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Roberto Poletti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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direct detection of Yessotoxin and its analogues by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography A, 2002Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dellaversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Silvana Magno, Roberto PolettiAbstract:Abstract A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method is proposed for the sensitive, specific and direct detection of Yessotoxin and its analogues, marine biotoxins which are associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and which have been found in the North Adriatic sea since 1995. The LC–MS method provided a detection limit of 70 pg for Yessotoxin in full scan mode and was applied to determine the toxic profiles of a number of extracts or partially purified fractions of toxic mussels collected along the Emilia Romagna coasts (Italy) in the period 1995–1999. Detection of a desulfo-Yessotoxin derivative from Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in 1998 is also reported.
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the detection and identification of 42 43 44 45 46 47 55 heptanor 41 oxoYessotoxin a new marine toxin from adriatic shellfish by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dellaversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Silvana Magno, Roberto PolettiAbstract:The diarrhetic shellfish toxin composition in the digestive glands of mussels collected in June 2001 from the Northern Adriatic sea was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Along with known Yessotoxins (1, 3-6), identified by comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of appropriate standards, a new marine toxin, 42,43,44,45,46,47,55-heptanor-41-oxoYessotoxin, 7, was detected. MS/MS experiments were used to gain structural information. 7 represents a new addition to the class of Yessotoxins.
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structure determination of carboxyhomoYessotoxin a new Yessotoxin analogue isolated from adriatic mussels
Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Roberto Poletti, Romano VivianiAbstract:The contamination of shellfish with marine biotoxins derived from microalgae represents a serious problem for shellfish industries and public health. This study investigated the composition of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in the digestive glands of mussels from the Northern Adriatic Sea. Along with known Yessotoxins, identified by comparison of their chromatographic and spectral properties with those reported in the literature, we isolated a new analogue of Yessotoxin, carboxyhomoYessotoxin, whose structure was determined by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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a new analogue of Yessotoxin carboxyYessotoxin isolated from adriatic sea mussels
European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2000Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Roberto Poletti, Romano VivianiAbstract:A new analogue of Yessotoxin (YTX), carboxyYTX, 3, was isolated from the digestive glands of mussels cultured on the Italian Adriatic coast. Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy.
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high levels of Yessotoxin in mussels and presence of Yessotoxin and homoYessotoxin in dinoflagellates of the adriatic sea
Toxicon, 1999Co-Authors: Rosa Draisci, Roberto Poletti, Anna Milandri, Alfiero Ceredi, Emanuele Ferretti, Luca Palleschi, Camilla Marchiafava, Marinella PompeiAbstract:Identification of YTX and homoYTX in natural phytoplankton populations containing significant amounts of Gonyaulax polyedra and determination of detailed toxin profiles of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) periodically collected from two sites of the Northern Adriatic coast from February to October 1997 was performed by LC-FLD following derivatization with ADAM or DMEQ-TAD and LC-MS and LC-MS-MS. OA and YTX concentrations were recorded in the range 0.11-2.31 and 0.18-9.02 microg per g of hepatopancreas, respectively. HomoYTX was also detected both in phytoplankton and mussel samples.
Luis M. Botana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subacute immunotoxicity of the marine phycotoxin Yessotoxin in rats.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2017Co-Authors: Sara F. Ferreiro, Natalia Vilarino, Cristina Carrera, M. Carmen Louzao, Germán Santamarina, Antonio González Cantalapiedra, J. Manuel Cifuentes, Andrés C. Vieira, Luis M. BotanaAbstract:Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine phycotoxin produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. YTX content in shellfish is regulated by many food safety authorities to protect human health, although currently no human intoxication episodes have been unequivocally related to YTX presence in food. The immune system has been proposed as one of the target organs of YTX due to alterations of lymphoid tissues and cellular and humoral components. The aim of the present study was to explore subacute immunotoxicity of YTX in rats by evaluating the haematological response, inflammatory cytokine biomarkers and the presence of YTX-induced structural alterations in the spleen and thymus. The results showed that repeated administrations of YTX caused a decrease of lymphocyte percentage and an increase of neutrophil counts, a reduction in interleukine-6 (IL-6) plasmatic levels and histopathological splenic alterations in rats after four intraperitoneal injections of YTX at doses of 50 or 70 μg/kg that were administered every 4 days along a period of 15 days. Therefore, for the first time, subacute YTX-immunotoxicity is reported in rats, suggesting that repeated exposures to low amounts of YTX might also suppose a threat to human health, especially in immuno-compromised populations.
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Yessotoxin a promising therapeutic tool
Marine Drugs, 2016Co-Authors: Amparo Alfonso, Mercedes R. Vieytes, Luis M. BotanaAbstract:Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether compound produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. No records about human intoxications induced by this compound have been published, however it is considered a toxin. Modifications in second messenger levels, protein levels, immune cells, cytoskeleton or activation of different cellular death types have been published as consequence of YTX exposure. This review summarizes the main intracellular pathways modulated by YTX and their pharmacological and therapeutic implications.
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Yessotoxin induces er stress followed by autophagic cell death in glioma cells mediated by mtor and bnip3
Cellular Signalling, 2014Co-Authors: Juan A Rubiolo, Mercedes R. Vieytes, H Lopezalonso, Paulino Martinez, Adrian Millan, Eva Cagide, Felix V Vega, Luis M. BotanaAbstract:Abstract Yessotoxin at nanomolar concentrations can induce programmed cell death in different model systems. Paraptosis-like cell death induced by YTX in BC3H1 cells, which are insensitive to several caspase inhibitors, has also been reported. This makes Yessotoxin of interest in the search of molecules that target cancer cells vulnerabilities when resistance to apoptosis is observed. To better understand the effect of this molecule at the molecular level on tumor cells, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis using 3 human glioma cell lines with different sensitivities to Yessotoxin. We show that the toxin induces a deregulation of the lipid metabolism in glioma cells as a consequence of induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The endoplasmic reticulum stress in turn arrests the cell cycle and inhibits the protein synthesis. In the three cell lines used we show that YTX induces autophagy, which is involved in cell death. The sensibility of the cell lines used towards autophagic cell death was related to their doubling time, being the cell line with the lowest proliferation rate the most resistant. The involvement of mTOR and BNIP3 in the autophagy induction was also determined.
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feasibility of using a surface plasmon resonance based biosensor to detect and quantify Yessotoxin
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008Co-Authors: Eva S Fonfria, Takeshi Yasumoto, Natalia Vilarino, Mercedes R. Vieytes, Luis M. BotanaAbstract:Abstract Yessotoxin (YTX) is a disulfated polyether toxin produced by marine dinoflagellates. Although there is no clear evidence that YTX is toxic to humans, it is a major cause of false positives in DSP toxin detection by mouse bioassay. We developed a new detection and quantification method for Yessotoxin using a BiaCore X Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor. The assay is based in the interaction of YTX with phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDE), one of its cellular targets. The injection of several YTX concentrations (3–12 μM) over immobilized PDE I, showed a dose dependent binding signal, which K obs (observed rate constant) allowed us to obtain a calibration curve with a linear fit. The detection of Yessotoxin using SPR-based biosensor allows the quantification of the toxin with an automated and repetitive method at concentrations in the range of the 1 mg kg −1 European regulatory limit.
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phycotoxins chemistry and biochemistry
2007Co-Authors: Luis M. BotanaAbstract:1. Gambierols (Makoto Sasaki, Eva Cagide, and Carmen Louzao). 2. Brevetoxins: Structure, Toxicology and Origin (Ambrose Furey, Keith O'Callaghan, Javier Garcia Fernandez, Mary Lehane, Monica Fernandez Amandi, and Kevin J. James). 3. Chemistry of Maitotoxin (Masayuki Satake). 4. Biochemistry of Maitotoxin (Laura A. de la Rosa, Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla, and Alejandro Martinez). 5. The Chemistry of Palytoxins and Ostreocins (Panagiota Katikou). 6. Biochemistry of Palytoxins and Ostreocins (Carmen Vale and Isabel R. Ares). 7. Chemistry of Cyanobacterial Neurotoxins - Anatoxin-a: Synthetic Approaches (Nuria Armesto Arbella, Keith O'Callaghan, Ambrose Furey, and Kevin J. James). 8. Anatoxin-a and Analogues: Discovery, Distribution and Toxicology (Kevin J. James, Janet Crowley, Mary Lehane, and Ambrose Furey). 9. Pectenotoxins (Christopher Miles). 10. Chemistry, Orgins and Distribution of Yessotoxin and its Analogues (Philipp Hess and John A.B. Aasen). 11. Pharmacology of Yessotoxin (Amparo Alfonso and Carmen Alfonso). 12. Chemistry of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins (Paulo Vale). 13. The Molecular and Integrative Basis to Domoic Acid Toxicity (John Ramsdell). 14. Hepatotoxic Cyanobacteria (Ana Gago). 15. Polycavernosides (Leo A. Paquette and Mari Yamashita. 16. Structural Assignment and Total Synthesis of Azaspiracid-1 (K.C. Nicolaou, Michael O. Frederick, Kevin P. Cole, Goran Petrovic, and Eriketi Loizidou). 17. Biochemistry of Azaspiracid Poisoning Toxins (Natalia Vilarino). 18. The Cyclic Imines: An Insight into this Emerging Group of Bioactive Marine Toxins (Jordi Molgo and Emmanuelle Girard, and Evelyne Benoit). Index.
Christopher O Miles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of mouse strain and gender on ld50 of Yessotoxin
Toxicon, 2008Co-Authors: Tore Aune, Christopher O Miles, John A B Aasen, Stig LarsenAbstract:Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine whether the intraperitoneal LD 50 for Yessotoxin (YTX) in mice varies with strain or gender. Thirty-six male and 36 female mice, of body weight 16–20 g, from each of the strains ICR (CD-1), Swiss (CFW-1) and NMRI were employed. They were not fasted before YTX treatment. At each dose, nine mice were injected with YTX solutions at 1.0 mL/20 g body weight, and observed for 24 h. Symptoms and time to death were recorded. Within each mouse strain and gender arm, the study was performed as a basic four level Response Surface Pathway designed trial with nine mice at each dose level. YTX was isolated from a culture of Protoceratium reticulatum . The LD 50 values for female and male mice, respectively, were estimated as 380 and 462 μg/kg for the ICR, 269 and 328 μg/kg for the Swiss, and 314 and 412 μg/kg for the NMRI strains. The increases in LD 50 from female to male mice were found to be 22% for ICR, 22% for Swiss and 31% for NMRI. The largest difference in LD 50 among mouse strains was detected between the ICR and Swiss strains, where the deviation was 41% in both females and males. The difference between mouse strains was found significant ( p = 0.03). For all three strains, females were more susceptible than males, with a difference in LD 50 of 1.2–1.3-fold. The largest difference between the least- and most-susceptible strain was 1.4-fold for both females and males. The largest difference in LD 50 , 1.7-fold, was observed between female Swiss and male ICR mice. The difference between genders was not significant ( p = 0.12). These results indicate that other factors, like handling of the animals, and the source and handling of the toxin, may significantly influence the outcome of studies on acute toxicity since the reported differences in LD 50 vary by a factor of about seven.
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convenient large scale purification of Yessotoxin from protoceratium reticulatum culture and isolation of a novel furanoYessotoxin
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Jared I Loader, Veronica Beuzenberg, Lyn R. Briggs, Allan D Hawkes, Dwayne J Jensen, Janine M Cooney, Alistair L Wilkins, Joan M Fitzgerald, Christopher O MilesAbstract:Yessotoxins from a large-scale culture (226 L) of Protoceratium reticulatum strain CAWD129 were harvested by filtration followed by solid-phase extraction. The extract was purified by column chromatography over basic alumina and reverse-phase flash chromatography to afford pure Yessotoxin (193 mg). Isolation of Yessotoxin was greatly facilitated by selection of a strain which did not produce analogues that interfered with Yessotoxin isolation. In addition to Yessotoxin, numerous minor Yessotoxins were detected by LC-MS in other fractions. From one of these, an early eluting minor analogue with the same molecular weight as Yessotoxin and a similar mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern was isolated. This analogue was identified by NMR and mass spectrometry as a novel Yessotoxin analogue containing a furan ring in the side chain. This finding reveals biosynthetic flexibility of the Yessotoxin pathway in P. reticulatum and confirms earlier findings of production of many minor Yessotoxin analogues by this a...
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isolation of Yessotoxin 32 o β l arabinofuranosyl 5 1 β l arabinofuranoside from protoceratium reticulatum
Toxicon, 2006Co-Authors: Christopher O Miles, Veronica Beuzenberg, Allan D Hawkes, Dwayne J Jensen, Janine M Cooney, Alistair L Wilkins, Andrew I Selwood, Lincoln A MackenzieAbstract:Yessotoxin 32-O-[β-l-arabinofuranosyl-(5′→1″)-β-l-arabinofuranoside] (3) was isolated from extracts of Protoceratium reticulatum during a large scale isolation of Yessotoxin (1). The structure was characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Di-glycoside-3, along with the corresponding mono-glycoside (2) were detected in cultures of P. reticulatum originating from Europe and New Zealand, suggesting that production of arabinosides of 1 is a normal feature of this alga. Formation of multiply charged anions and fragmentation of 3 occurred much more readily than for 1 and 2 under the LC-MS conditions used in this study.
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evidence for numerous analogs of Yessotoxin in protoceratium reticulatum
Harmful Algae, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher O Miles, Dwayne J Jensen, Alistair L Wilkins, Ingunn A Samdal, John Aasen, Michael A Quilliam, Dirk Petersen, Lyn M Briggs, Frode Rise, Janine M CooneyAbstract:A solid-phase extract from Protoceratium reticulatum was partitioned between water and butanol and the two fractions purified on an alumina column. Fractionation was monitored by ELISA and LC–MS. Results indicate that while almost all Yessotoxin (1) was extracted into butanol, large amounts of Yessotoxin analogs remained in the aqueous extract along with lesser amounts in the butanolic extract. NMR analysis of selected fractions from reverse-phase chromatography of the extracts confirmed the presence of Yessotoxin analogs, although structure determinations were not possible due to the complexity of the mixtures. Analysis of fractions with LC–MS3 and neutral-loss LC–MS/MS indicated the presence of more than 90 Yessotoxin analogs, although structures for most of these have not yet been determined. These analogs provide a mechanism to rationalise the discrepancy between ELISA and LC–MS analyses of algae and shellfish.
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Yessotoxins in norwegian blue mussels mytilus edulis uptake from protoceratium reticulatum metabolism and depuration
Toxicon, 2005Co-Authors: John A B Aasen, Lyn R. Briggs, Christopher O Miles, Ingunn A Samdal, Einar Dahl, Tore AuneAbstract:Abstract The Protoceratium reticulatum cell density at Flodevigen reached a maximum of 2200 cells/L on 16 May 2001. The levels of Yessotoxins (YTXs) in blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) at the same site increased sharply by 14 May and peaked on 28 May, after which they steadily declined. No other algal species present showed a similar pattern of correspondence. Together with the recent finding that Norwegian strains of P. reticulatum produce YTXs, these results indicate that P. reticulatum causes Yessotoxin (YTX) contamination of shellfish in Norway, and that only relatively low cell densities are necessary for this to occur. The mussels from Flodevigen were analyzed by LC-MS for YTX, 45-hydroxyYTX, carboxyYTX, and a new Yessotoxin believed to be 45-hydroxycarboxyYTX, and by ELISA for YTXs. The seasonal variations in toxin content versus time measured by the two methods were qualitatively very similar, although the response in the ELISA was 3–9 times higher due to the antibodies detecting other YTXs that were not detected by the LC-MS method. Changes in the LC-MS profile for YTXs, and in the ratio of YTXs by LC-MS to YTXs by ELISA with time, were consistent with extensive metabolism of YTX in the mussels. Kinetic analysis of the LC-MS data showed an initial half-life of 20 days for YTX, and for YTX+45-hydroxyYTX, in the mussels. Similar analysis of the ELISA data gave a half-life of 24 days for YTXs. The depuration rate remained consistent over a 3-month period during which the temperature remained at 13–16 °C.
Masayuki Satake - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gambieroxide, a novel epoxy polyether compound from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus GTP2 strain
Tetrahedron, 2013Co-Authors: Ryuichi Watanabe, Yasukatsu Oshima, Masayuki Satake, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Hajime Uchida, Ryoji Matsushima, Mika Nagae, Yoshikazu Toyohara, Akio Inoue, Takeshi YasumotoAbstract:Abstract A novel epoxy polyether compound named gambieroxide was isolated from the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (GTP2 strain) collected at Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia and its structure comprising of a ladder-frame polyether with twelve contiguous trans-fused ether rings (6/7/6/6/6/7/6/8/6/6/6/6), a sulfate ester group, an epoxide, and two olefines in side chains was elucidated by detailed NMR and MS analysis. It is interesting that the structure strikingly resembles Yessotoxin, one of lipophilic toxins in shellfish originating from the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum.
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complete 13c labeling pattern of Yessotoxin a marine ladder frame polyether
Tetrahedron, 2011Co-Authors: Masatoshi Yamazaki, Kazuo Tachibana, Masayuki SatakeAbstract:Abstract Biosynthesis of a marine ladder-frame polyether Yessotoxin (YTX) produced by the dinofalgellate Protoceratium reticulatum was investigated. The 13C-labeling experiments indicated that the carbons in YTX were derived from acetates, a methyl of methionine and glycolate, and six-membered ring tetrads (rings A–D and H–K) were constructed from repetition of C3 units (m–m–c), which consisted of a methyl of acetate and acetate.
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Yessotoxin analogues in several strains of protoceratium reticulatum in japan determined by liquid chromatography hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography A, 2007Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Yasukatsu Oshima, Masayuki Satake, Yoshifumi Horie, Kazuhiko Koike, Mitsunori Iwataki, Sadaaki YoshimatsuAbstract:Several strains of Protoceratium reticulatum, one of the dinoflagellates producing Yessotoxins (YTXs), were collected from various shellfish producing areas in Japan. YTXs in the cultured strains were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Neutral loss scan monitoring, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for more than 20 YTX analogues, and full-scan MS/MS spectra obtained with a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer showed that Yessotoxin (YTX), 45,46,47-trinorYessotoxin (trinorYTX), 1-homoYessotoxin (homoYTX), and 45,46,47-trinor-1-homoYessotoxin (trinor-1-homoYTX) were the dominant toxins in these strains of P. reticulatum. Enone isomer of 42,43,44,45,46,47,55-heptanor-41-oxoYessotoxin (noroxoYTX enone) was also detected in some strains. Toxin profiles and contents were different among the strains. Some strains produced YTX, trinorYTX, 1-homoYTX, trinor-1-homoYTX, and noroxoYTX enone, whereas other strains produced only YTX or 1-homoYTX. This is the first identification of 1-homoYTX and noroxoYTX enone in P. reticulutum in Japan. Some strains did not produce any detectable YTX analogues.
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structure of 45 46 47 trinorhomoYessotoxin a new Yessotoxin analog from protoceratium reticulatum which represents the first detection of a homoYessotoxin analog in japan
Harmful Algae, 2006Co-Authors: Masayuki Satake, Takeshi Ichimura, Katsushi Sekiguchi, Kensuke Eiki, Sayo Ota, Yasukatsu OshimaAbstract:Contamination of Yessotoxin (YTX) and its analogs in shellfish has occurred worldwide and has seriously damaged shellfish industries. One of the sources of YTX has been identified the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. A new analog of YTX, 45,46,47-trinorhomoYTX, was isolated from cultures of the dinoflagellate P. reticulatum collected at Yamada Bay, Iwate in Japan. Its structure was determined by analysis of MS and NMR experiments. This is the first isolation and confirmation of a homoYTX analog in Japan.
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ladder shaped polyether compound desulfated Yessotoxin interacts with membrane integral α helix peptides
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Megumi Mori, Yasukatsu Oshima, Masayuki Satake, Michio Murata, Tohru Oishi, Shigeru Matsuoka, Satoru Ujihara, Nobuaki Matsumori, Nobuto Matsushita, Saburo AimotoAbstract:Ladder-shaped polyether compounds, represented by brevetoxins, ciguatoxins, maitotoxin, and prymnesins, are thought to possess the high affinity to transmembrane proteins. As a model compound of ladder-shaped polyethers, we adopted desulfated Yessotoxin (2) and examined its interaction with glycopholin A, a membrane protein known to form a dimer or oligomer. Desulfated Yessotoxin turned out to interact with the α-helix so as to induce the dissociation of glycopholin oligomers when examined by SDS and PFO gel electrophoresis. The results provided the first evidence that lapper-shaped polyethers interact with transmembrane helix domains.
Patrizia Ciminiello - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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direct detection of Yessotoxin and its analogues by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography A, 2002Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dellaversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Silvana Magno, Roberto PolettiAbstract:Abstract A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method is proposed for the sensitive, specific and direct detection of Yessotoxin and its analogues, marine biotoxins which are associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and which have been found in the North Adriatic sea since 1995. The LC–MS method provided a detection limit of 70 pg for Yessotoxin in full scan mode and was applied to determine the toxic profiles of a number of extracts or partially purified fractions of toxic mussels collected along the Emilia Romagna coasts (Italy) in the period 1995–1999. Detection of a desulfo-Yessotoxin derivative from Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in 1998 is also reported.
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the detection and identification of 42 43 44 45 46 47 55 heptanor 41 oxoYessotoxin a new marine toxin from adriatic shellfish by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dellaversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Silvana Magno, Roberto PolettiAbstract:The diarrhetic shellfish toxin composition in the digestive glands of mussels collected in June 2001 from the Northern Adriatic sea was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Along with known Yessotoxins (1, 3-6), identified by comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of appropriate standards, a new marine toxin, 42,43,44,45,46,47,55-heptanor-41-oxoYessotoxin, 7, was detected. MS/MS experiments were used to gain structural information. 7 represents a new addition to the class of Yessotoxins.
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structure determination of carboxyhomoYessotoxin a new Yessotoxin analogue isolated from adriatic mussels
Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Roberto Poletti, Romano VivianiAbstract:The contamination of shellfish with marine biotoxins derived from microalgae represents a serious problem for shellfish industries and public health. This study investigated the composition of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in the digestive glands of mussels from the Northern Adriatic Sea. Along with known Yessotoxins, identified by comparison of their chromatographic and spectral properties with those reported in the literature, we isolated a new analogue of Yessotoxin, carboxyhomoYessotoxin, whose structure was determined by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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a new analogue of Yessotoxin carboxyYessotoxin isolated from adriatic sea mussels
European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2000Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Roberto Poletti, Romano VivianiAbstract:A new analogue of Yessotoxin (YTX), carboxyYTX, 3, was isolated from the digestive glands of mussels cultured on the Italian Adriatic coast. Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy.
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isolation of adriatoxin a new analogue of Yessotoxin from mussels of the adriatic sea
ChemInform, 1999Co-Authors: Patrizia Ciminiello, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, Silvana Magno, Roberto Poletti, Romano VivianiAbstract:Abstract Diarrhetic shellfish toxin composition in the hepatopancreas of mussels from northern Adriatic sea was investigated. Along with Yessotoxin (YTX), homoYessotoxin (homoYTX) and 45-hydroxyYessotoxin (45-OHYTX), identified by comparison of their chromatographic and spectral properties with those reported in the literature, we isolated a new analogue of YTX, adriatoxin (ATX), whose structure was determined on the basis of spectral evidence.
