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Jennifer J Otten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices by food quality metrics a two year follow up study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: James Buszkiewicz, Cathy House, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:Objective: To examine the effects of increasing minimum Wage on supermarket food prices in Seattle over 2 years of Policy implementation, overall and differentially across food quality metrics. Methods: Prices for the UW Center for Public Health Nutrition (CPHN) market basket of 106 foods were obtained for 6 large supermarket chain stores in Seattle (“intervention”) and for the same chain stores in King County (“control”) at four time points: 1-month pre- (March 2015), 1-month post- (May 2015), 1-year post- (May 2016), and 2-years post-Policy implementation (May 2017). Prices for all food items were standardized and converted to price per 100 kcal. Food quality metrics were used to explore potential differential price increases by (a) food groups, as defined by US Department of Agriculture; (b) NOVA food processing categories, and (c) nutrient density quartiles, based on the Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3. Separate difference-in-differences linear regression models with robust standard errors, examined price differences per 100 kcal overall, clustered by store chain, and stratified by each food quality metric. Results: There were no overall market basket price changes attributable to Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy. Moreover, no minimum Wage effect was detected by USDA food group, food processing, or nutrient density categories. Conclusions: Local area supermarket food prices were not impacted by Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy 2 years into Policy implementation and after the first increase to $15/h overall or by sub-classification. Low-income workers may be able to afford higher quality diets if Wages increase yet supermarket prices stay the same.
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seattle s minimum Wage ordinance did not affect supermarket food prices by food processing category
Public Health Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Amanda L Spoden, James Buszkiewicz, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:OBJECTIVE To examine the impacts of Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance on food prices by food processing category. DESIGN Supermarket food prices were collected for 106 items using a University of Washington Center for Public Health Nutrition market basket at affected and unaffected supermarket chain stores at three times: March 2015 (1-month pre-Policy enactment), May 2015 (1-month post-Policy enactment) and May 2016 (1-year post-Policy enactment). Food items were categorized into four food processing groups, from minimally to ultra-processed. Data were analysed across time using a multilevel, linear difference-in-differences model at the store and price level stratified by level of food processing. SETTING Six large supermarket chain stores located in Seattle ('intervention') affected by the Policy and six same-chain but unaffected stores in King County ('control'), Washington, USA. SUBJECTS One hundred and six food and beverage items. RESULTS The largest change in average price by food item was +$US 0·53 for 'processed foods' in King County between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P < 0·01). The smallest change was $US 0·00 for 'unprocessed or minimally processed foods' in Seattle between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P = 0·94). No significant changes in averaged chain prices were observed across food processing level strata in Seattle v. King County stores at 1-month or 1-year post-Policy enactment. CONCLUSIONS Supermarket food prices do not appear to be differentially impacted by Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance by level of the food's processing. These results suggest that the early implementation of a city-level minimum Wage Policy does not alter supermarket food prices by level of food processing.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices in seattle king county
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer J Otten, James Buszkiewicz, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Wesley Tang, Jacob L Vigdor, Adam DrewnowskiAbstract:Background: Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum Wages. Higher labor costs among low-Wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods: Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-Policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-Policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results: There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (−$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-Policy enactment (−$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions: There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle’s minimum Wage ordinance.
Adam Drewnowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices by food quality metrics a two year follow up study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: James Buszkiewicz, Cathy House, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:Objective: To examine the effects of increasing minimum Wage on supermarket food prices in Seattle over 2 years of Policy implementation, overall and differentially across food quality metrics. Methods: Prices for the UW Center for Public Health Nutrition (CPHN) market basket of 106 foods were obtained for 6 large supermarket chain stores in Seattle (“intervention”) and for the same chain stores in King County (“control”) at four time points: 1-month pre- (March 2015), 1-month post- (May 2015), 1-year post- (May 2016), and 2-years post-Policy implementation (May 2017). Prices for all food items were standardized and converted to price per 100 kcal. Food quality metrics were used to explore potential differential price increases by (a) food groups, as defined by US Department of Agriculture; (b) NOVA food processing categories, and (c) nutrient density quartiles, based on the Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3. Separate difference-in-differences linear regression models with robust standard errors, examined price differences per 100 kcal overall, clustered by store chain, and stratified by each food quality metric. Results: There were no overall market basket price changes attributable to Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy. Moreover, no minimum Wage effect was detected by USDA food group, food processing, or nutrient density categories. Conclusions: Local area supermarket food prices were not impacted by Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy 2 years into Policy implementation and after the first increase to $15/h overall or by sub-classification. Low-income workers may be able to afford higher quality diets if Wages increase yet supermarket prices stay the same.
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seattle s minimum Wage ordinance did not affect supermarket food prices by food processing category
Public Health Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Amanda L Spoden, James Buszkiewicz, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:OBJECTIVE To examine the impacts of Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance on food prices by food processing category. DESIGN Supermarket food prices were collected for 106 items using a University of Washington Center for Public Health Nutrition market basket at affected and unaffected supermarket chain stores at three times: March 2015 (1-month pre-Policy enactment), May 2015 (1-month post-Policy enactment) and May 2016 (1-year post-Policy enactment). Food items were categorized into four food processing groups, from minimally to ultra-processed. Data were analysed across time using a multilevel, linear difference-in-differences model at the store and price level stratified by level of food processing. SETTING Six large supermarket chain stores located in Seattle ('intervention') affected by the Policy and six same-chain but unaffected stores in King County ('control'), Washington, USA. SUBJECTS One hundred and six food and beverage items. RESULTS The largest change in average price by food item was +$US 0·53 for 'processed foods' in King County between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P < 0·01). The smallest change was $US 0·00 for 'unprocessed or minimally processed foods' in Seattle between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P = 0·94). No significant changes in averaged chain prices were observed across food processing level strata in Seattle v. King County stores at 1-month or 1-year post-Policy enactment. CONCLUSIONS Supermarket food prices do not appear to be differentially impacted by Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance by level of the food's processing. These results suggest that the early implementation of a city-level minimum Wage Policy does not alter supermarket food prices by level of food processing.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices in seattle king county
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer J Otten, James Buszkiewicz, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Wesley Tang, Jacob L Vigdor, Adam DrewnowskiAbstract:Background: Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum Wages. Higher labor costs among low-Wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods: Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-Policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-Policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results: There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (−$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-Policy enactment (−$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions: There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle’s minimum Wage ordinance.
James Buszkiewicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices by food quality metrics a two year follow up study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: James Buszkiewicz, Cathy House, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:Objective: To examine the effects of increasing minimum Wage on supermarket food prices in Seattle over 2 years of Policy implementation, overall and differentially across food quality metrics. Methods: Prices for the UW Center for Public Health Nutrition (CPHN) market basket of 106 foods were obtained for 6 large supermarket chain stores in Seattle (“intervention”) and for the same chain stores in King County (“control”) at four time points: 1-month pre- (March 2015), 1-month post- (May 2015), 1-year post- (May 2016), and 2-years post-Policy implementation (May 2017). Prices for all food items were standardized and converted to price per 100 kcal. Food quality metrics were used to explore potential differential price increases by (a) food groups, as defined by US Department of Agriculture; (b) NOVA food processing categories, and (c) nutrient density quartiles, based on the Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3. Separate difference-in-differences linear regression models with robust standard errors, examined price differences per 100 kcal overall, clustered by store chain, and stratified by each food quality metric. Results: There were no overall market basket price changes attributable to Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy. Moreover, no minimum Wage effect was detected by USDA food group, food processing, or nutrient density categories. Conclusions: Local area supermarket food prices were not impacted by Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy 2 years into Policy implementation and after the first increase to $15/h overall or by sub-classification. Low-income workers may be able to afford higher quality diets if Wages increase yet supermarket prices stay the same.
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seattle s minimum Wage ordinance did not affect supermarket food prices by food processing category
Public Health Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Amanda L Spoden, James Buszkiewicz, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:OBJECTIVE To examine the impacts of Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance on food prices by food processing category. DESIGN Supermarket food prices were collected for 106 items using a University of Washington Center for Public Health Nutrition market basket at affected and unaffected supermarket chain stores at three times: March 2015 (1-month pre-Policy enactment), May 2015 (1-month post-Policy enactment) and May 2016 (1-year post-Policy enactment). Food items were categorized into four food processing groups, from minimally to ultra-processed. Data were analysed across time using a multilevel, linear difference-in-differences model at the store and price level stratified by level of food processing. SETTING Six large supermarket chain stores located in Seattle ('intervention') affected by the Policy and six same-chain but unaffected stores in King County ('control'), Washington, USA. SUBJECTS One hundred and six food and beverage items. RESULTS The largest change in average price by food item was +$US 0·53 for 'processed foods' in King County between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P < 0·01). The smallest change was $US 0·00 for 'unprocessed or minimally processed foods' in Seattle between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P = 0·94). No significant changes in averaged chain prices were observed across food processing level strata in Seattle v. King County stores at 1-month or 1-year post-Policy enactment. CONCLUSIONS Supermarket food prices do not appear to be differentially impacted by Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance by level of the food's processing. These results suggest that the early implementation of a city-level minimum Wage Policy does not alter supermarket food prices by level of food processing.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices in seattle king county
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer J Otten, James Buszkiewicz, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Wesley Tang, Jacob L Vigdor, Adam DrewnowskiAbstract:Background: Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum Wages. Higher labor costs among low-Wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods: Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-Policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-Policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results: There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (−$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-Policy enactment (−$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions: There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle’s minimum Wage ordinance.
Emmanuel Saez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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optimal minimum Wage Policy in competitive labor markets
Journal of Public Economics, 2012Co-Authors: David S Lee, Emmanuel SaezAbstract:This paper provides a theoretical analysis of optimal minimum Wage Policy in a perfectly competitive labor market and obtains two key results. First, we show that a binding minimum Wage { while leading to unemployment { is nevertheless desirable if the government values redistribution toward low Wage workers and if unemployment induced by the minimum Wage hits the lowest surplus workers first. Importantly, this result remains true in the presence of optimal nonlinear taxes and transfers. In that context, a binding minimum Wage enhances the effectiveness of transfers to low-skilled workers as it prevents low-skilled Wages from falling through incidence effects. Second, when labor supply re- sponses are along the extensive margin only, the co-existence of a minimum Wage with a positive tax rate on low-skilled work is always (second-best) Pareto ineffcient. A Pareto improving Policy consists of reducing the pre-tax minimum Wage while keeping constant the post-tax minimum Wage by increasing transfers to low-skilled workers, and financing this reform by increasing taxes on higher paid workers. Overall, our results imply that the minimum Wage and subsidies for low-skilled workers are complementary policies. pa
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optimal minimum Wage Policy in competitive labor markets
Journal of Public Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Emmanuel SaezAbstract:This paper provides a theoretical analysis of optimal minimum Wage Policy in a perfectly competitive labor market. We show that a binding minimum Wage -- while leading to unemployment -- is nevertheless desirable if the government values redistribution toward low Wage workers and if unemployment induced by the minimum Wage hits the lowest surplus workers first. This result remains true in the presence of optimal nonlinear taxes and transfers. In that context, a minimum Wage effectively rations the low skilled labor that is subsidized by the optimal tax/transfer system, and improves upon the second-best tax/transfer optimum. When labor supply responses are along the extensive margin, a minimum Wage and low skill work subsidies are complementary policies; therefore, the co-existence of a minimum Wage with a positive tax rate for low skill work is always (second-best) Pareto inefficient. We derive formulas for the optimal minimum Wage (with and without optimal taxes) as a function of labor supply and demand elasticities and the redistributive tastes of the government. We also present some illustrative numerical simulations.
Mark C Long - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices by food quality metrics a two year follow up study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: James Buszkiewicz, Cathy House, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:Objective: To examine the effects of increasing minimum Wage on supermarket food prices in Seattle over 2 years of Policy implementation, overall and differentially across food quality metrics. Methods: Prices for the UW Center for Public Health Nutrition (CPHN) market basket of 106 foods were obtained for 6 large supermarket chain stores in Seattle (“intervention”) and for the same chain stores in King County (“control”) at four time points: 1-month pre- (March 2015), 1-month post- (May 2015), 1-year post- (May 2016), and 2-years post-Policy implementation (May 2017). Prices for all food items were standardized and converted to price per 100 kcal. Food quality metrics were used to explore potential differential price increases by (a) food groups, as defined by US Department of Agriculture; (b) NOVA food processing categories, and (c) nutrient density quartiles, based on the Nutrient Rich Foods Index 9.3. Separate difference-in-differences linear regression models with robust standard errors, examined price differences per 100 kcal overall, clustered by store chain, and stratified by each food quality metric. Results: There were no overall market basket price changes attributable to Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy. Moreover, no minimum Wage effect was detected by USDA food group, food processing, or nutrient density categories. Conclusions: Local area supermarket food prices were not impacted by Seattle’s minimum Wage Policy 2 years into Policy implementation and after the first increase to $15/h overall or by sub-classification. Low-income workers may be able to afford higher quality diets if Wages increase yet supermarket prices stay the same.
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seattle s minimum Wage ordinance did not affect supermarket food prices by food processing category
Public Health Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Amanda L Spoden, James Buszkiewicz, Mark C Long, Adam Drewnowski, Jennifer J OttenAbstract:OBJECTIVE To examine the impacts of Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance on food prices by food processing category. DESIGN Supermarket food prices were collected for 106 items using a University of Washington Center for Public Health Nutrition market basket at affected and unaffected supermarket chain stores at three times: March 2015 (1-month pre-Policy enactment), May 2015 (1-month post-Policy enactment) and May 2016 (1-year post-Policy enactment). Food items were categorized into four food processing groups, from minimally to ultra-processed. Data were analysed across time using a multilevel, linear difference-in-differences model at the store and price level stratified by level of food processing. SETTING Six large supermarket chain stores located in Seattle ('intervention') affected by the Policy and six same-chain but unaffected stores in King County ('control'), Washington, USA. SUBJECTS One hundred and six food and beverage items. RESULTS The largest change in average price by food item was +$US 0·53 for 'processed foods' in King County between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P < 0·01). The smallest change was $US 0·00 for 'unprocessed or minimally processed foods' in Seattle between 1-month post-Policy and 1-year post-Policy enactment (P = 0·94). No significant changes in averaged chain prices were observed across food processing level strata in Seattle v. King County stores at 1-month or 1-year post-Policy enactment. CONCLUSIONS Supermarket food prices do not appear to be differentially impacted by Seattle's minimum Wage ordinance by level of the food's processing. These results suggest that the early implementation of a city-level minimum Wage Policy does not alter supermarket food prices by level of food processing.
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the impact of a city level minimum Wage Policy on supermarket food prices in seattle king county
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer J Otten, James Buszkiewicz, Anju Aggarwal, Mark C Long, Wesley Tang, Jacob L Vigdor, Adam DrewnowskiAbstract:Background: Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum Wages. Higher labor costs among low-Wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods: Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-Policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-Policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results: There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (−$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-Policy enactment (−$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions: There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle’s minimum Wage ordinance.
