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Susan Young - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Young children’s spontaneous Vocalising: insights into Play and pathways to singing
International Journal of Early Childhood, 2004Co-Authors: Susan YoungAbstract:In this article, first I describe from observation the spontaneous Vocalisations produced during free Play by young children of 18 months to three-years-old. I propose that a focus on Vocalisations can provide valuable insights into general aspects of children’s Play. Next I describe two musical Play situations between toddlers and their mothers at home. I argue that models of practice with very young children in institutionalised settings tend to be ‘scaled down’ from what works with older children, rather than ‘scaled up’ from what is understood of infant and toddler behaviour and how parents and carers intuitively care and educate them. Practitioners in one nursery explored approaches to Playing with songs in dramatic situations and Vocalising. The result of this exploratory approach was to generate spontaneous Vocalisations, (a continuation of the kinds of expressive Vocalisations in the context of general Play observed among toddlers) and to generate Playful interactions with the practitioner around the song (a continuation of parent-child ways of engaging children in music). However, significantly, the Vocal-Play set-ups also provided children with ample opportunity for repetition and practice of the song by providing a situation over which the children had a high level of control. Dans cet article, à partir de mes observations, je commence par décrire des Vocalisations spontanées produites durant la récréation de jeunes enfants âgés de 18 mois à trois ans. Je pense que se concentrer sur les Vocalisations peut fournir un aperçu intéressant en ce qui concerne le jeu des enfants en général. Ensuite je décris deux situations de jeux musicaux qui ont lieu à la maison, entre des enfants et leurs mères. Je montre que dans les institutions, les pratiques d’éducation des tout-petits ont tendance à être des ‘réductions’ de celles qui fonctionnent avec des enfants plus âgés, plutôt que de s’inspirer de ce qui est compris intuitivement du comportement des enfants par les parents et les nourrices qui tout en s’occupant d’eux, les éduquent. Les praticiens d’une crèche ont exploré différentes manières de jouer avec des chansons lors de jeux et de Vocalisations. Le résultat de cette approache expérimentale fut de susciter des Vocalisations spontanées (une suite de Vocalisations de même genre observée lors de jeux parmi les tout-petits) et de produire des rapports ludiques entre l’enfant et le praticien autour des chansons (une continuation des manières dont les parents intéressent leurs enfants à la musique). De plus, les situations qui impliquent des jeux vocaux apportent aussi de manières significatives aux enfants une bonne opportunité pour avoir un grand contrôle sur la pratique et la répétition de la chanson. En este artículo, primero describo de observación la Vocalización espontánea que producen los niños entre los 18 meses y los tres años de edad cuando están jugando libremente. Propongo que un enfoque sobre las Vocalizaciones puede proporcionar ideas valiosas sobre aspectos generales del juego de los niños. A continuación describo dos situaciones de juego musical entre niños pequeños y sus madres en casa. Mi argumento es que en entornos institucionalizados los modelos de la práctica con niños muy jóvenes suelen ser “reducciones” de lo que tiene éxito con niños mayores más que “ampliaciones” de lo que se entiende del comportamiento de los bebés y los niños pequeños y como los padres y los niñeros cuidan de ellos y les educan de una manera intuitiva. Profesionales en una guardería examinaron enfoques al juego con canciones en situaciones dramáticas/teatrales y Vocalización. El resultado de este enfoque exploratorio fue crear Vocalizaciones espontáneas, *una continuación de los tipos de Vocalizatciones expresivas en el contexto de juego general observado entre niños jóvenes) y generar interacciones de juego con los profesionales en torno a la canción (una continuación de las maneras entre padres y niños para captar el interés de los niños en la música). Sin embargo, es importante señalar que este tipo de situación proporciona también una amplia oportunidad de repetir y practicar la canción porque crea una situación en donde los niños tienen un alto nivel de control.
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Young Children's Spontaneous Vocalising: Insights into Play and Pathways to Singing.
International Journal of Early Childhood, 2004Co-Authors: Susan YoungAbstract:In this article, first I describe from observation the spontaneous Vocalisations produced during free Play by young children of 18 months to three-years-old. I propose that a focus on Vocalisations can provide valuable insights into general aspects of children’s Play. Next I describe two musical Play situations between toddlers and their mothers at home. I argue that models of practice with very young children in institutionalised settings tend to be ‘scaled down’ from what works with older children, rather than ‘scaled up’ from what is understood of infant and toddler behaviour and how parents and carers intuitively care and educate them. Practitioners in one nursery explored approaches to Playing with songs in dramatic situations and Vocalising. The result of this exploratory approach was to generate spontaneous Vocalisations, (a continuation of the kinds of expressive Vocalisations in the context of general Play observed among toddlers) and to generate Playful interactions with the practitioner around the song (a continuation of parent-child ways of engaging children in music). However, significantly, the Vocal-Play set-ups also provided children with ample opportunity for repetition and practice of the song by providing a situation over which the children had a high level of control.
Josep Call - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Language origins viewed in spontaneous and interactive Vocal rates of human and Bonobo infants
Frontiers in psychology, 2019Co-Authors: D. Kimbrough Oller, Ulrike Griebel, Suneeti Nathani Iyer, Yuna Jhang, Anne S. Warlaumont, Rick Dale, Josep CallAbstract:From the first months of life, human infants produce "protophones," speech-like, non-cry sounds, presumed absent, or only minimally present in other apes. But there have been no direct quantitative comparisons to support this presumption. In addition, by 2 months, human infants show sustained face-to-face interaction using protophones, a pattern thought also absent or very limited in other apes, but again, without quantitative comparison. Such comparison should provide evidence relevant to determining foundations of language, since substantially flexible Vocalization, the inclination to explore Vocalization, and the ability to interact socially by means of Vocalization are foundations for language. Here we quantitatively compare data on Vocalization rates in three captive bonobo (Pan paniscus) mother-infant pairs with various sources of data from our laboratories on human infant Vocalization. Both humans and bonobos produced distress sounds (cries/screams) and laughter. The bonobo infants also produced sounds that were neither screams nor laughs and that showed acoustic similarities to the human protophones. These protophone-like sounds confirm that bonobo infants share with humans the capacity to produce Vocalizations that appear foundational for language. Still, there were dramatic differences between the species in both quantity and function of the protophone and protophone-like sounds. The bonobo protophone-like sounds were far less frequent than the human protophones, and the human protophones were far less likely to be interpreted as complaints and more likely as Vocal Play. Moreover, we found extensive Vocal interaction between human infants and mothers, but no Vocal interaction in the bonobo mother-infant pairs-while bonobo mothers were physically responsive to their infants, we observed no case of a bonobo mother Vocalization directed to her infant. Our cross-species comparison focuses on low- and moderate-arousal circumstances because we reason the roots of language entail Vocalization not triggered by excitement, for example, during fighting or intense Play. Language appears to be founded in flexible Vocalization, used to regulate comfortable social interaction, to share variable affective states at various levels of arousal, and to explore Vocalization itself.
D. Kimbrough Oller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Social and endogenous motivations in the emergence of canonical babbling: An autism risk study
2020Co-Authors: Helen L. Long, Gordon Ramsay, Dale Bowman, Megan M. Burkhardt-reed, D. Kimbrough OllerAbstract:There is a growing body of research emphasizing the role of intrinsic motivation and endogenous activity to support the development of cognitive systems alongside the well-established role of social interaction. The present study longitudinally evaluated canonical babbling across the second-half year of life, when canonical babbling becomes well-established. We compared segments rated as having high and low levels of turn taking and independent Vocal Play in 98 children at low and high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Segments were extracted from all-day home audio recordings to observe infants in naturalistic settings. Canonical babbling ratios (CBR) were determined based on human coding along with Likert-scale ratings on the level of turn taking and Vocal Play in each segment. We observed highly significant differences in CBRs between risk groups during high and low Vocal Play, but high and low levels of turn taking yielded a weaker effect. There were also interactions of CBR with age, risk, and Vocal function variables. We conclude that social and endogenous/exploratory motivations may drive both high- and low-risk infant tendencies to produce their most speech-like Vocalizations. Lay abstractInfants at low and high risk for autism produced similar babbling rates across various levels of social interaction. Infants at high risk for autism produced higher rates of mature, well-formed (canonical) syllables during bouts of independent Vocal Play. In this study, we compared rates of babbling in infants at low and high risk for autism across different levels of infant Vocal turn taking and Vocal Play. Eight 5-minute segments were selected from each all-day home recording (98 infants, 483 recordings in the second half-year of life). Listeners coded infant syllables as canonical, i.e., "adult-like," or noncanonical, i.e., "immature," forms. After coding each segment, listeners rated each segment for its frequency of both infant turn taking and Vocal Play using a Likert scale. We predicted that low-risk infants would do more canonical babbling during social interaction and high-risk infants would babble more during independent Vocal Play. But infants at high risk for autism did not differ significantly in babbling rates across levels of social interaction from low-risk infants. Also contrary to our prediction both groups produced higher rates of canonical babbling during periods of high Vocal Play. Both groups produced similar canonical babbling rates over time. These findings may inform our understanding of internal motivations for canonical babbling and potentially early indicators of differences in the Vocal production of infants with autism before they produce their first words.
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Language origins viewed in spontaneous and interactive Vocal rates of human and Bonobo infants
Frontiers in psychology, 2019Co-Authors: D. Kimbrough Oller, Ulrike Griebel, Suneeti Nathani Iyer, Yuna Jhang, Anne S. Warlaumont, Rick Dale, Josep CallAbstract:From the first months of life, human infants produce "protophones," speech-like, non-cry sounds, presumed absent, or only minimally present in other apes. But there have been no direct quantitative comparisons to support this presumption. In addition, by 2 months, human infants show sustained face-to-face interaction using protophones, a pattern thought also absent or very limited in other apes, but again, without quantitative comparison. Such comparison should provide evidence relevant to determining foundations of language, since substantially flexible Vocalization, the inclination to explore Vocalization, and the ability to interact socially by means of Vocalization are foundations for language. Here we quantitatively compare data on Vocalization rates in three captive bonobo (Pan paniscus) mother-infant pairs with various sources of data from our laboratories on human infant Vocalization. Both humans and bonobos produced distress sounds (cries/screams) and laughter. The bonobo infants also produced sounds that were neither screams nor laughs and that showed acoustic similarities to the human protophones. These protophone-like sounds confirm that bonobo infants share with humans the capacity to produce Vocalizations that appear foundational for language. Still, there were dramatic differences between the species in both quantity and function of the protophone and protophone-like sounds. The bonobo protophone-like sounds were far less frequent than the human protophones, and the human protophones were far less likely to be interpreted as complaints and more likely as Vocal Play. Moreover, we found extensive Vocal interaction between human infants and mothers, but no Vocal interaction in the bonobo mother-infant pairs-while bonobo mothers were physically responsive to their infants, we observed no case of a bonobo mother Vocalization directed to her infant. Our cross-species comparison focuses on low- and moderate-arousal circumstances because we reason the roots of language entail Vocalization not triggered by excitement, for example, during fighting or intense Play. Language appears to be founded in flexible Vocalization, used to regulate comfortable social interaction, to share variable affective states at various levels of arousal, and to explore Vocalization itself.
Gina M. Feliciano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing and Subsequent Mand Acquisition of Children with Various Levels of Verbal Repertoires
The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2007Co-Authors: Soyoung Yoon, Gina M. FelicianoAbstract:Effects of a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure on the subsequent acquisition of mand operants were investigated. An attempt was made to shape novel sounds that emerged through the pairing procedure into a mand. Six children, aged two to five years, with moderate to severe language and communication delays, participated. Two conditions were used following the pairing condition: postpairing and direct reinforcement. The emergence of mands was compared across these conditions. An additional analysis was made of the relation between participants’ baseline verbal repertoires and the effects of the pairing and the emergence of mands. Results indicate the possibility of stimulus control from a stimulus-stimulus pairing to mand as shown in two of the participants who had demonstrated high rates of Vocal Play and low to no verbal repertoire prior to this study. Target Vocal sounds during postpairing and direct reinforcement condition remained at zero to low levels for participants with high verbal repertoire and little Vocal Play, warranting future studies on relations between the pre-existing verbal repertoire and the effectiveness of stimulus-stimulus pairing.
Yuna Jhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Language origins viewed in spontaneous and interactive Vocal rates of human and Bonobo infants
Frontiers in psychology, 2019Co-Authors: D. Kimbrough Oller, Ulrike Griebel, Suneeti Nathani Iyer, Yuna Jhang, Anne S. Warlaumont, Rick Dale, Josep CallAbstract:From the first months of life, human infants produce "protophones," speech-like, non-cry sounds, presumed absent, or only minimally present in other apes. But there have been no direct quantitative comparisons to support this presumption. In addition, by 2 months, human infants show sustained face-to-face interaction using protophones, a pattern thought also absent or very limited in other apes, but again, without quantitative comparison. Such comparison should provide evidence relevant to determining foundations of language, since substantially flexible Vocalization, the inclination to explore Vocalization, and the ability to interact socially by means of Vocalization are foundations for language. Here we quantitatively compare data on Vocalization rates in three captive bonobo (Pan paniscus) mother-infant pairs with various sources of data from our laboratories on human infant Vocalization. Both humans and bonobos produced distress sounds (cries/screams) and laughter. The bonobo infants also produced sounds that were neither screams nor laughs and that showed acoustic similarities to the human protophones. These protophone-like sounds confirm that bonobo infants share with humans the capacity to produce Vocalizations that appear foundational for language. Still, there were dramatic differences between the species in both quantity and function of the protophone and protophone-like sounds. The bonobo protophone-like sounds were far less frequent than the human protophones, and the human protophones were far less likely to be interpreted as complaints and more likely as Vocal Play. Moreover, we found extensive Vocal interaction between human infants and mothers, but no Vocal interaction in the bonobo mother-infant pairs-while bonobo mothers were physically responsive to their infants, we observed no case of a bonobo mother Vocalization directed to her infant. Our cross-species comparison focuses on low- and moderate-arousal circumstances because we reason the roots of language entail Vocalization not triggered by excitement, for example, during fighting or intense Play. Language appears to be founded in flexible Vocalization, used to regulate comfortable social interaction, to share variable affective states at various levels of arousal, and to explore Vocalization itself.
