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Wilmar B Schaufeli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the motivational make up of Workaholism and work engagement a longitudinal study on need satisfaction motivation and heavy work investment
Frontiers in Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Toon W Taris, Ilona Van Beek, Wilmar B SchaufeliAbstract:Drawing on Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory, this study examines longitudinally how need satisfaction at work affects four forms of intrinsic and extrinsic work motivation and two types of heavy work investment (Workaholism and work engagement). Using two-wave data from 314 Dutch employees, structural equation modeling supported our expectations that high need satisfaction was longitudinally associated with low levels of external and introjected regulation, and high levels of identified regulation and intrinsic motivation. Interestingly, none of these forms of regulation predicted later levels of work engagement and Workaholism. Rather, high levels of work engagement predicted later high levels of intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, and high levels of Workaholism predicted later low levels of intrinsic motivation and high levels of introjected regulation. Although this study did not support the expected longitudinal effects of motivation on the two types of heavy work investment examined in this study, it (a) underlined the important role of need satisfaction for motivation, (b) challenged previous ideas on the effects of motivation on Workaholism and work engagement, and (c) revealed the different motivational correlates of work engagement and Workaholism.
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are Workaholism and work engagement in the eye of the beholder
European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Greta Mazzetti, Wilmar B Schaufeli, Dina GuglielmiAbstract:Abstract. Virtually all studies on Workaholism and engagement – two forms of heavy work investment – rely on self-part questionnaires. However, the limitations of self-reports are widely acknowledged and in their final sections, papers on Workaholism and engagement typically lament the use of such measures. Investigating data other than respondents’ self-reports, such as peer ratings, may overcome these limitations. Using a sample of 73 dyads composed of focal workers and their colleagues, the present study aimed: (1) to compare focal workers’ and coworkers’ perceptions concerning their levels of work engagement and Workaholism; and (2) to explore the discriminant validity of engagement and Workaholism. A multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix and a correlated trait-correlated method model, the CT-C(M-1) model, were examined. Our results showed a considerable agreement between both raters (i.e., focal workers and coworkers) in levels of engagement and Workaholism. In contrast to previous findings, a signifi...
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heavy work investment personality and organizational climate
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Wilmar B SchaufeliAbstract:Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the relative importance of personality and organizational climate for two forms of heavy work investment; Workaholism, a “bad” and work engagement, which represents a “good” kind of heavy work investment. More specifically, it is hypothesized that Workaholism is positively related to neuroticism (H1) and that work engagement is negatively related to neuroticism and positively to the remaining Big Five personality traits (H2). In addition it is hypothesized that Workaholism is positively related to an overwork climate (H3), whereas work engagement is positively related to an employee growth climate (H4). Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was conducted among a sample of the Dutch workforce (n=1,973) and the research model was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – It appeared that, in accordance to H1 and H2, particularly neuroticism is related to Workaholism, while all personality traits are related to work engagement (predominant...
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individual characteristics influencing physicians perceptions of job demands and control the role of affectivity work engagement and Workaholism
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Greta Mazzetti, Dina Guglielmi, Roberta Biolcati, Caryn Vallesi, Wilmar B SchaufeliAbstract:The first purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of individual characteristics, i.e., positive and negative affectivity, in explaining the different perception of job control and job demands in a particularly demanding environment such as the healthcare setting. In addition, we aimed to explore the mediational role of work engagement and Workaholism using the Job Demands-Resources Model as a theoretical framework. Data were collected using a sample of 269 Italian head physicians working in nine general hospitals. To test our hypotheses, the collected data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Moreover, Sobel Test and bootstrapping were employed to assess the mediating hypotheses. Our results indicated that positive affectivity is related to work engagement, which, in its turn, showed a positive association with job control. In addition, Workaholism mediated the relationship between negative affectivity and job demands. All in all, this study represents a first attempt to explore the role of trait affectivity as a dispositional characteristic able to foster the level of work engagement and Workaholism exhibited by employees and, in turn, to increase the perceived levels of job control and job demands.
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Workaholism vs work engagement the two different predictors of future well being and performance
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Wilmar B Schaufeli, Kimika Kamiyama, Norito KawakamiAbstract:Purpose This study investigated the distinctiveness of two types of heavy work investment (i.e., Workaholism and work engagement) by examining their 2-year longitudinal relationships with employee well-being and job performance. Based on a previous cross-sectional study by Shimazu and Schaufeli (IndHealth47:495–502,2009)andashortertermlongitudinal study by Shimazu et al. (Ind Health 50:316–21, 2012 ;m easurement interval=7 months), we predicted that Workaholism predicts long-term future unwell-being (i.e., high ill-health and low life satisfaction) and poor job performance, whereas work engagement predicts future well-being (i.e., low illhealth and high life satisfaction) and superior job performance. Method A two-wave survey was conducted among employees from one Japanese company, and valid data from 1,196 employees was analyzed using structural equation modeling. T1–T2 changes in ill-health, life satisfaction, and job performance were measured as residual scores, which were included in the structural equation model. Results Workaholism and work engagement were weakly and positively related to each other. In addition, and as expected, Workaholism was related to an increase in ill-health and to a decrease in life satisfaction. In contrast, and also as expected, work engagement was related to increases in both life satisfaction and job performance and to a decrease in ill-health. Conclusion Although Workaholismandworkengagementare weakly positively related, they constitute two different concepts. More specifically, Workaholism has negative consequences across an extended period of 2 years, whereas work engagement has positive consequences in terms of well-being and performance. Hence, Workaholism should be prevented and work engagement should be stimulated.
Akihito Shimazu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Workaholism work engagement and child well being a test of the spillover crossover model
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Arnold B Bakker, Takeo Fujiwara, Masahito Tokita, Kyoko Shimada, Masaya Takahashi, Izumi Watai, Noboru Iwata, Evangelia Demerouti, Norito KawakamiAbstract:This study examines how working parents’ work attitudes (i.e., Workaholism and work engagement) are associated with their child’s psychological well-being. Based on the Spillover-Crossover model (SCM), we hypothesize that (a) work-to-family spillover (i.e., work-to-family conflict and facilitation) and (b) employee happiness will sequentially mediate the relationship between parents’ work attitudes and their child’s emotional and behavioral problems. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Japanese dual-earner couples with pre-school child(ren). On the basis of valid data from 208 families, the hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling. For both fathers and mothers simultaneously, Workaholism was positively related to work-to-family conflict, which, in turn, was negatively related to happiness. In contrast, work engagement was positively related to work-to-family facilitation, which, in turn, was positively related to happiness. Fathers’ and mothers’ happiness, in turn, were negatively related to their child’s emotional and behavioral problems. Results suggest that parents’ Workaholism and work engagement are related to their child’s emotional and behavioral problems in opposite ways, whereby parents’ spillover and happiness mediate this relationship. These findings support the SCM and suggest that decreasing Workaholism and improving work engagement may not only improve employees’ happiness, but also decrease their child’s emotional and behavioral problems.
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working conditions and individual differences are weakly associated with Workaholism a 2 3 year prospective study of shift working nurses
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Arnold B Bakker, Bjorn Bjorvatn, Bente E Moen, Nils Mageroy, Akihito Shimazu, Jorn Hetland, Stale PallesenAbstract:This study focuses on individual differences and the demand-support-control model in relation to Workaholism. We hypothesized that unfavorable working conditions (high job demands, low job control/decision latitude, and low social support at work) and individual differences concerning sleep/wake-related variables (high flexibility, high morningness, and low languidity) would be related to Workaholism measured 2-3 years later. Survey data stemmed from a prospective cohort of shift-working nurses (N = 1,308). The results showed that social support at work was negatively related to Workaholism, whereas job demands were positively related to Workaholism. Flexibility in terms of time for working/sleeping was also positively related to Workaholism. The analyses further revealed that Workaholism was inversely associated with age as well as having a child or having a child move in. Conjointly, the independent variables explained 6.4% of the variance in Workaholism, while their relative importance was small overall. After controlling for all other independent variables, high job demands had the strongest relationship (small-to-medium) with Workaholism. This implies that less pressure from the external environment to work excessively hard may prevent an increase in workaholic behaviors. Overall, the study adds to our understanding of the relationships between working conditions, individual differences, and Workaholism.
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association between parental Workaholism and body mass index of offspring a prospective study among japanese dual workers
Frontiers in Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Takeo Fujiwara, Akihito Shimazu, Masahito Tokita, Kyoko Shimada, Masaya Takahashi, Izumi Watai, Noboru Iwata, Norito KawakamiAbstract:The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between parental Workaholism and child body mass index (BMI) among Japanese dual-income families. In 2011, 379 dual-income families from urban Tokyo with children aged 0–5 years were recruited for a baseline survey, and 160 (42.2%) were followed up in 2012. Demographics, Workaholism, work demands, work control, time spent with children, and parental and child weights and heights were assessed using a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was performed to determine the association between maternal and paternal Workaholism in 2011 and child BMI in 2012, considering the mediating effects of time spent with children. Paternal Workaholism showed a direct significant positive association with child BMI after 1 year (standardized coefficient: 0.19; p < 0.001), while maternal Workaholism was not associated with child BMI. Both maternal and paternal time spent with children did not mediate the association. Paternal work demands showed a strong positive association with Workaholism, but paternal work control did not. Paternal, but not maternal, Workaholism was associated with an increase in child BMI over 1 year. Interventions that target Workaholism by reducing paternal work demands might be effective in preventing overweight in offspring.
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Workaholism vs work engagement the two different predictors of future well being and performance
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Wilmar B Schaufeli, Kimika Kamiyama, Norito KawakamiAbstract:Purpose This study investigated the distinctiveness of two types of heavy work investment (i.e., Workaholism and work engagement) by examining their 2-year longitudinal relationships with employee well-being and job performance. Based on a previous cross-sectional study by Shimazu and Schaufeli (IndHealth47:495–502,2009)andashortertermlongitudinal study by Shimazu et al. (Ind Health 50:316–21, 2012 ;m easurement interval=7 months), we predicted that Workaholism predicts long-term future unwell-being (i.e., high ill-health and low life satisfaction) and poor job performance, whereas work engagement predicts future well-being (i.e., low illhealth and high life satisfaction) and superior job performance. Method A two-wave survey was conducted among employees from one Japanese company, and valid data from 1,196 employees was analyzed using structural equation modeling. T1–T2 changes in ill-health, life satisfaction, and job performance were measured as residual scores, which were included in the structural equation model. Results Workaholism and work engagement were weakly and positively related to each other. In addition, and as expected, Workaholism was related to an increase in ill-health and to a decrease in life satisfaction. In contrast, and also as expected, work engagement was related to increases in both life satisfaction and job performance and to a decrease in ill-health. Conclusion Although Workaholismandworkengagementare weakly positively related, they constitute two different concepts. More specifically, Workaholism has negative consequences across an extended period of 2 years, whereas work engagement has positive consequences in terms of well-being and performance. Hence, Workaholism should be prevented and work engagement should be stimulated.
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Workaholism and sleep quality among japanese employees a prospective cohort study
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Kazumi Kubota, Akihito Shimazu, Norito Kawakami, Masaya TakahashiAbstract:This study focused on Workaholism as a personal attitude toward work and examined its effects on sleep quality among Japanese employees from various occupations. The present study aimed to demonstrate the prospective association of Workaholism (i.e., working excessively hard in a compulsive fashion) with sleep quality among Japanese employees. A Web-based prospective survey was conducted in October 2010 and May 2011 among registered monitors of a survey company. The questionnaire included Workaholism, sleep quality, job characteristics, and demographics. Overall, 13,564 monitors were randomly invited to complete the first wave of the survey. The first 2,520 respondents were included in this study. The respondents who completed the first wave were invited to complete the second wave of the survey; 2,061 answered. A total of 364 respondents who changed their working conditions during the follow-up period were excluded. In addition, due to missing values, data from 14 respondents were excluded. Thus, the responses from 1,683 respondents were included in the analysis (859 males and 824 females). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare adjusted sleep quality at follow-up among Workaholism groups (low, middle, and high). To conduct the ANCOVA, we adjusted for demographics, sleep quality at baseline, and job characteristics. The high-workaholic group had significantly longer sleep latency at follow-up compared with the low- and middle-workaholic groups after adjusting for demographics, sleep latency at baseline, and job characteristics. In addition, the high-workaholic group demonstrated significantly higher levels of daytime dysfunction compared with the low-workaholic group. However, no significant differences were found among workaholic groups in terms of overall sleep quality, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and use of sleep medication. Workaholism was associated with poor sleep quality at the 7-month follow-up in terms of sleep latency and daytime dysfunction.
Stale Pallesen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Workaholism as a mediator between work related stressors and health outcomes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Stale Pallesen, Torbjorn TorsheimAbstract:It is currently unknown if unfavorable working conditions, reflected by the demand-control-support model and the effort-reward imbalance model, directly influence health or if the effects may be mediated by work-related attitudes and behaviors such as Workaholism. In the present study, 988 employees (55.6% males, mean age 36.09, SD = 9.23) from a large consultant firm participated in a cross-sectional survey assessing work variables such as job demands, job control, social support, effort, reward, and overcommitment. Workaholism was also assessed together with eight different health-related outcomes. Although direct effects of the work stressors on health were found on most health outcomes, the work-related stressors were overall strongly related to Workaholism (R² = 0.522), which, in turn, was positively related to four (anxiety/insomnia, somatic symptoms, emotional exhaustion, and social dysfunction) of the eight outcome variables. Of a total of 40 relationships between work-related stressors and health outcomes, Workaholism fully mediated three of these, and partly mediated 12. Overall, the study suggests that the effects of work-related stressors on health in many cases may be mediated by Workaholism.
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working conditions and individual differences are weakly associated with Workaholism a 2 3 year prospective study of shift working nurses
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Arnold B Bakker, Bjorn Bjorvatn, Bente E Moen, Nils Mageroy, Akihito Shimazu, Jorn Hetland, Stale PallesenAbstract:This study focuses on individual differences and the demand-support-control model in relation to Workaholism. We hypothesized that unfavorable working conditions (high job demands, low job control/decision latitude, and low social support at work) and individual differences concerning sleep/wake-related variables (high flexibility, high morningness, and low languidity) would be related to Workaholism measured 2-3 years later. Survey data stemmed from a prospective cohort of shift-working nurses (N = 1,308). The results showed that social support at work was negatively related to Workaholism, whereas job demands were positively related to Workaholism. Flexibility in terms of time for working/sleeping was also positively related to Workaholism. The analyses further revealed that Workaholism was inversely associated with age as well as having a child or having a child move in. Conjointly, the independent variables explained 6.4% of the variance in Workaholism, while their relative importance was small overall. After controlling for all other independent variables, high job demands had the strongest relationship (small-to-medium) with Workaholism. This implies that less pressure from the external environment to work excessively hard may prevent an increase in workaholic behaviors. Overall, the study adds to our understanding of the relationships between working conditions, individual differences, and Workaholism.
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the relationships between Workaholism and symptoms of psychiatric disorders a large scale cross sectional study
PLOS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Mark D Griffiths, Jorn Hetland, Rajita Sinha, Stale PallesenAbstract:Despite the many number of studies examining Workaholism, large-scale studies have been lacking. The present study utilized an open web-based cross-sectional survey assessing symptoms of psychiatric disorders and Workaholism among 16,426 workers (Mage = 37.3 years, SD = 11.4, range = 16–75 years). Participants were administered the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the Obsession-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Bergen Work Addiction Scale, along with additional questions examining demographic and work-related variables. Correlations between Workaholism and all psychiatric disorder symptoms were positive and significant. Workaholism comprised the dependent variable in a three-step linear multiple hierarchical regression analysis. Basic demographics (age, gender, relationship status, and education) explained 1.2% of the variance in Workaholism, whereas work demographics (work status, position, sector, and annual income) explained an additional 5.4% of the variance. Age (inversely) and managerial positions (positively) were of most importance. The psychiatric symptoms (ADHD, OCD, anxiety, and depression) explained 17.0% of the variance. ADHD and anxiety contributed considerably. The prevalence rate of Workaholism status was 7.8% of the present sample. In an adjusted logistic regression analysis, all psychiatric symptoms were positively associated with being a workaholic. The independent variables explained between 6.1% and 14.4% in total of the variance in Workaholism cases. Although most effect sizes were relatively small, the study’s findings expand our understanding of possible psychiatric predictors of Workaholism, and particularly shed new insight into the reality of adult ADHD in work life. The study’s implications, strengths, and shortcomings are also discussed.
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Workaholism an addiction to work
Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse#R##N#Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms Prescription Medications Caffeine and Areca Pol, 2016Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Stale PallesenAbstract:Some people seem to be driven to work excessively and compulsively. These are often denoted as workaholics. Research into Workaholism has expanded over the last 20 years. Although not formally recognized as a diagnosis, Workaholism symptoms have many similarities with those of other addictions, including tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, salience, relapse, and mood modification. Several screening instruments to identify workaholics have been developed. These approach Workaholism in various ways, illustrating the lack of conceptual and empirical clarity in this field. Theoretical and empirical models suggest that Workaholism is caused and maintained by a range of antecedents, including dispositional, sociocultural, and behavioral reinforcement factors. Also, empirical findings generally show that Workaholism is related to impaired health and well-being, as well as to incongruity between work and family life. There has been little empirical testing of interventions for preventing or treating Workaholism, although certain self-help strategies, therapies, and organizational interventions have been proposed.
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the prevalence of Workaholism a survey study in a nationally representative sample of norwegian employees
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Mark D Griffiths, Jorn Hetland, Luca Kravina, Fredrik Johan Broch Jensen, Stale PallesenAbstract:Workaholism has become an increasingly popular area for empirical study. However, most studies examining the prevalence of Workaholism have used non-representative samples and measures with poorly defined cut-off scores. To overcome these methodological limitations, a nationally representative survey among employees in Norway (N = 1,124) was conducted. Questions relating to gender, age, marital status, caretaker responsibility for children, percentage of full-time equivalent, and educational level were asked. Workaholism was assessed by the use of a psychometrically validated instrument (i.e., Bergen Work Addiction Scale). Personality was assessed using the Mini-International Personality Item Pool. Results showed that the prevalence of Workaholism was 8.3% (95% CI = 6.7–9.9%). An adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that Workaholism was negatively related to age and positively related to the personality dimensions agreeableness, neuroticism, and intellect/imagination. Implications for these findings are discussed.
Norito Kawakami - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Workaholism work engagement and child well being a test of the spillover crossover model
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Arnold B Bakker, Takeo Fujiwara, Masahito Tokita, Kyoko Shimada, Masaya Takahashi, Izumi Watai, Noboru Iwata, Evangelia Demerouti, Norito KawakamiAbstract:This study examines how working parents’ work attitudes (i.e., Workaholism and work engagement) are associated with their child’s psychological well-being. Based on the Spillover-Crossover model (SCM), we hypothesize that (a) work-to-family spillover (i.e., work-to-family conflict and facilitation) and (b) employee happiness will sequentially mediate the relationship between parents’ work attitudes and their child’s emotional and behavioral problems. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Japanese dual-earner couples with pre-school child(ren). On the basis of valid data from 208 families, the hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling. For both fathers and mothers simultaneously, Workaholism was positively related to work-to-family conflict, which, in turn, was negatively related to happiness. In contrast, work engagement was positively related to work-to-family facilitation, which, in turn, was positively related to happiness. Fathers’ and mothers’ happiness, in turn, were negatively related to their child’s emotional and behavioral problems. Results suggest that parents’ Workaholism and work engagement are related to their child’s emotional and behavioral problems in opposite ways, whereby parents’ spillover and happiness mediate this relationship. These findings support the SCM and suggest that decreasing Workaholism and improving work engagement may not only improve employees’ happiness, but also decrease their child’s emotional and behavioral problems.
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association between parental Workaholism and body mass index of offspring a prospective study among japanese dual workers
Frontiers in Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Takeo Fujiwara, Akihito Shimazu, Masahito Tokita, Kyoko Shimada, Masaya Takahashi, Izumi Watai, Noboru Iwata, Norito KawakamiAbstract:The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between parental Workaholism and child body mass index (BMI) among Japanese dual-income families. In 2011, 379 dual-income families from urban Tokyo with children aged 0–5 years were recruited for a baseline survey, and 160 (42.2%) were followed up in 2012. Demographics, Workaholism, work demands, work control, time spent with children, and parental and child weights and heights were assessed using a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was performed to determine the association between maternal and paternal Workaholism in 2011 and child BMI in 2012, considering the mediating effects of time spent with children. Paternal Workaholism showed a direct significant positive association with child BMI after 1 year (standardized coefficient: 0.19; p < 0.001), while maternal Workaholism was not associated with child BMI. Both maternal and paternal time spent with children did not mediate the association. Paternal work demands showed a strong positive association with Workaholism, but paternal work control did not. Paternal, but not maternal, Workaholism was associated with an increase in child BMI over 1 year. Interventions that target Workaholism by reducing paternal work demands might be effective in preventing overweight in offspring.
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Workaholism vs work engagement the two different predictors of future well being and performance
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Wilmar B Schaufeli, Kimika Kamiyama, Norito KawakamiAbstract:Purpose This study investigated the distinctiveness of two types of heavy work investment (i.e., Workaholism and work engagement) by examining their 2-year longitudinal relationships with employee well-being and job performance. Based on a previous cross-sectional study by Shimazu and Schaufeli (IndHealth47:495–502,2009)andashortertermlongitudinal study by Shimazu et al. (Ind Health 50:316–21, 2012 ;m easurement interval=7 months), we predicted that Workaholism predicts long-term future unwell-being (i.e., high ill-health and low life satisfaction) and poor job performance, whereas work engagement predicts future well-being (i.e., low illhealth and high life satisfaction) and superior job performance. Method A two-wave survey was conducted among employees from one Japanese company, and valid data from 1,196 employees was analyzed using structural equation modeling. T1–T2 changes in ill-health, life satisfaction, and job performance were measured as residual scores, which were included in the structural equation model. Results Workaholism and work engagement were weakly and positively related to each other. In addition, and as expected, Workaholism was related to an increase in ill-health and to a decrease in life satisfaction. In contrast, and also as expected, work engagement was related to increases in both life satisfaction and job performance and to a decrease in ill-health. Conclusion Although Workaholismandworkengagementare weakly positively related, they constitute two different concepts. More specifically, Workaholism has negative consequences across an extended period of 2 years, whereas work engagement has positive consequences in terms of well-being and performance. Hence, Workaholism should be prevented and work engagement should be stimulated.
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Workaholism and sleep quality among japanese employees a prospective cohort study
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Kazumi Kubota, Akihito Shimazu, Norito Kawakami, Masaya TakahashiAbstract:This study focused on Workaholism as a personal attitude toward work and examined its effects on sleep quality among Japanese employees from various occupations. The present study aimed to demonstrate the prospective association of Workaholism (i.e., working excessively hard in a compulsive fashion) with sleep quality among Japanese employees. A Web-based prospective survey was conducted in October 2010 and May 2011 among registered monitors of a survey company. The questionnaire included Workaholism, sleep quality, job characteristics, and demographics. Overall, 13,564 monitors were randomly invited to complete the first wave of the survey. The first 2,520 respondents were included in this study. The respondents who completed the first wave were invited to complete the second wave of the survey; 2,061 answered. A total of 364 respondents who changed their working conditions during the follow-up period were excluded. In addition, due to missing values, data from 14 respondents were excluded. Thus, the responses from 1,683 respondents were included in the analysis (859 males and 824 females). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare adjusted sleep quality at follow-up among Workaholism groups (low, middle, and high). To conduct the ANCOVA, we adjusted for demographics, sleep quality at baseline, and job characteristics. The high-workaholic group had significantly longer sleep latency at follow-up compared with the low- and middle-workaholic groups after adjusting for demographics, sleep latency at baseline, and job characteristics. In addition, the high-workaholic group demonstrated significantly higher levels of daytime dysfunction compared with the low-workaholic group. However, no significant differences were found among workaholic groups in terms of overall sleep quality, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and use of sleep medication. Workaholism was associated with poor sleep quality at the 7-month follow-up in terms of sleep latency and daytime dysfunction.
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do Workaholism and work engagement predict employee well being and performance in opposite directions
Industrial Health, 2012Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Wilmar B Schaufeli, Kazumi Kubota, Norito KawakamiAbstract:This study investigated the distinctiveness between Workaholism and work engagement by examining their longitudinal relationships (measurement interval=7 months) with well-being and performance in a sample of 1,967 Japanese employees from various occupations. Based on a previous cross-sectional study (Shimazu & Schaufeli, 2009), we expected that Workaholism predicts future unwell-being (i.e., high ill-health and low life satisfaction) and poor job performance, whereas work engagement predicts future well-being (i.e., low ill-health and high life satisfaction) and superior job performance. T1-T2 changes in ill-health, life satisfaction and job performance were measured as residual scores that were then included in the structural equation model. Results showed that Workaholism and work engagement were weakly and positively related to each other. In addition, Workaholism was related to an increase in ill-health and to a decrease in life satisfaction. In contrast, work engagement was related to a decrease in ill-health and to increases in both life satisfaction and job performance. These findings suggest that Workaholism and work engagement are two different kinds of concepts that are oppositely related to well-being and performance.
Arnold B Bakker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Workaholism work engagement and child well being a test of the spillover crossover model
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Akihito Shimazu, Arnold B Bakker, Takeo Fujiwara, Masahito Tokita, Kyoko Shimada, Masaya Takahashi, Izumi Watai, Noboru Iwata, Evangelia Demerouti, Norito KawakamiAbstract:This study examines how working parents’ work attitudes (i.e., Workaholism and work engagement) are associated with their child’s psychological well-being. Based on the Spillover-Crossover model (SCM), we hypothesize that (a) work-to-family spillover (i.e., work-to-family conflict and facilitation) and (b) employee happiness will sequentially mediate the relationship between parents’ work attitudes and their child’s emotional and behavioral problems. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Japanese dual-earner couples with pre-school child(ren). On the basis of valid data from 208 families, the hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling. For both fathers and mothers simultaneously, Workaholism was positively related to work-to-family conflict, which, in turn, was negatively related to happiness. In contrast, work engagement was positively related to work-to-family facilitation, which, in turn, was positively related to happiness. Fathers’ and mothers’ happiness, in turn, were negatively related to their child’s emotional and behavioral problems. Results suggest that parents’ Workaholism and work engagement are related to their child’s emotional and behavioral problems in opposite ways, whereby parents’ spillover and happiness mediate this relationship. These findings support the SCM and suggest that decreasing Workaholism and improving work engagement may not only improve employees’ happiness, but also decrease their child’s emotional and behavioral problems.
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working conditions and individual differences are weakly associated with Workaholism a 2 3 year prospective study of shift working nurses
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Cecilie Schou Andreassen, Arnold B Bakker, Bjorn Bjorvatn, Bente E Moen, Nils Mageroy, Akihito Shimazu, Jorn Hetland, Stale PallesenAbstract:This study focuses on individual differences and the demand-support-control model in relation to Workaholism. We hypothesized that unfavorable working conditions (high job demands, low job control/decision latitude, and low social support at work) and individual differences concerning sleep/wake-related variables (high flexibility, high morningness, and low languidity) would be related to Workaholism measured 2-3 years later. Survey data stemmed from a prospective cohort of shift-working nurses (N = 1,308). The results showed that social support at work was negatively related to Workaholism, whereas job demands were positively related to Workaholism. Flexibility in terms of time for working/sleeping was also positively related to Workaholism. The analyses further revealed that Workaholism was inversely associated with age as well as having a child or having a child move in. Conjointly, the independent variables explained 6.4% of the variance in Workaholism, while their relative importance was small overall. After controlling for all other independent variables, high job demands had the strongest relationship (small-to-medium) with Workaholism. This implies that less pressure from the external environment to work excessively hard may prevent an increase in workaholic behaviors. Overall, the study adds to our understanding of the relationships between working conditions, individual differences, and Workaholism.
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the role of Workaholism in the job demands resources model
Anxiety Stress and Coping, 2016Co-Authors: Monica Molino, Arnold B Bakker, Chiara GhislieriAbstract:ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: The present study tries to gain more insight in Workaholism by investigating its antecedents and consequences using the job demands-resources model. Design: We hypothesized that job demands would be positively related to Workaholism, particularly when job resources are low. In addition, we hypothesized that Workaholism would be positively related to negative outcomes in three important life domains: health, family, and work. Methods: The research involved 617 Italian workers (employees and self-employed). To test the hypotheses we applied structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderated structural equation modeling (MSEM) using Mplus 6. Results: The results of SEM showed a good model where workload, cognitive demands, emotional demands, and customer-related social stressors were positively related to Workaholism and work–family conflict (WFC) (partial mediation). Additionally, Workaholism was indirectly related to exhaustion and intentions to change jobs through WFC. Mor...
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relating work engagement and Workaholism to entrepreneurial performance
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Marjan J Gorgievski, Juan Antonio Moriano, Arnold B BakkerAbstract:Purpose – Building on the dualistic approach to passion, the aim of this paper was to examine how work engagement and Workaholism relate to entrepreneurs' performance (innovative behavior, business growth, and subjective business performance). Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional survey data of 180 Spanish entrepreneurs were analyzed using partial least squares modeling. Findings – Evidence was found for a dual affective pathway to performance. Work engagement related favorably to performance through its relationship with more positive affect and less negative affect. Workaholism related to more negative affect, which in turn related negatively to performance. After controlling for affective states, both work engagement and Workaholism still had a direct and positive association with innovative behavior. Research limitations/implications – Limitations are the cross-sectional design and the reliance on self-report measures; although self-reports of business growth can be considered indicative of o...
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Workaholism and daily recovery a day reconstruction study of leisure activities
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Arnold B Bakker, Evangelia Demerouti, Wido G M Oerlemans, Sabine SonnentagAbstract:This study among 85 individuals used a day reconstruction approach to examine whether Workaholism moderates the relationship between daily activities during non-work time and daily well-being in the evening (evening happiness, momentary vigor before bedtime, and momentary recovery before bedtime). Specifically, it was hypothesized that daily work-related activities during the evening have a stronger negative relationship with daily well-being for employees high (versus low) in Workaholism and that daily physical and social activities have a stronger positive relationship with well-being for employees high (versus low) in Workaholism. The results of multilevel analyses largely supported the hypotheses for daily physical and work-related activities but not for social activities during non-work time. These findings imply that organizations should not encourage their employees and particularly those who score high on Workaholism to work during non-work time and instead promote physical exercise.
