal welfare a matter of great importance [1]. Initiatives such as Stop Vivisection , which petitions politicians to abandon all support for animal experimentation in biomedical and toxicological research (http://ec.europa.eu/citizens-initiative/public/initiatives/successful/details/2012/000007/en?lg=en), might suggest that a majority of Europeans want to see the use of all animals in testing and research banned. However, a recent Eurobarometer survey on Science and Technology implies a different attitude: Although public opinion is divided when it comes to the use of dogs and monkeys in animal testing, a vast majority accept the use of mice in research if it produces new information on human health problems [2]. > … further scientific knowledge is needed to reliably and efficiently evaluate phenotypes and to sufficiently apply refinement, which will guarantee a high standard of animal welfare These different perspectives on animal experimentation are reflected in the European Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes [3]. On the one hand, the Directive clearly spells out a final goal of fully replacing all procedures that use live animals. On the other hand, it also recognizes that animal testing is still necessary for basic research and to protect human and animal health and the environment (Recital 10). Another key element of the Directive is the 3R principle—replace, reduce, refine—which seeks not only to ultimately replace all animal testing, but in the meantime to reduce the number of animals being used and to refine their use in experiments. > Together, all parties have to find a solution that assures a high level of legal security, which can be implemented easily by both scientists and competent authorities It was a well‐considered decision by the European Commission to enact a directive rather …
Joan Dunayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
from Vivisection to animal rights
Organization & Environment, 2000Co-Authors: Joan DunayerAbstract:Dans cet article, l'auteur decrit ses sentiments par rapport a la Vivisection et aux maltraitances que les animaux subissent par des experiences douloureuses ; il s'abandonne a une reflexion sur les droits des animaux
-
in the name of science the language of Vivisection
Organization & Environment, 2000Co-Authors: Joan DunayerAbstract:La notion de Vivisection est une notion polysemique, souvent decrite comme une pratique de torture sur des animaux sans defense, les tuant par la meme occasion. L'A. va decortiquer ce terme et le mettre en relation avec ses utilisations dans la recherche, pour realiser une veritable analyse linguistique des termes correspondants : torture, souffrance...
A W H Bates - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Vivisection virtue and the law in the nineteenth century
2017Co-Authors: A W H BatesAbstract:Nineteenth-century medical practitioners objected that Continental Vivisection displays were cruel, unnecessary, and gave their profession a bad name. After the first law to protect animals was passed, anti-cruelty campaigners formed organisations such as the RSPCA to prosecute acts of brutality, which they thought tended to promote a culture of violence, but they allowed medics to self-regulate as their moral integrity was assumed to be irreproachable. Once the Vivisection Act came into force, however, the public became concerned about the readiness with which licenses were issued.
-
a new age for a new century anti Vivisection vegetarianism and the order of the golden age
2017Co-Authors: A W H BatesAbstract:The work of Josiah Oldfield and the Christian-inspired Order of the Golden Age, whose objective was to bring about the Messianic Kingdom of peace and harmony with nature, serves as a case study of the work of the new age movement in the early-twentieth century. Oldfield founded a vegetarian hospital, an anti-Vivisection hospital and a fruitarian colony. The theological basis of the movement was that the development of humankind was being held back by an undue preoccupation with the world of the flesh, particularly meat-eating and Vivisection, which were barriers to spiritual progress. For new age reformers, science needed to be less materialistic and more open to the influence of faith and feeling.
-
the national anti Vivisection hospital 1902 1935
2017Co-Authors: A W H BatesAbstract:The National Anti-Vivisection Hospital was one of the most highly visible pieces of early-twentieth century anti-Vivisection propaganda. Designed to show that cruelty-free medicine was attractive to patients and donors, and could be operate without state support, the hospital faced opposition from the King’s Fund and the British Medical Association, which saw it as a threat to the funding of the laboratory work on which medicine increasingly based its authority. The hospital failed due to being boycotted by mainstream charities for upholding its anti-Vivisection principles, and by anti-Vivisectionists for compromising those principles.
-
boycotted hospital the national anti Vivisection hospital london 1903 1935
Journal of Animal Ethics 6 (2) pp. 177-187. (2016), 2016Co-Authors: A W H BatesAbstract:The National Anti-Vivisection Hospital opened to patients in 1903, the only district hospital in London not financed by state-controlled funds, which refused it support because of its principles. For three decades the hospital treated the local poor and conscientious objectors to Vivisection, who were assured that staff pledged not to experiment on animals or patients. After an overambitious building program, the hospital ran into financial difficulties, and the King’s Fund refused to help unless all references to antiVivisection were removed from its statutes. Thus it reopened as Battersea General in 1935, continuing to serve the borough until 1972.
Rainer A Leitgeb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
vectorial retinal blood flow and optical vessel Vivisection for 3d angiography with high resolution resonant doppler oct
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2007Co-Authors: A H Bachmann, Martin Villiger, Cedric Blatter, Rainer A Leitgeb, R Michaely, Theo LasserAbstract:PURPOSE: To perform high speed and completely non-invasive 3D angiography at the optic nerve head region and to reconstruct vectorial 3D blood flow from optically segmented blood vessel structure as a pre-requisite for testing retinal function and physiology. METHODS: A novel Doppler Fourier domain OCT systems, so-called resonant Doppler OCT, allows circumventing the limitations of standard FDOCT to record fast blood flow signals. Standard Doppler FDOCT suffers from fringe blurring due to sample motion which leads to a small velocity detection range. The novel resonant scheme tunes a Doppler shift in the reference arm to the sample Doppler shift resulting in enhanced signal for moving structures whereas static structure signals are suppressed. As a result one obtains already optically a segmentation or optical Vivisection of retinal blood flow in 3D. This data is used for extracting the true flow vectors along the retinal vessels (any single beam Doppler method yields only the axial projection of the flow velocity). The realized resonant FDOCT system works at 20.000 scans/sec with an axial resolution of 8µm in air. A full 3D volume of 2240(X) x 88(Y) x 1024(Z) pixels takes 10sec. RESULTS: 3D volumes of retinal structure at the optic nerve head region are recorded with different reference Doppler offsets. The images yield a clear segmentation of 3D vessel structure with suppressed static structure signals. Sets of 3D images with opposite reference Doppler shift are recorded. Differential analysis of the images yields the quantitative bidirectional axial velocity components in 3D. Axial flow components of up to +/-10mm/s with a velocity precision of 400µm/s were measured enhancing standard Doppler FDOCT velocity ranges by a factor of four. Advanced image processing algorithms allow in addition reconstruction of the true vectorial flow along the blood vessels assuming laminar flow. CONCLUSIONS: Resonant Doppler OCT yields completely non-invasive 3D angiography. It allows assessing depth resolved and quantitative blood flow at the optical nerve head with high precision and large velocity range providing directly the 3D vascularization structure. Any physiologic changes at the retina will result in changes of blood flow especially in large vessels close to the optic nerve head that provide the inner retinal blood supply. The method might therefore have high clinical value for the assessment of retinal function.
-
resonant doppler flow imaging and optical Vivisection of retinal blood vessels
Optics Express, 2007Co-Authors: A H Bachmann, Martin Villiger, Cedric Blatter, Theo Lasser, Rainer A LeitgebAbstract:For Fourier domain optical coherence tomography any sample movement during camera integration causes blurring of interference fringes and as such reduction of sensitivity for flow detection. The proposed method overcomes this problem by phase-matching a reference signal to the sample motion. The interference fringes corresponding to flow signal will appear frozen across the detector whereas those of static sample structures will be blurred resulting in enhanced contrast for blood vessels. An electro-optic phase modulator in the reference arm, driven with specific phase cycles locked to the detection frequency, allows not only for qualitative but also for quantitative flow detection already from the relative signal intensities. First applications to extract in-vivo retinal flow and to visualize 3D vascularization, i.e. optical Vivisection, are presented.
Giuseppe Testa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the european politics of animal experimentation from victorian britain to stop Vivisection
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Pierre Luc Germain, Luca Chiapperino, Giuseppe TestaAbstract:Abstract This paper identifies a common political struggle behind debates on the validity and permissibility of animal experimentation, through an analysis of two recent European case studies: the Italian implementation of the European Directive 2010/63/EC regulating the use of animals in science, and the recent European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) 'Stop Vivisection'. Drawing from a historical parallel with Victorian antiVivisectionism, we highlight important threads in our case studies that mark the often neglected specificities of debates on animal experimentation. From the representation of the sadistic scientist in the XIX century, to his/her claimed capture by vested interests and evasion of public scrutiny in the contemporary cases, we show that animals are not simply the focus of the debate, but also a privileged locus at which much broader issues are being raised about science, its authority, accountability and potential misalignment with public interest. By highlighting this common socio-political conflict underlying public controversies around animal experimentation, our work prompts the exploration of modes of authority and argumentation that, in establishing the usefulness of animals in science, avoid reenacting the traditional divide between epistemic and political fora.
