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Jorma Jokiniemi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emissions of Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds from Residential Heating: A Comparison of Brown Coal Briquettes and LogWood Combustion
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2021Co-Authors: Patrick Martens, Jarkko Tissari, Olli Sippula, Jorma Jokiniemi, Hendryk Czech, Mika Ihalainen, Heikki Suhonen, Martin Sklorz, Ralf ZimmermannAbstract:Coal continues to be a major source of energy for residential heating in some parts of the world due to its low price and good availability. However, only little information on emissions for coal combustion in small-scale appliances, in particular manually-operated stoves, is available. This study investigates the emissions of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from brown coal briquettes (BCBs) burned in a typical Central European Wood stove and compares them to emissions from spruce Wood Logs. Special emphasis was placed on the evolution of emissions over consecutive batches. In comparison to Wood, BCBs made from Lusatian lignite showed higher emissions of compounds that were attributed to the decomposition of lignin, while emissions that were attributed to having originated from pyrosynthesis did not show significant differences between both fuels. Furthermore, a 20-fold higher emission factor for SO2 was obtained from BCB combustion, which is known for its deleterious effect. In addition to a reduction in the carbon footprint, replacing BCBs with logWood as a fuel for residential heating might be beneficial for human health due to vast differences in SO2 emissions, whereas a potential effect from the reduction of organic emissions is questionable due to the rather small differences in organic emissions
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differences between co cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log Wood and pellet combustion
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Stefanie Kasurinen, Jarkko Tissari, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jurgen Orasche, Ralf Zimmermann, Mikko S Happo, Teemu J Ronkko, Miika Kortelainen, Maijariitta Hirvonen, Pasi I JalavaAbstract:Background In vitro studies with monocultures of human alveolar cells shed deeper knowledge on the cellular mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) causes toxicity, but cannot account for mitigating or aggravating effects of cell-cell interactions on PM toxicity. Methods We assessed inflammation, oxidative stress as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by PM from the combustion of different types of Wood Logs and softWood pellets in three cell culture setups: two monocultures of either human macrophage-like cells or human alveolar epithelial cells, and a co-culture of these two cell lines. The adverse effects of the PM samples were compared between these setups. Results We detected clear differences in the endpoints between the mono- and co-cultures. Inflammatory responses were more diverse in the macrophage monoculture and the co-culture compared to the epithelial cells where only an increase of IL-8 was detected. The production of reactive oxygen species was the highest in epithelial cells and macrophages seemed to have protective effects against oxidative stress from the PM samples. With no metabolically active cells at the highest doses, the cytotoxic effects of the PM samples from the Wood log combustion were far more pronounced in the macrophages and the co-culture than in the epithelial cells. All samples caused DNA damage in macrophages, whereas only beech and spruce log combustion samples caused DNA damage in epithelial cells. The organic content of the samples was mainly associated with cytotoxicity and DNA damage, while the metal content of the samples correlated with the induction of inflammatory responses. Conclusions All of the tested PM samples induce adverse effects and the chemical composition of the samples determines which pathway of toxicity is induced. In vitro testing of the toxicity of combustion-derived PM in monocultures of one cell line, however, is inadequate to account for all the possible pathways of toxicity.
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effects of a catalytic converter on pcdd f chlorophenol and pah emissions in residential Wood combustion
Chemosphere, 2012Co-Authors: T Kaivosoja, A Viren, Jarkko Tissari, J Ruuskanen, J Tarhanen, Olli Sippula, Jorma JokiniemiAbstract:Abstract Catalytic converters can be used to decrease carbon monoxide, organic compounds and soot from small-scale Wood-fired appliances. The reduction is based on the oxidation of gaseous and particulate pollutants promoted by catalytic transition metal surfaces. However, many transition metals have also strong catalytic effect on PCDD/F formation. In this study birch Logs were burned in a Wood-fired stove (18 kW) with and without a catalytic converter with palladium and platinum as catalysts. PCDD/F, chlorophenol and PAH concentrations were analyzed from three phases of combustion (ignition, pyrolysis and burnout) and from the whole combustion cycle. PCDD/F emissions without the catalytic converter were at a level previously measured for Wood combustion (0.15–0.74 ng Nm −3 ). PAH emissions without the catalytic converter were high (47–85 mg Nm −3 ) which is typical for batch combustion of Wood Logs. Total PAH concentrations were lower (on average 0.8-fold), and chlorophenol and PCDD/F levels were substantially higher (4.3-fold and 8.7-fold, respectively) when the catalytic converter was used. Increase in the chlorophenol and PCDD/F concentrations was most likely due to the catalytic effect of the platinum and palladium. Platinum and palladium may catalyze chlorination of PCDD/Fs via the Deacon reaction or an oxidation process. The influence of emissions from Wood combustion to human health and the environment is a sum of effects caused by different compounds formed in the combustion. Therefore, the usage of platinum and palladium based catalytic converters to reduce emissions from residential Wood combustion should be critically evaluated before wide-range utilization of the technology.
Ralf Zimmermann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emissions of Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds from Residential Heating: A Comparison of Brown Coal Briquettes and LogWood Combustion
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2021Co-Authors: Patrick Martens, Jarkko Tissari, Olli Sippula, Jorma Jokiniemi, Hendryk Czech, Mika Ihalainen, Heikki Suhonen, Martin Sklorz, Ralf ZimmermannAbstract:Coal continues to be a major source of energy for residential heating in some parts of the world due to its low price and good availability. However, only little information on emissions for coal combustion in small-scale appliances, in particular manually-operated stoves, is available. This study investigates the emissions of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from brown coal briquettes (BCBs) burned in a typical Central European Wood stove and compares them to emissions from spruce Wood Logs. Special emphasis was placed on the evolution of emissions over consecutive batches. In comparison to Wood, BCBs made from Lusatian lignite showed higher emissions of compounds that were attributed to the decomposition of lignin, while emissions that were attributed to having originated from pyrosynthesis did not show significant differences between both fuels. Furthermore, a 20-fold higher emission factor for SO2 was obtained from BCB combustion, which is known for its deleterious effect. In addition to a reduction in the carbon footprint, replacing BCBs with logWood as a fuel for residential heating might be beneficial for human health due to vast differences in SO2 emissions, whereas a potential effect from the reduction of organic emissions is questionable due to the rather small differences in organic emissions
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differences between co cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log Wood and pellet combustion
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Stefanie Kasurinen, Jarkko Tissari, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jurgen Orasche, Ralf Zimmermann, Mikko S Happo, Teemu J Ronkko, Miika Kortelainen, Maijariitta Hirvonen, Pasi I JalavaAbstract:Background In vitro studies with monocultures of human alveolar cells shed deeper knowledge on the cellular mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) causes toxicity, but cannot account for mitigating or aggravating effects of cell-cell interactions on PM toxicity. Methods We assessed inflammation, oxidative stress as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by PM from the combustion of different types of Wood Logs and softWood pellets in three cell culture setups: two monocultures of either human macrophage-like cells or human alveolar epithelial cells, and a co-culture of these two cell lines. The adverse effects of the PM samples were compared between these setups. Results We detected clear differences in the endpoints between the mono- and co-cultures. Inflammatory responses were more diverse in the macrophage monoculture and the co-culture compared to the epithelial cells where only an increase of IL-8 was detected. The production of reactive oxygen species was the highest in epithelial cells and macrophages seemed to have protective effects against oxidative stress from the PM samples. With no metabolically active cells at the highest doses, the cytotoxic effects of the PM samples from the Wood log combustion were far more pronounced in the macrophages and the co-culture than in the epithelial cells. All samples caused DNA damage in macrophages, whereas only beech and spruce log combustion samples caused DNA damage in epithelial cells. The organic content of the samples was mainly associated with cytotoxicity and DNA damage, while the metal content of the samples correlated with the induction of inflammatory responses. Conclusions All of the tested PM samples induce adverse effects and the chemical composition of the samples determines which pathway of toxicity is induced. In vitro testing of the toxicity of combustion-derived PM in monocultures of one cell line, however, is inadequate to account for all the possible pathways of toxicity.
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comparison of emissions from Wood combustion part 2 impact of combustion conditions on emission factors and characteristics of particle bound organic species and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pah related toxicological potential
Energy & Fuels, 2013Co-Authors: Jurgen Orasche, Jurgen Schnellekreis, Claudia Schon, Hans Hartmann, Hans Ruppert, Jose M Arteagasalas, Ralf ZimmermannAbstract:The impact of combustion conditions on emission factors and characteristics of log Wood combustion was investigated. Two different kinds of log Woods (spruce and beech) and one kind of briquette (spruce sawdust) were used to study differences in emission behavior depending upon the Wood type. Beech Wood was used to examine additionally the impact of different moisture contents and maloperation on emissions of fine particulate matter (PM). Therefore, Wood Logs with three different levels of moisture content were used. Maloperation was simulated by an overload scenario and an air deficiency scenario. Toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values were calculated for the different combustion conditions. It was found that PM mass varies only by a factor of 8 at a maximum, whereas TEQ values can vary more than a factor of 80 (regular beech Wood combustion, 6 μg MJ–1; beech Wood combustion in an overloaded combustion chamber, 500 μg MJ–1). In particular, Wood with a higher moisture content (19%) released high amounts of inte...
Jarkko Tissari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emissions of Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds from Residential Heating: A Comparison of Brown Coal Briquettes and LogWood Combustion
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2021Co-Authors: Patrick Martens, Jarkko Tissari, Olli Sippula, Jorma Jokiniemi, Hendryk Czech, Mika Ihalainen, Heikki Suhonen, Martin Sklorz, Ralf ZimmermannAbstract:Coal continues to be a major source of energy for residential heating in some parts of the world due to its low price and good availability. However, only little information on emissions for coal combustion in small-scale appliances, in particular manually-operated stoves, is available. This study investigates the emissions of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from brown coal briquettes (BCBs) burned in a typical Central European Wood stove and compares them to emissions from spruce Wood Logs. Special emphasis was placed on the evolution of emissions over consecutive batches. In comparison to Wood, BCBs made from Lusatian lignite showed higher emissions of compounds that were attributed to the decomposition of lignin, while emissions that were attributed to having originated from pyrosynthesis did not show significant differences between both fuels. Furthermore, a 20-fold higher emission factor for SO2 was obtained from BCB combustion, which is known for its deleterious effect. In addition to a reduction in the carbon footprint, replacing BCBs with logWood as a fuel for residential heating might be beneficial for human health due to vast differences in SO2 emissions, whereas a potential effect from the reduction of organic emissions is questionable due to the rather small differences in organic emissions
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differences between co cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log Wood and pellet combustion
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Stefanie Kasurinen, Jarkko Tissari, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jurgen Orasche, Ralf Zimmermann, Mikko S Happo, Teemu J Ronkko, Miika Kortelainen, Maijariitta Hirvonen, Pasi I JalavaAbstract:Background In vitro studies with monocultures of human alveolar cells shed deeper knowledge on the cellular mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) causes toxicity, but cannot account for mitigating or aggravating effects of cell-cell interactions on PM toxicity. Methods We assessed inflammation, oxidative stress as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by PM from the combustion of different types of Wood Logs and softWood pellets in three cell culture setups: two monocultures of either human macrophage-like cells or human alveolar epithelial cells, and a co-culture of these two cell lines. The adverse effects of the PM samples were compared between these setups. Results We detected clear differences in the endpoints between the mono- and co-cultures. Inflammatory responses were more diverse in the macrophage monoculture and the co-culture compared to the epithelial cells where only an increase of IL-8 was detected. The production of reactive oxygen species was the highest in epithelial cells and macrophages seemed to have protective effects against oxidative stress from the PM samples. With no metabolically active cells at the highest doses, the cytotoxic effects of the PM samples from the Wood log combustion were far more pronounced in the macrophages and the co-culture than in the epithelial cells. All samples caused DNA damage in macrophages, whereas only beech and spruce log combustion samples caused DNA damage in epithelial cells. The organic content of the samples was mainly associated with cytotoxicity and DNA damage, while the metal content of the samples correlated with the induction of inflammatory responses. Conclusions All of the tested PM samples induce adverse effects and the chemical composition of the samples determines which pathway of toxicity is induced. In vitro testing of the toxicity of combustion-derived PM in monocultures of one cell line, however, is inadequate to account for all the possible pathways of toxicity.
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effects of a catalytic converter on pcdd f chlorophenol and pah emissions in residential Wood combustion
Chemosphere, 2012Co-Authors: T Kaivosoja, A Viren, Jarkko Tissari, J Ruuskanen, J Tarhanen, Olli Sippula, Jorma JokiniemiAbstract:Abstract Catalytic converters can be used to decrease carbon monoxide, organic compounds and soot from small-scale Wood-fired appliances. The reduction is based on the oxidation of gaseous and particulate pollutants promoted by catalytic transition metal surfaces. However, many transition metals have also strong catalytic effect on PCDD/F formation. In this study birch Logs were burned in a Wood-fired stove (18 kW) with and without a catalytic converter with palladium and platinum as catalysts. PCDD/F, chlorophenol and PAH concentrations were analyzed from three phases of combustion (ignition, pyrolysis and burnout) and from the whole combustion cycle. PCDD/F emissions without the catalytic converter were at a level previously measured for Wood combustion (0.15–0.74 ng Nm −3 ). PAH emissions without the catalytic converter were high (47–85 mg Nm −3 ) which is typical for batch combustion of Wood Logs. Total PAH concentrations were lower (on average 0.8-fold), and chlorophenol and PCDD/F levels were substantially higher (4.3-fold and 8.7-fold, respectively) when the catalytic converter was used. Increase in the chlorophenol and PCDD/F concentrations was most likely due to the catalytic effect of the platinum and palladium. Platinum and palladium may catalyze chlorination of PCDD/Fs via the Deacon reaction or an oxidation process. The influence of emissions from Wood combustion to human health and the environment is a sum of effects caused by different compounds formed in the combustion. Therefore, the usage of platinum and palladium based catalytic converters to reduce emissions from residential Wood combustion should be critically evaluated before wide-range utilization of the technology.
Jurgen Orasche - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differences between co cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log Wood and pellet combustion
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Stefanie Kasurinen, Jarkko Tissari, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jurgen Orasche, Ralf Zimmermann, Mikko S Happo, Teemu J Ronkko, Miika Kortelainen, Maijariitta Hirvonen, Pasi I JalavaAbstract:Background In vitro studies with monocultures of human alveolar cells shed deeper knowledge on the cellular mechanisms by which particulate matter (PM) causes toxicity, but cannot account for mitigating or aggravating effects of cell-cell interactions on PM toxicity. Methods We assessed inflammation, oxidative stress as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by PM from the combustion of different types of Wood Logs and softWood pellets in three cell culture setups: two monocultures of either human macrophage-like cells or human alveolar epithelial cells, and a co-culture of these two cell lines. The adverse effects of the PM samples were compared between these setups. Results We detected clear differences in the endpoints between the mono- and co-cultures. Inflammatory responses were more diverse in the macrophage monoculture and the co-culture compared to the epithelial cells where only an increase of IL-8 was detected. The production of reactive oxygen species was the highest in epithelial cells and macrophages seemed to have protective effects against oxidative stress from the PM samples. With no metabolically active cells at the highest doses, the cytotoxic effects of the PM samples from the Wood log combustion were far more pronounced in the macrophages and the co-culture than in the epithelial cells. All samples caused DNA damage in macrophages, whereas only beech and spruce log combustion samples caused DNA damage in epithelial cells. The organic content of the samples was mainly associated with cytotoxicity and DNA damage, while the metal content of the samples correlated with the induction of inflammatory responses. Conclusions All of the tested PM samples induce adverse effects and the chemical composition of the samples determines which pathway of toxicity is induced. In vitro testing of the toxicity of combustion-derived PM in monocultures of one cell line, however, is inadequate to account for all the possible pathways of toxicity.
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comparison of emissions from Wood combustion part 2 impact of combustion conditions on emission factors and characteristics of particle bound organic species and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pah related toxicological potential
Energy & Fuels, 2013Co-Authors: Jurgen Orasche, Jurgen Schnellekreis, Claudia Schon, Hans Hartmann, Hans Ruppert, Jose M Arteagasalas, Ralf ZimmermannAbstract:The impact of combustion conditions on emission factors and characteristics of log Wood combustion was investigated. Two different kinds of log Woods (spruce and beech) and one kind of briquette (spruce sawdust) were used to study differences in emission behavior depending upon the Wood type. Beech Wood was used to examine additionally the impact of different moisture contents and maloperation on emissions of fine particulate matter (PM). Therefore, Wood Logs with three different levels of moisture content were used. Maloperation was simulated by an overload scenario and an air deficiency scenario. Toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values were calculated for the different combustion conditions. It was found that PM mass varies only by a factor of 8 at a maximum, whereas TEQ values can vary more than a factor of 80 (regular beech Wood combustion, 6 μg MJ–1; beech Wood combustion in an overloaded combustion chamber, 500 μg MJ–1). In particular, Wood with a higher moisture content (19%) released high amounts of inte...
Rocha, Cinthia Dias - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efeito da vaporização na madeira de Eucalyptus grandis sobre as suas propriedades químicas e resistência natural a fungos e cupins
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011Co-Authors: Rocha, Cinthia DiasAbstract:A madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden submetida ao tratamento de vaporização apresenta maior qualidade na indústria de serrados e otimização durante o processo de secagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar o efeito da vaporização em toras e em madeira serrada nas propriedades químicas e na resistência natural a fungo e cupins da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis. Para isso, foram empregados quatro tratamentos: material controle, madeira vaporizada em toras (vapor saturado, 20 horas à 90°C), madeira pré-vaporizada em tábuas (1 hora de aquecimento inicial seguida de 3 horas de vapor saturado a 90ºC) e material submetido às duas vaporizações, ou seja, tábuas pré-vaporizadas obtidas de toras vaporizadas. Para caracterização química foram utilizadas as normas TAPPI (1999); para determinar a resistência natural a fungo foram utilizados os procedimentos das normas ASTM D-1413 (1994) e ASTM D-2017 (1994) e, para cupim, a metodologia desenvolvida pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (1980). Os resultados mostraram que: (1) a vaporização promoveu algumas modificações não estatisticamente significativas na composição química da madeira, como: acréscimos de até 5,07% do teor de solubilidade em NaOH 1%, decréscimos de até 21,80% no teor de solubilidade em água quente, acréscimos no teor de extrativos totais para madeira vaporizada em tora e aquela pré-vaporizada em tábuas na ordem de 4,80% e 9,50%, respectivamente, enquanto a madeira submetida à vaporização conjunta (vaporizada/pré-vaporizada) apresentou decréscimo de 7,10%; aumento de até 6,77% no teor de lignina Klason, e redução de até 4,75% no teor de hemiceluloses. Outras modificações, no entanto, foram significativas, como: redução de 3,10% no teor de holocelulose e de 5,06% no teor de celulose...The steamed Wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden has a better quality to the sawn industry and optimizes the drying process The aim objective of this work was evaluate the effect of vaporization in Logs and lumber on chemical properties and Eucalyptus grandis´s natural resistance to dry Wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis) and to the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus. For this, four treatments were used: control material, steamed Wood Logs (saturated steam, 20 hours at 90 ° C), pre-steamed Wood on tables (1 hour initial warm-up followed by 3 hours of saturated steam at 90 º C) and materials that were submitted to two sprays, i.e., pre-steamed boards obtained from vaporized Logs. For the chemical characterization was used TAPPI (1999), to determine the natural resistance to fungus were used procedures of ASTM D-1413 (1994) and ASTM D-2017 (1994) standards and, for termites, the methodology developed by the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (1980). Results showed that: (1) vaporization promoted no significant modifications in the chemical composition of Wood, such as additions of 5.07% in the level of solubility in NaOH 1%, solubility decrease of 21.80% in the level of solubility in hot water, increases in the total extractive content for the log Wood and pre-vaporized boards in the order of 4.80% and 9.50% respectively, while the vaporized Wood/pre-vaporized on boards showed a decrease of 7.10%; increase of 6.77% in Klason lignin content and reduction of 4.75% in the content of hemicelluloses. Other modifications, however, were significant, as reduction of 3.10% in the holocellulose content and 5.06% in cellulose content, (2) there was also no significant effect on the susceptibility of Wood when vaporized and exposed to the white-rot fungus, Pycnoporus sanguineus. The steamed Wood... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP
