The Experts below are selected from a list of 204 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jason J S Barton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Representation of visual symbols in the visual Word Processing network
Neuropsychologia, 2015Co-Authors: Taim Muayqil, Jodie Davies-thompson, Jason J S BartonAbstract:Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that Word Processing involves a predominantly left-sided occipitotemporal network. Words are a form of symbolic representation, in that they are arbitrary perceptual stimuli that represent other objects, actions or concepts. Lesions of parts of the visual Word Processing network can cause alexia, which can be associated with difficulty Processing other types of symbols such as musical notation or road signs. Objective We investigated whether components of the visual Word Processing network were also activated by other types of symbols. Method In 16 music-literate subjects, we defined the visual Word network using fMRI and examined responses to four symbolic categories: visual Words, musical notation, instructive symbols (e.g. traffic signs), and flags and logos. For each category we compared responses not only to scrambled stimuli, but also to similar stimuli that lacked symbolic meaning. Results The left visual Word form area and a homologous right fusiform region responded similarly to all four categories, but equally to both symbolic and non-symbolic equivalents. Greater response to symbolic than non-symbolic stimuli occurred only in the left inferior frontal and middle temporal gyri, but only for Words, and in the case of the left inferior frontal gyri, also for musical notation. A whole-brain analysis comparing symbolic versus non-symbolic stimuli revealed a distributed network of inferior temporooccipital and parietal regions that differed for different symbols. Conclusion The fusiform gyri are involved in Processing the form of many symbolic stimuli, but not specifically for stimuli with symbolic content. Selectivity for stimuli with symbolic content only emerges in the visual Word network at the level of the middle temporal and inferior frontal gyri, but is specific for Words and musical notation.
Alan J. Parkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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errorless learning and the acquisition of Word Processing skills
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1998Co-Authors: Nicola M Hunkin, Frances Aldrich, Ella J Squires, Alan J. ParkinAbstract:Word Processing and other computer-based tasks represent an important dimension to rehabilitation because of the increasing prevalence of computers in both recreation and employment. This study describes an investigation into the use of errorless learning (EL) as a means of teaching basic Word Processing skills to a memory-impaired individual. The protocol we used incorporated established EL methods together with spaced repetition. The basic training was carried out using a simplified version of a commercially available Word Processing package. The package was menu-driven and therefore encouraged the use of recognition memory rather than explicit recall of commands. The task of Word Processing was broken down into a hierarchy of subskills. An incremental learning procedure was applied in which the subject was taught one set of subskills and given plenty of practice, before the next set was introduced in parallel. The participant was trained to follow a set procedure, for example, to open and edit an exist...
Steve Graham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Word Processing programs and weaker writers/readers: a meta-analysis of research findings
Reading and Writing, 2012Co-Authors: Paul Morphy, Steve GrahamAbstract:Since its advent Word Processing has become a common writing tool, providing potential advantages over writing by hand. Word processors permit easy revision, produce legible characters quickly, and may provide additional supports (e.g., spellcheckers, speech recognition). Such advantages should remedy common difficulties among weaker writers/readers in grades 1–12. Based on 27 studies with weaker writers, 20 of which were not considered in prior reviews, findings from this meta-analysis support this proposition. From 77 independent effects, the following average effects were greater than zero: writing quality ( d = 0.52), length ( d = 0.48), development/organization of text ( d = 0.66), mechanical correctness ( d = 0.61), motivation to write ( d = 1.42), and preferring Word Processing over writing by hand ( d = 0.64). Especially powerful writing quality effects were associated with Word Processing programs that provided text quality feedback or prompted planning, drafting, or revising ( d = 1.46), although this observation was based on a limited number of studies ( n = 3).
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Word Processing programs and weaker writers readers a meta analysis of research findings
Reading and Writing, 2012Co-Authors: Paul Morphy, Steve GrahamAbstract:Since its advent Word Processing has become a common writing tool, providing potential advantages over writing by hand. Word processors permit easy revision, produce legible characters quickly, and may provide additional supports (e.g., spellcheckers, speech recognition). Such advantages should remedy common difficulties among weaker writers/readers in grades 1–12. Based on 27 studies with weaker writers, 20 of which were not considered in prior reviews, findings from this meta-analysis support this proposition. From 77 independent effects, the following average effects were greater than zero: writing quality (d = 0.52), length (d = 0.48), development/organization of text (d = 0.66), mechanical correctness (d = 0.61), motivation to write (d = 1.42), and preferring Word Processing over writing by hand (d = 0.64). Especially powerful writing quality effects were associated with Word Processing programs that provided text quality feedback or prompted planning, drafting, or revising (d = 1.46), although this observation was based on a limited number of studies (n = 3).
Jim Downing - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Embedding metadata and other semantics in Word Processing documents
International Journal of Digital Curation, 2009Co-Authors: Peter Sefton, Ian Barnes, Ron Ward, Jim DowningAbstract:This paper describes a technique for embedding document metadata, and potentially other semantic references inline in Word Processing documents, which the authors have implemented with the help of a software development team. Several assumptions underly the approach; It must be available across computing platforms and work with both Microsoft Word (because of its user base) and OpenOffice.org (because of its free availability). Further the application needs to be acceptable to and usable by users, so the initial implementation covers only small number of features, which will only be extended after user-testing. Within these constraints the system provides a mechanism for encoding not only simple metadata, but for inferring hierarchical relationships between metadata elements from a ‘flat’ Word Processing file.The paper includes links to open source code implementing the techniques as part of a broader suite of tools for academic writing. This addresses tools and software, semantic web and data curation, integrating curation into research workflows and will provide a platform for integrating work on ontologies, vocabularies and folksonomies into Word Processing tools.
Cornelia Herbert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emotional and semantic networks in visual Word Processing insights from erp studies
Progress in Brain Research, 2006Co-Authors: Johanna Kissler, Ramin Assadollahi, Cornelia HerbertAbstract:Abstract The event-related brain potential (ERP) literature concerning the impact of emotional content on visual Word Processing is reviewed and related to general knowledge on semantics in Word Processing: emotional connotation can enhance cortical responses at all stages of visual Word Processing following the assembly of visual Word form (up to 200 ms), such as semantic access (around 200 ms), allocation of attentional resources (around 300 ms), contextual analysis (around 400 ms), and sustained Processing and memory encoding (around 500 ms). Even earlier effects have occasionally been reported with subliminal or perceptual threshold presentation, particularly in clinical populations. Here, the underlying mechanisms are likely to diverge from the ones operational in standard natural reading. The variability in timing of the effects can be accounted for by dynamically changing lexical representations that can be activated as required by the subjects’ motivational state, the task at hand, and additional contextual factors. Throughout, subcortical structures such as the amygdala are likely to contribute these enhancements. Further research will establish whether or when emotional arousal, valence, or additional emotional properties drive the observed effects and how experimental factors interact with these. Meticulous control of other Word properties known to affect ERPs in visual Word Processing, such as Word class, length, frequency, and concreteness and the use of more standardized EEG procedures is vital. Mapping the interplay between cortical and subcortical mechanisms that give rise to amplified cortical responses to emotional Words will be of highest priority for future research.
