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Curtis Strobeck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Phylogenetic Comparison of Red Deer and Wapiti Using Mitochondrial DNA
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2002Co-Authors: Renee O Polziehn, Curtis StrobeckAbstract:A phylogeny was constructed for red deer/Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) subspecies using sequence data from the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The tree was rooted using Cervus nippon (sika deer), Cervus albirostris (Thorold's white-lipped deer), and several Odocoileinae species. A division between the mtDNA haplotypes of red deer (European) and Wapiti (Asian/North American) corresponds to subspecies found on opposite sides of the Himalayan Mountains and Gobi, which suggests Wapiti should be reconsidered for the status of C. canadensis. Using parsimony and distance analysis, red deer and Wapiti are derived from a single recent common ancestor, which is consistent with current taxonomy that recognizes the subspecies of Cervus elaphus as monophyletic group. However, maximum-likelihood analysis using weighted transitional substitutions caused red deer to form a sister group to sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Wapiti. A phenetic comparison revealed Wapiti also share more nucleotide similarities with sika deer, although approximately 5% sequence divergence separates Wapiti, sika, and red deer. Phylogenetic evidence from the cytochrome b sequences corroborated observations from the control region. Observations from this study suggest that the species status of Wapiti should be reinstated.
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Microsatellite analysis of North American Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) populations
Molecular ecology, 2000Co-Authors: Renee O Polziehn, Frank F. Mallory, Joe Hamr, Curtis StrobeckAbstract:Eleven populations of Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 microsatellite loci. Samples were taken from Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Burwash and French River herds in Ontario; Ya Ha Tinda Ranch, Alberta; and Banff, Elk Island, Jasper, Kootenay, Riding Mountain, Yellowstone and Yoho National Parks. Overall, Wapiti populations have on average three to four alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity that ranged from 25.75 to 52.85%. The greatest genetic distances were observed between the Vancouver population and all other populations. Using the assignment test, Roosevelt Wapiti (C. e. roosevelti Merriam 1897) assigned only to the Vancouver Island population. The distance and assignment values suggest a divergence of the Roosevelt Wapiti from other populations and support the subspecific status for the Vancouver Island population. No evidence was found for the existence of unique Eastern Wapiti (C. e. canadensis Erxleben 1777) in the Burwash or French River herds in Ontario. The overlapping distribution of genotypes from indigenous populations from Riding Mountain, Elk Island and Yellowstone National Parks suggests that Wapiti were once a continuous population before settlers decimated their numbers. The lack of differentiation between these populations raises questions about the status of Manitoban (C. e.manitobensis Millais 1915) and Rocky Mountain (C. e.nelsoni Bailey 1935) subspecies.
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phylogeny of Wapiti red deer sika deer and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1998Co-Authors: Renee O Polziehn, Curtis StrobeckAbstract:Abstract Red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from Europe and northern Africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central Asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern Asia, Siberia, and North America. Recognition of the North American Wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of C. elaphus. Sika deer ( C. nippon ), which are distributed in much of the same range, also share phenotypic and genotypic similarities with the red deer. A comparison of sequences from the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from North American and Siberian Wapiti, European red deer, and Asian sika deer was used to construct a phylogenetic relationship among these cervids and other cervids found within North America, including white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), black-tailed deer ( O. hemionus columbianus ), moose ( Alces alces ), and caribou ( Rangifer tarandus ). The mtDNA sequence divergence between Wapiti and red deer was 5.60%, between Wapiti and sika deer 5.19%, and between sika deer and red deer 5.02%, suggesting that the subspecies status of North American Wapiti needs to be reviewed. The mtDNA sequence divergence between white-tailed deer and black-tailed deer was 7.82% and is consistant with earlier mtDNA studies in Odocoileus.
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Phylogenetic status of North American Wapiti( Cervus elaphus) subspecies
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1998Co-Authors: Renee O Polziehn, J Hamr, Frank F. Mallory, Curtis StrobeckAbstract:By the turn of the century, North American elk, or Wapiti (Cervus elaphus), had been extirpated from all regions ofthe continent and two subspecies were extinct. The recovery of Wapiti is largely a response to the large number of relocatedRocky Mountain (C. e. nelsoni) and Manitoban Wapiti (C. e. manitobensis). A phylogenetic study was performed to determinethe present genetic relationships among tule (C. e. nannodes), Roosevelt (C. e. roosevelti), Rocky Mountain, and Manitobansubspecies, using sequences from the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA of 28 individuals. All Roosevelt Wapiti weregrouped together, as were tule Wapiti, which supports the classification of tule and Roosevelt subspecies. Yellowstone, ElkIsland, and Riding Mountain National Parks have not introduced Wapiti into their indigenous populations. When thesepopulations were used, Manitoban Wapiti were found to be monophyletic and Rocky Mountain Wapiti to be paraphyletic.However, including animals from the Canadian Rocky Mountains plac...
Phil R. Bell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a high latitude dromaeosaurid boreonykus certekorum gen et sp nov theropoda from the upper campanian Wapiti formation west central alberta
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2015Co-Authors: Phil R. Bell, Philip J. CurrieAbstract:ABSTRACTDromaeosaurids were rare components of most Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems and are poorly known from high palaeolatitudes. New dromaeosaurid material, including a frontal and associated postcranial elements, is described from a dense monodominant ceratopsid bonebed on Pipestone Creek, near the city of Grande Prairie (Unit 3, Wapiti Formation, upper Campanian), central-western Alberta, Canada. This stratigraphic interval is significant because it records a period of terrestrial deposition at a time when much of the western interior of Canada and the United States was inundated by the Bearpaw Sea. A phylogenetic analysis recovers Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov., as a derived eudromaeosaur, possibly within Velociraptorinae. The identification of a new dromaeosaurid from the Wapiti Formation simultaneously helps fill an important gap in the record of late Campanian dromaeosaurids, bolsters support for a partly endemic fauna within the Wapiti Formation, and potentially adds to the North...
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A high-latitude dromaeosaurid, Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov. (Theropoda), from the upper Campanian Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta
2015Co-Authors: Phil R. Bell, Philip J. CurrieAbstract:Dromaeosaurids were rare components of most Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems and are poorly known from high palaeolatitudes. New dromaeosaurid material, including a frontal and associated postcranial elements, is described from a dense monodominant ceratopsid bonebed on Pipestone Creek, near the city of Grande Prairie (Unit 3, Wapiti Formation, upper Campanian), central-western Alberta, Canada. This stratigraphic interval is significant because it records a period of terrestrial deposition at a time when much of the western interior of Canada and the United States was inundated by the Bearpaw Sea. A phylogenetic analysis recovers Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov., as a derived eudromaeosaur, possibly within Velociraptorinae. The identification of a new dromaeosaurid from the Wapiti Formation simultaneously helps fill an important gap in the record of late Campanian dromaeosaurids, bolsters support for a partly endemic fauna within the Wapiti Formation, and potentially adds to the North American record of a predominantly Asian Velociraptorinae. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8A64DF33-58C3-4C43-830E-78F725094A13 SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Bell, P. R., and P. J. Currie. 2015. A high-latitude dromaeosaurid, Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov. (Theropoda), from the upper Campanian Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1034359.
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A diverse, high-latitude ichnofauna from the Late Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada
Cretaceous Research, 2013Co-Authors: Federico Fanti, Phil R. Bell, Robin L. SissonsAbstract:Abstract The Wapiti Formation in west-central Alberta preserves one of the most diverse Late Cretaceous terrestrial track records yet identified in Canada. At least seven morphotypes are recognized and attributed to mammals, small reptiles or amphibians, tyrannosaurids, medium-sized theropods, hadrosaurids, and ankylosaurs. Most tracks occur isolated on slump blocks associated with latest Campanian (Wapiti Formation unit 4) exposures found along Pipestone Creek and Red Willow River. With the possible exception of hadrosaurids, tracks provide some of the most compelling evidence for the occurrence of such taxa within the Wapiti Formation ecosystem. The apparent absence of ceratopsian tracks is surprising considering their bones are abundantly preserved in nearby monodominant bonebeds. The overall faunal signal represented by the Wapiti Formation trackmakers is typical of and consistent with other coeval assemblages in similar environments. The Wapiti Formation tracks, combined with the known fossil bone record, provide another data point in a growing palaeobiogeographical picture of the dinosaur faunas of high-latitude northwestern North America during the Late Cretaceous.
Robert J. Hudson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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foraging rates of Wapiti on alfalfa bromegrass pastures
Small Ruminant Research, 2009Co-Authors: R.l. Arthur, Robert J. Hudson, N.t. Donkor, J.r. KingAbstract:Within Aspen–Boreal ecosystems, little information exists on functional response of Wapiti foraging on improved pastures. We compared feeding rates (g/min) of Wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) on predominant bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem. cv. Regar) and pure alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pastures as they were progressively defoliated. In grass-dominated stands, estimated dry matter (DM) and energy intake rates of Wapiti were asymptotically related to available herbage, and superior to pure stands of alfalfa at herbage levels below 2500 kg DM/ha. On pure alfalfa stands, crude protein (CP) intake rates exceeded those on grass-dominated stands when herbage biomass exceeded 1700 kg DM/ha. Intakes of CP (0.5–2 g/min) were similar below this biomass. A third order polynomial described the forage intake for Wapiti in response to the complex structure of alfalfa dominated pastures. The study provides guidelines in terms of forage mixtures and grazing systems for the Wapiti industry. Feeding standards are needed as the high costs of containment of Wapiti have led to rather intensive pasture use.
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Foraging rates of Wapiti on alfalfa/bromegrass pastures
Small Ruminant Research, 2009Co-Authors: R.l. Arthur, Robert J. Hudson, N.t. Donkor, J.r. KingAbstract:Within Aspen–Boreal ecosystems, little information exists on functional response of Wapiti foraging on improved pastures. We compared feeding rates (g/min) of Wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) on predominant bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem. cv. Regar) and pure alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pastures as they were progressively defoliated. In grass-dominated stands, estimated dry matter (DM) and energy intake rates of Wapiti were asymptotically related to available herbage, and superior to pure stands of alfalfa at herbage levels below 2500 kg DM/ha. On pure alfalfa stands, crude protein (CP) intake rates exceeded those on grass-dominated stands when herbage biomass exceeded 1700 kg DM/ha. Intakes of CP (0.5–2 g/min) were similar below this biomass. A third order polynomial described the forage intake for Wapiti in response to the complex structure of alfalfa dominated pastures. The study provides guidelines in terms of forage mixtures and grazing systems for the Wapiti industry. Feeding standards are needed as the high costs of containment of Wapiti have led to rather intensive pasture use.
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Animal-unit equivalence of bison, Wapiti, and mule deer in the aspen parkland of Alberta
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2007Co-Authors: G. W. Kuzyk, Robert J. HudsonAbstract:Animal-unit equivalences needed for joint-stocking calculations of ungulates are rarely studied because of difficulties deriving accurate estimates of forage intake. We used indigestible internal and external markers (double n-alkane ratio) to determine animal-unit equivalence of bison (Bison bison (L., 1758)), Wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis L., 1758), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)) in the aspen parkland of east-central Alberta. We hypothesized that dry matter intake would differ among species in absolute terms (kg·day–1) but not when expressed as percent body mass (%BM) or when related to metabolic mass (g·kg–1·day–1 BM0.75). We administered slow-release n-alkane capsules to 12 bison, 3 Wapiti, and 11 mule deer and released them into separate 3–7 ha paddocks during summer and fall. Intake of dry matter by bison, Wapiti, and mule deer differed significantly among species when expressed as total intake (p = 0.009) and %BM (p = 0.014) but not when related to metabolic mass (p = 0....
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seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive Wapiti hinds cervus elaphus canadensis
Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2000Co-Authors: Jay V Gedir, Robert J. HudsonAbstract:Abstract Captive Wapiti hinds were observed during seven periods between June 1996 and November 1997. We investigated their activity and foraging behaviour on two pastures, heavily and lightly grazed, during four phases of the reproductive cycle (early gestation, late gestation, peak lactation, and late lactation). Within season, differences in forage availability between pastures had little apparent effect on Wapiti feeding behaviour ( p >0.05). However, within each pasture, hinds tended to select locations of higher phytomass than the pasture average. Among seasons, effects of forage availability on feeding behaviour were pronounced. Hinds grazed longest in late lactation (12.8 h/day), when they spent 94% of their active time foraging, whereas during early gestation they foraged fewer hours (8.2 h/day) and less intensively (66% of active time). The longest foraging bouts also occurred in late lactation (100 min) and decreased linearly as the number of bouts per day increased ( R 2 =0.88). The annual peak bite rate (BR) was in late lactation (62 bites/min), whereas the annual nadir occurred in early gestation (37 bites/min). Smallest bite sizes (BS) (mg) were recorded in late gestation (127 mg), and increased linearly with forage availability ( R 2 =0.46), with largest BS occurring during peak lactation (280 mg). This study demonstrated how seasonal modifications in activity and foraging behaviour enabled gestating and lactating Wapiti hinds to satisfy their changing nutritional requirements on seasonal pastures. Knowledge of behavioural compensation in response to nutritional demand and pasture conditions will be useful in designing supplementation program for farmed Wapiti.
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Digestive responses of Wapiti Cervus elaphus canadensis to seasonal forages
Acta Theriologica, 1996Co-Authors: Zhigang Jiang, Robert J. HudsonAbstract:Authors tested the hypothesis that seasonal differences in passage rate and digestibility of native forage in Wapiti Cervus elaphus canadensis Erxleben, 1777 were due to seasonal appetence and digestive adaptation as well as plant phenology and composition. To this end, we compared digestive characteristics of seasonal pasture with those of a standard alfalfa-barley pellet fed to Wapiti hinds throughout the year.
Philip J. Currie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a high latitude dromaeosaurid boreonykus certekorum gen et sp nov theropoda from the upper campanian Wapiti formation west central alberta
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2015Co-Authors: Phil R. Bell, Philip J. CurrieAbstract:ABSTRACTDromaeosaurids were rare components of most Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems and are poorly known from high palaeolatitudes. New dromaeosaurid material, including a frontal and associated postcranial elements, is described from a dense monodominant ceratopsid bonebed on Pipestone Creek, near the city of Grande Prairie (Unit 3, Wapiti Formation, upper Campanian), central-western Alberta, Canada. This stratigraphic interval is significant because it records a period of terrestrial deposition at a time when much of the western interior of Canada and the United States was inundated by the Bearpaw Sea. A phylogenetic analysis recovers Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov., as a derived eudromaeosaur, possibly within Velociraptorinae. The identification of a new dromaeosaurid from the Wapiti Formation simultaneously helps fill an important gap in the record of late Campanian dromaeosaurids, bolsters support for a partly endemic fauna within the Wapiti Formation, and potentially adds to the North...
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A high-latitude dromaeosaurid, Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov. (Theropoda), from the upper Campanian Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta
2015Co-Authors: Phil R. Bell, Philip J. CurrieAbstract:Dromaeosaurids were rare components of most Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems and are poorly known from high palaeolatitudes. New dromaeosaurid material, including a frontal and associated postcranial elements, is described from a dense monodominant ceratopsid bonebed on Pipestone Creek, near the city of Grande Prairie (Unit 3, Wapiti Formation, upper Campanian), central-western Alberta, Canada. This stratigraphic interval is significant because it records a period of terrestrial deposition at a time when much of the western interior of Canada and the United States was inundated by the Bearpaw Sea. A phylogenetic analysis recovers Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov., as a derived eudromaeosaur, possibly within Velociraptorinae. The identification of a new dromaeosaurid from the Wapiti Formation simultaneously helps fill an important gap in the record of late Campanian dromaeosaurids, bolsters support for a partly endemic fauna within the Wapiti Formation, and potentially adds to the North American record of a predominantly Asian Velociraptorinae. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8A64DF33-58C3-4C43-830E-78F725094A13 SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Bell, P. R., and P. J. Currie. 2015. A high-latitude dromaeosaurid, Boreonykus certekorum, gen. et sp. nov. (Theropoda), from the upper Campanian Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1034359.
Federico Fanti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A diverse, high-latitude ichnofauna from the Late Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada
Cretaceous Research, 2013Co-Authors: Federico Fanti, Phil R. Bell, Robin L. SissonsAbstract:Abstract The Wapiti Formation in west-central Alberta preserves one of the most diverse Late Cretaceous terrestrial track records yet identified in Canada. At least seven morphotypes are recognized and attributed to mammals, small reptiles or amphibians, tyrannosaurids, medium-sized theropods, hadrosaurids, and ankylosaurs. Most tracks occur isolated on slump blocks associated with latest Campanian (Wapiti Formation unit 4) exposures found along Pipestone Creek and Red Willow River. With the possible exception of hadrosaurids, tracks provide some of the most compelling evidence for the occurrence of such taxa within the Wapiti Formation ecosystem. The apparent absence of ceratopsian tracks is surprising considering their bones are abundantly preserved in nearby monodominant bonebeds. The overall faunal signal represented by the Wapiti Formation trackmakers is typical of and consistent with other coeval assemblages in similar environments. The Wapiti Formation tracks, combined with the known fossil bone record, provide another data point in a growing palaeobiogeographical picture of the dinosaur faunas of high-latitude northwestern North America during the Late Cretaceous.
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A diverse, high-latitude ichnofauna from the Late Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada
2013Co-Authors: Federico Fanti, P. Bell, Robin L. SissonsAbstract:The Wapiti Formation in west-central Alberta preserves one of the most diverse Late Cretaceous terrestrial track records yet identified in Canada. At least seven morphotypes are recognized and attributed to mammals, small reptiles or amphibians, tyrannosaurids, medium-sized theropods, hadrosaurids, and ankylosaurs. Most tracks occur isolated on slump blocks associated with latest Campanian (Wapiti Formation unit 4) exposures found along Pipestone Creek and Red Willow River. With the possible exception of hadrosaurids, tracks provide some of the most compelling evidence for the occurrence of such taxa within the Wapiti Formation ecosystem. The apparent absence of ceratopsian tracks is surprising considering their bones are abundantly preserved in nearby monodominant bonebeds. The overall faunal signal represented by the Wapiti Formation trackmakers is typical of and consistent with other coeval assemblages in similar environments. The Wapiti Formation tracks, combined with the known fossil bone record, provide another data point in a growing palaeobiogeographical picture of the dinosaur faunas of high-latitude northwestern North America during the Late Cretaceous
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Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta, Canada
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2009Co-Authors: Federico Fanti, Octavian CatuneanuAbstract:The lithostratigraphic interval between the marine Puskwaskau Formation (Smoky Group, Santonian–Campanian) and the fluvial Scollard Formation (early Maastrichtian) in west-central Alberta and easternmost British Columbia (Canada) is represented by the nonmarine deposits of the Wapiti Formation. Its subdivision into regionally mappable stratigraphic units and the correlation of such units with the better known successions of central and southern Alberta are the main goals of this study. We present a detailed stratigraphic revision of the Wapiti Formation in the Grande Prairie region, where the entire succession crops out extensively and intensive oil and gas exploration activity provides excellent subsurface control. This study indicates that the Wapiti Formation consists in five stratigraphic units: their description has been based in particular on facies analysis and well-log signatures. In ascending order, units 1 to 5 record major differences in depositional architecture related to variation in accommo...