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P B Hallsworth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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detection of the luteoviruses beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids caught in sugar beet and oilseed rape crops 1990 1993
Annals of Applied Biology, 1995Co-Authors: M Stevens, H G Smith, P B HallsworthAbstract:Summary The incidence of beet mild yellowing luteovirus (BMYV) and non-beet-infecting strains of beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) in individual winged aphids, caught in yellow Water-Traps, in sugar beet during the spring and early summer, and in oilseed rape plots in the autumn, was monitored using monoclonal antibodies in ELISA tests from 1990 to 1993. Between 0% and 8% of the Myzus persicae trapped in sugar beet each year carried BMYV, whereas 0% to 4% caught in oilseed rape in the autumn contained this virus. In 1990, 6.5% of Macrosiphum euphorbiae trapped in sugar beet contained BMYV, but in subsequent years less than 1% were carrying virus. Much higher proportions (26–67%) of the M. persicae tested from sugar beet contained BWYV, and similar proportions tested from oilseed rape (24–45%) also carried this virus in the autumn. In contrast only 3–19% of the M. euphorbiae caught in sugar beet contained BWYV, and none in oilseed rape. In 1991 and 1992 large numbers of Breuicoryne brassicae were caught in the plot of oilseed rape, of which over 50% contained BWYV; none were carrying BMYV. In transmission studies between 1990 and 1992, 1% and 27% of M. persicae transmitted BMYV and BWYV respectively to indicator plants; subsequent ELISA tests on the same aphids showed that 3% and 33% respectively contained the two viruses. One percent of M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV, but none were found to contain BMYV using ELISA; 15% transmitted BWYV whilst only 5% were found to carry the virus. In 1992 and 1993 the incidence of BMYV-infection in the sugar-beet fields in which aphids had been trapped ranged from 1.2%, in a field which had received granular pesticide (aldicarb) at drilling plus three foliar aphicidal sprays, to 39.5% in a field which had received only one foliar spray. In 1992 in a sugar-beet crop which had received no aphicidal treatments, and where 2.8% of immigrant M. persicae and 2.5% of M. euphorbiae contained BMYV, 11.6% of plants developed BMYV infection. Lowest levels of infection were associated with the use of granular pesticides at drilling. In 1990, 80% of oilseed rape plants in a field plot were infested with a mean of seven wingless M. persicae per plant by mid-December; 37% of these plants were infected with BWYV. The studies show that M. persicae is the principal vector of BWYV, and large proportions of winged M. persicae carry the virus, in contrast to BMYV, which is consistent with the common occurrence of BWYV in brassica crops such as oilseed rape.
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the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids
Annals of Applied Biology, 1991Co-Authors: H G Smith, M Stevens, P B HallsworthAbstract:Summary Information on infectivity of the aphids which invade sugar beet root crops each Spring is required for forecasting incidence and providing advice on control of virus yellows. Monoclonal antibodies, produced in the USA to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and in Canada to beet western yellows virus (BWYV), were used to distinguish between sugar-beet-infecting strains of the luteovirus beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), and the non-beet-infecting strains of the closely-related BWYV in plant and aphid tissue. Totals of 773 immigrant winged Myzuspersicae and 124 Macrosiphum euphorbiae were caught in Water Traps in a crop of sugar beet between 25 April and 5 August 1990. Using the monoclonal antibodies and an amplified ELISA, 67%M. persicae and 19%M. euphorbiae were shown to contain BWYV; 8%M. persicae and 7%M. euphorbiae contained BMYV. In studies with live winged aphids collected from the same sugar beet field during May, 25 of 60 M. persicae and two of 13 M. euphorbiae transmitted BWYV to the indicator host plant Montia perfoliata; two M. persicae and two M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV. In another study three of 65 M. persicae and one of three M. euphorbiae in which only BWYV was detected, transmitted this virus to sugar beet.
H G Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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detection of the luteoviruses beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids caught in sugar beet and oilseed rape crops 1990 1993
Annals of Applied Biology, 1995Co-Authors: M Stevens, H G Smith, P B HallsworthAbstract:Summary The incidence of beet mild yellowing luteovirus (BMYV) and non-beet-infecting strains of beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) in individual winged aphids, caught in yellow Water-Traps, in sugar beet during the spring and early summer, and in oilseed rape plots in the autumn, was monitored using monoclonal antibodies in ELISA tests from 1990 to 1993. Between 0% and 8% of the Myzus persicae trapped in sugar beet each year carried BMYV, whereas 0% to 4% caught in oilseed rape in the autumn contained this virus. In 1990, 6.5% of Macrosiphum euphorbiae trapped in sugar beet contained BMYV, but in subsequent years less than 1% were carrying virus. Much higher proportions (26–67%) of the M. persicae tested from sugar beet contained BWYV, and similar proportions tested from oilseed rape (24–45%) also carried this virus in the autumn. In contrast only 3–19% of the M. euphorbiae caught in sugar beet contained BWYV, and none in oilseed rape. In 1991 and 1992 large numbers of Breuicoryne brassicae were caught in the plot of oilseed rape, of which over 50% contained BWYV; none were carrying BMYV. In transmission studies between 1990 and 1992, 1% and 27% of M. persicae transmitted BMYV and BWYV respectively to indicator plants; subsequent ELISA tests on the same aphids showed that 3% and 33% respectively contained the two viruses. One percent of M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV, but none were found to contain BMYV using ELISA; 15% transmitted BWYV whilst only 5% were found to carry the virus. In 1992 and 1993 the incidence of BMYV-infection in the sugar-beet fields in which aphids had been trapped ranged from 1.2%, in a field which had received granular pesticide (aldicarb) at drilling plus three foliar aphicidal sprays, to 39.5% in a field which had received only one foliar spray. In 1992 in a sugar-beet crop which had received no aphicidal treatments, and where 2.8% of immigrant M. persicae and 2.5% of M. euphorbiae contained BMYV, 11.6% of plants developed BMYV infection. Lowest levels of infection were associated with the use of granular pesticides at drilling. In 1990, 80% of oilseed rape plants in a field plot were infested with a mean of seven wingless M. persicae per plant by mid-December; 37% of these plants were infected with BWYV. The studies show that M. persicae is the principal vector of BWYV, and large proportions of winged M. persicae carry the virus, in contrast to BMYV, which is consistent with the common occurrence of BWYV in brassica crops such as oilseed rape.
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the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids
Annals of Applied Biology, 1991Co-Authors: H G Smith, M Stevens, P B HallsworthAbstract:Summary Information on infectivity of the aphids which invade sugar beet root crops each Spring is required for forecasting incidence and providing advice on control of virus yellows. Monoclonal antibodies, produced in the USA to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and in Canada to beet western yellows virus (BWYV), were used to distinguish between sugar-beet-infecting strains of the luteovirus beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), and the non-beet-infecting strains of the closely-related BWYV in plant and aphid tissue. Totals of 773 immigrant winged Myzuspersicae and 124 Macrosiphum euphorbiae were caught in Water Traps in a crop of sugar beet between 25 April and 5 August 1990. Using the monoclonal antibodies and an amplified ELISA, 67%M. persicae and 19%M. euphorbiae were shown to contain BWYV; 8%M. persicae and 7%M. euphorbiae contained BMYV. In studies with live winged aphids collected from the same sugar beet field during May, 25 of 60 M. persicae and two of 13 M. euphorbiae transmitted BWYV to the indicator host plant Montia perfoliata; two M. persicae and two M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV. In another study three of 65 M. persicae and one of three M. euphorbiae in which only BWYV was detected, transmitted this virus to sugar beet.
M Stevens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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detection of the luteoviruses beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids caught in sugar beet and oilseed rape crops 1990 1993
Annals of Applied Biology, 1995Co-Authors: M Stevens, H G Smith, P B HallsworthAbstract:Summary The incidence of beet mild yellowing luteovirus (BMYV) and non-beet-infecting strains of beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) in individual winged aphids, caught in yellow Water-Traps, in sugar beet during the spring and early summer, and in oilseed rape plots in the autumn, was monitored using monoclonal antibodies in ELISA tests from 1990 to 1993. Between 0% and 8% of the Myzus persicae trapped in sugar beet each year carried BMYV, whereas 0% to 4% caught in oilseed rape in the autumn contained this virus. In 1990, 6.5% of Macrosiphum euphorbiae trapped in sugar beet contained BMYV, but in subsequent years less than 1% were carrying virus. Much higher proportions (26–67%) of the M. persicae tested from sugar beet contained BWYV, and similar proportions tested from oilseed rape (24–45%) also carried this virus in the autumn. In contrast only 3–19% of the M. euphorbiae caught in sugar beet contained BWYV, and none in oilseed rape. In 1991 and 1992 large numbers of Breuicoryne brassicae were caught in the plot of oilseed rape, of which over 50% contained BWYV; none were carrying BMYV. In transmission studies between 1990 and 1992, 1% and 27% of M. persicae transmitted BMYV and BWYV respectively to indicator plants; subsequent ELISA tests on the same aphids showed that 3% and 33% respectively contained the two viruses. One percent of M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV, but none were found to contain BMYV using ELISA; 15% transmitted BWYV whilst only 5% were found to carry the virus. In 1992 and 1993 the incidence of BMYV-infection in the sugar-beet fields in which aphids had been trapped ranged from 1.2%, in a field which had received granular pesticide (aldicarb) at drilling plus three foliar aphicidal sprays, to 39.5% in a field which had received only one foliar spray. In 1992 in a sugar-beet crop which had received no aphicidal treatments, and where 2.8% of immigrant M. persicae and 2.5% of M. euphorbiae contained BMYV, 11.6% of plants developed BMYV infection. Lowest levels of infection were associated with the use of granular pesticides at drilling. In 1990, 80% of oilseed rape plants in a field plot were infested with a mean of seven wingless M. persicae per plant by mid-December; 37% of these plants were infected with BWYV. The studies show that M. persicae is the principal vector of BWYV, and large proportions of winged M. persicae carry the virus, in contrast to BMYV, which is consistent with the common occurrence of BWYV in brassica crops such as oilseed rape.
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the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids
Annals of Applied Biology, 1991Co-Authors: H G Smith, M Stevens, P B HallsworthAbstract:Summary Information on infectivity of the aphids which invade sugar beet root crops each Spring is required for forecasting incidence and providing advice on control of virus yellows. Monoclonal antibodies, produced in the USA to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and in Canada to beet western yellows virus (BWYV), were used to distinguish between sugar-beet-infecting strains of the luteovirus beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), and the non-beet-infecting strains of the closely-related BWYV in plant and aphid tissue. Totals of 773 immigrant winged Myzuspersicae and 124 Macrosiphum euphorbiae were caught in Water Traps in a crop of sugar beet between 25 April and 5 August 1990. Using the monoclonal antibodies and an amplified ELISA, 67%M. persicae and 19%M. euphorbiae were shown to contain BWYV; 8%M. persicae and 7%M. euphorbiae contained BMYV. In studies with live winged aphids collected from the same sugar beet field during May, 25 of 60 M. persicae and two of 13 M. euphorbiae transmitted BWYV to the indicator host plant Montia perfoliata; two M. persicae and two M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV. In another study three of 65 M. persicae and one of three M. euphorbiae in which only BWYV was detected, transmitted this virus to sugar beet.
Brian D. Wisenden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Field verification of chondroitin sulfate as a putative component of chemical alarm cue in wild populations of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Chemoecology, 2017Co-Authors: Alexai E. Faulkner, Ingrid E. Holstrom, Samantha A. Molitor, Mikaela E. Hanson, Whitney R. Shegrud, Joshua C. Gillen, Samuel J. Willard, Brian D. WisendenAbstract:Chemical characterization of damage-released alarm cues in ostariophysan fishes has lagged far behind the study of the ecological role that these cues play in behavioral decision-making of prey fishes. Chondroitin sulfate has been identified as a putative component of alarm cue based on two laboratory studies of zebrafish, Danio rerio , and the northern studfish, Fundulus catenatus . The fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas , is a model organism in the study of chemically mediated predator–prey interactions, in part because they can be studied in the laboratory and under field conditions. Here, we conducted a field experiment on wild populations of fathead minnows, to test for area avoidance of chondroitin sulfate relative to conspecific skin extract (containing alarm cues = positive control) or Water (negative control). We repeated the experiment in two small lakes in central Minnesota using minnow Traps containing blocks of sponge with one of the three test cues. We found that fathead minnows avoided Traps chemically labeled with conspecific alarm cue more than control Traps labeled with Water, and that the number of minnows caught in Traps labeled with chondroitin sulfate was intermediate between alarm cue Traps and Water Traps. These data are consistent with laboratory findings that chondroitin sulfate is a component of alarm cue, but that other species-specific compounds are needed for a full behavioral response.
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active space of chemical alarm cue in natural fish populations
Behaviour, 2008Co-Authors: Brian D. WisendenAbstract:Summary Chemical cues released from injured fish skin during a predator attack provide reliable information about the presence of predation risk. Here, I report estimates of the area avoided by littoral fishes after experimental release of chemical alarm cues in two small lakes in northern Minnesota. Minnow Traps were labeled chemically with either Water (control) or skin extract (chemical alarm cue) made from 2 cm2 of cyprinid skin (redbelly dace in experiment 1, fathead minnows in experiment 2). Traps labeled with Water were placed 1, 2, or 8 m from Traps labeled with alarm cue. After 2 h, Water-Traps that were either 1 or 2 m distant from an alarm-trap caught significantly fewer fish than Water-Traps 8 m distant from alarm-Traps. Conspecific and heterospecific skin extract produced similar area avoidance by fathead minnows. Redbelly dace showed a larger active space in response to conspecific than heterospecific alarm cues. Brook stickleback showed reduced catches within 2 m of skin extract of fathead minnows. Overall, the radius of active space was between 2 and 8 m under lake conditions with average subsurface currents of 0.82 cm/s. These data are the first field estimates of active space of ostariophysan chemical alarm cues.
Veslei Da Rosa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estudos sobre os anfibio vectores do virus do nanismo amarelo da cevada, em especial de Acyrthosiphon dirhodum, em trigo, no Sul do Brasil
[s.n.], 2018Co-Authors: Veslei Da RosaAbstract:Orientador: A. S. CostaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Testes de transmissão mostraram que sete espécies de afídios podem atuar como vectoras do VNAC nos trigais do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina: Acyr-thosiphon dirhodum, Macrosiphum avenae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, R. rufiabdorinalis, Schizaphis graminum e Sipha flava. Aphis gossvpii, Hysteroneura setariae e Myzus persicae foram encontradas esporadicamente em trigo, mas o comportamento delas como vectoras não foi estabelecido, Asiphonella dactylonii e Geoica sp. foram encontradas em gramíneas hospedeiras do VNAC, mas também não foi ainda estabelecido se são ou não vectoras do vírus. Observações feitas em tribais e exame de amostras de alados migrantes coletadas em armadilhas amarelas de água mostraram que das sete espécies vectoras, Rhopalosiphum maidis e Sipha flava foram de importância mínima; das cinco restantes, Acyrthosiphon dirhodum superou em importância como vectora e como praga na cultura do trigo todas as demais juntas. Acyrthosiphon dirhodum foi coletada em maior número nas armadilhas de água pintadas de amarelo do que nas de verde-amarelo, laranja-amarelo, laranja, vermelho, preto, verde grama, alumínio, azul celeste e branco neve. A coleta em armadilha colocada sobre o solo sem vegetação foi maior e diminuiu à medida que se aumentou a altura da armadilha em relação ao solo. A coleta da espécie foi maior no período de 7:30-10:30 do que de 16:30-18:30, mas nos dois casos superior à feita em outros períodos do dia. Observações de campo e testes de colonização em insetário mostraram que Acyrthosiphon dirhodum foi capaz da colonizar gramíneas cultivadas e espontâneas das seguintes espécies: Avena sativa, A. sterilis, A. strigosa, Chloris gayana, Dactulis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. rubra, Hordeum vulgares, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, Paspalum notatum, Phalaris canariensis, P. tubernacea, P. tuberosa, Poa annua, P.pratensis, Secale cereale, Setaria sphacelata, Triticales, Triticum aestivum e T. duvum. Levantamentos feitas em culturas e coletas de Acyrthosiphon dirhodum em armadilhas distribuídas em 13 zonas do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina mostraram que durante o período de 1967 a 1972, as populações desta espécie principiaram a atingir níveis populacionais significativos na primeira quinzena de agosto, formando infestações maiores na segunda metade do inverno e primeira da primavera. Excetuou-se a zona de Chapecó onde níveis populacionais significativos já foram atingidos durante o mês de julho. Testes e observações efetuadas indicaram que os alados migrantes de Acyrthosiphon dirhodum foram muito importantes na disseminação do VNAC de fora para dentro nas culturas de trigo; alados que voam a pequena distância, ápteros adultos e ninfas nos últimos estágios que também podem ser dispersos pelo ar auxiliam a disseminação dentro da plantação, sendo também de importância aquela efetuada por insetos que caem ao solo e migram por caminhamento para plantas sadias das proximidades. Dados de dois experimentos efetuados mostraram que ápteros dispersos por caminhamento podem infetar plantas localizadas a 1,7m da fonte do vírus. Observações feitas em coleções de mais de 900 variedades de trigo e em culturas de mais de 30 variedades comerciais mostraram que apenas a IAS 51, IAS 54, IAS 59 e Nobre (S 31) apresentaram comparativamente menores infestações de Acyrthosiphon dirhodum. Essa fato é considerado como uma indicação de que possuem certa resistência em campo à colonização por assa espécie de afídio. Experimentos em que se aplicou um inseticida granulado sistêmico na ocasião da semeadura e a intervalos durante o ciclo da cultura de trigo, mostraram resposta positiva, aumentando a produção de grãos dos lotes tratados. O aumento variou de 30% nas culturas precoces e 43% nas semeadas na época normal, alcançando 750% para o trigo semeado tardiamente. Os resultados experimentais foram confirmados por numerosas observações feitas em lavouras tratadas e não tratadas, nas quais a aplicação de inseticidas com efeito residual prolongado provocou resposta satisfatória na produção de grãos. Calculou-se que os prejuízos causados pelos afídios nos trigais sulinos foram superiores a 20% da produção de grãos do 1967 a 1972, o que representa mais de 1.400.000 t, com um valor superior a Cr$ ......700.000.000 , 00 (setecentos milhões de cruzeiros). Para evitar que os afídios causem prejuízos maiores nos cultivos de trigo é recomendável a aplicação de aficidas de efeito residual prolongado. As aplicações devem ser feitas quando a observação indicar que 10 a 15% das plantas estão com início de colonização por esses insetos, o que geralmente ocorre a partir da primeira quinzena de agosto para a maioria das zonas do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina; para a zona de Chapecó isso pode dar-se com antecedência de um mês em relação às outras zonas. Reaplicações dos aficidas devem ser feitas sempre que o efeito residual da preparação estiver prestes a terminar. Ela deverá ser feita assim que forem observadas umas poucas colônias de ninfas do primeiro estágio, sobre as plantas inspecionadasAbstract: Twelve aphid species were encountered on small grains and grass plants in southern Brazil (states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina). Seven species, Acyrthosiphon dirhodum, Macrosiphum avenae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, R. rufiabdominalis, Schizaphis graminum and Sipha flava transmitted the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). A. dirhodum, as a vector of BYDV in wheat, aquals in importance all the other species togethe. Winged migrants of Acyrthosiphon dirhodum were collected in greater numbers in yellow Water Traps than in Traps painted with nine other different colors. Yellow Traps placed on the soil surface collected more than when placed higher, the number of insects decreasing as the trap distance from the soil increased. Migrants were collected in higher numbers from 7:30 to 10:30 and from 16:30 to 18:30 than in other periods of the day. Field observations and tests carried out in insectaries indicated that Acyrthosiphon dirhodum breeds on the following species: Avena sativa, A. sterilis, A. strigosas, Chloris gayana, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. rubra, Hordeum vulgare, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, Paspalum notatum, Phalaris canariensis, P. Tubernacea, P. tuberosa, Poa annua, P. pratensis, Secale cereale, Setaria snhaeelata, Tritioale, F&itieum aestivum and T. durum. Field surveys carried out from 1967 to 1972 and winged aphid col lections Cyellow watsr Traps) from 13 localities in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina made in 1971 and 1972 indicated that Acyrthosiphon dirhodum first appeared in significant numbers in wheat plantings early in August and attained peak populational levels in the months of September and October. Viruliferous winged migrants of Acyrthosiphon dirhodum are responsible for the initial introduction of the BYDV into the wheat plantings, winged or .vjtarous adult females or nymphs can be dispersed by air or crawl to short distances, spreading the disease within the crop. Experimental data showed that crawling nymphs can spread BYDV to plants located at 1.7m from the virus source. Field observations carried out in wheat plantings or collections, involving more than BOO different types, indicated that only IAS 51, IAS 54, IAS 59 and Nobre (531) showed a certain degree of resistance to infestation by Acvrthosiphon dirhodum. Experiments with wheat gave a positive response to the application of a granulated systemic insecticide at sowing time and later, at intervals, during the vegetative cycle of the plant. Yield increases due to aphid control were 30% for the plots planted early; 43% for plots sown during the period usually recommended for wheat, and reached 750% for wheat planted late, although the yields in this case were comparatively low. Experimental results were confirmed by field observations comparing the yields of wheat plantings in which aphid control had been made with those of untreated plantings, which indicated a satisfactory response from the treatment. Losses induced by aphid infestation alone, in wheat plantings in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, were conservatively estimated in more than 1,400 ,000 t for the period 1967 through 1972. This represents a loss of at least U.S. $ 100,000,000. Although BYHV cannot be prevented by application of insecticides, the control of aphids to reduce the losses that these insects induce as pests is recommended. It is preferable to apply insecticides with long residual effects and the treatment be starded when initial aphid infestation is present in 10 to 15% of plants in samples examined. This usually occurs in the first part of August for the wheat belt in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarana, but might be somewhat earlier for the Chapeco area. Renewed applications of the insecticides have to be made as soon as a few small colonies of first instar nymphs are noticed in the plantingsDoutoradoDoutor em Ciências Biológica
