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Carmen Simioni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of high nitrate concentrations on the germination of carpospores of the red seaweed pyropia Acanthophora var brasiliensis rhodophyta bangiales
    Hydrobiologia, 2019
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Zenilda L Bouzon, Luciane Cristina Ouriques, Carmen Simioni
    Abstract:

    Pyropia is a genus of algae used in sushi. Nitrate (NO3−) is essential for its growth. Excess NO3− is flushed into seawater, as a result of anthropogenic activities, increasing the potential for higher than normal concentrations which could be harmful to both algae and humans. This study aims to evaluate the effect of NO3− on the morphology, ultrastructure, spore viability, autofluorescence of chloroplasts, and formation of cell wall, during germination of the red seaweed Pyropia Acanthophora var. brasiliensis. To accomplish this, carpospores were cultivated at 24°C, 40 μmol photons m−2 s−1 with photoperiod of 12 h and exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM of NO3− for 2 days. Samples were cultured for another 5 days to measure the length of the germ tube. Concentrations of NO3− did not significantly influence the development, morphology, viability, or ultrastructure of the spores in the first 2 days. The absence of this nutrient did delay the ultrastructural development of the carpospore, decreasing autofluorescence of the chloroplast and delaying the formation of the cell wall and pyrenoid. Over the seven-day experimental period, higher concentrations of NO3− increased the size of the germ tube, indicating that this extra concentration boosted the development of P. Acanthophora.

  • effects of ultraviolet radiation uva uvb on germination of carpospores of the red macroalga pyropia Acanthophora var brasiliensis rhodophyta bangiales morphological changes
    Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Elisa Poltronieri Filipin, Zenilda L Bouzon, Deonir Batista, Carmen Simioni
    Abstract:

    Carpospores of Pyropia Acanthophora var. brasiliensis are dispersion and reproduction units responsible for giving rise to the diploid filamentous structure of this alga's life cycle. The present study assesses the anthropogenic impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on morphology and ultrastructure, spore viability, autofluorescence of chloroplasts and the amount of intensity of ROS during the germination of carpospores. Carpospores were cultivated at 24 ± 1°C, 40 ± 10 μmol photons m-2  s-1 with photoperiod of 12 h and exposed to UVAR + UVBR for 3 h a day for 2 days with a daily dose of 5.05 J cm-2 for UVAR and 0.095 J cm-2 for UVBR. Samples were cultured for another five days exposed only to PAR in order to confirm their viability after the initial 2-day exposure. Carpospores showed significant sensitivity to UVR exposure after only 48 h, including changes in developmental rate, overall morphology, cell organization and chloroplast autofluorescence. UVR exposure inhibited germ tube formation in carpospores, which were mostly nonviable and/or altered, showing retracted cytoplasm and disorganized cytoplasmic content. Even in the absence of UVR exposure, carpospores remained collapsed, indicating irreversible damage. It can be concluded that UVR is a limiting factor for the development of P. Acanthophora.

  • Comparative study of the effects of salinity and UV radiation on metabolism and morphology of the red macroalga Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales)
    Photosynthetica, 2018
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Fernanda Ramlov, Marcelo Maraschin, Carmen Simioni, Zenilda L Bouzon, L. C. Ouriques, N. Steiner, F. Chow, Eder C Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Increase of harmful radiation to the Earth’s surface due to ozone depletion results in higher exposure to harmful ultraviolet- B radiation (UV), while fluctuations in seawater salinity may alter water density, ionic concentration, nutrient uptake, and osmotic pressure. This study evaluated the effects of salinity and UV on metabolism and morphology of Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen. Water with 30 and 37 psu [g(salt) kg^–1(sea water)] was used for experiments during 7 d of exposure to UV (3 h per day). We demonstrated that UV treatment predisposed, irrespective of salinity, A. spicifera to a decrease in its growth rate and cell viability, as well as affected its morphological parameters. After exposure to PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB), samples showed structural changes and damage, such as increasing cell wall thickness and chloroplast disruption. Our results indicate that UV led to dramatic metabolic changes and cellular imbalances, but more remarkable changes were seen in samples exposed to high salinity.

  • effects of salinity on the physiology of the red macroalga Acanthophora spicifera rhodophyta ceramiales
    Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2017
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Fernanda Ramlov, Marcelo Maraschin, Carmen Simioni, Elisa Poltronieri Filipin, Fernanda Bouvie, Zenilda L Bouzon, Eder C Schmidt
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Salinity is an important abiotic factor since it is responsible for the local and/or regional distribution of algae. In coastal regions, salinity changes with prevailing winds, precipitation and tide, and particularly in extreme intertidal conditions. Acanthophora spicifera is a red seaweed that occurs in the supratidal region in which changes in abiotic conditions occur frequently. This study evaluated the effects of salinity on the metabolism and morphology of A. spicifera. Algae were acclimatized under culture conditions with sterilized seawater for seven days. Experiments used different salinities (15 to 50 psu) for seven days, followed by metabolic analyses. This study demonstrates that extreme salinities affect physiological parameters of A. spicifera, such as decrease in growth rate, as well as morphological parameters and concentrations of secondary metabolites. Acanthophora spicifera exhibited high tolerance to 25 to 40 psu, with little change in physiology, which favors the occurrence of this species in diverse environments. However, 15, 20, 45 and 50 psu were the most damaging and led to loss of biomass, depigmentation of apices, and the highest concentrations of antioxidant metabolites. The 50 psu treatment caused the greatest changes in general, greatly reducing a biomass and chlorophyll content, and facilitating the presence of endophytes.

Monica Gajanan Kavale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • nutritional profiling of pyropia Acanthophora var robusta bangiales rhodophyta from indian waters
    Journal of Applied Phycology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Monica Gajanan Kavale, Mudassar Anisoddin Kazi, Nived Sreenadhan, P Murgan
    Abstract:

    Genus Pyropia is one of the nutritionally rich marine algae. Among Indian Pyropia species, Pyropia Acanthophora has been documented as a new addition with its new variety robusta. Biodiversity assessment revealed that P. Acanthophora var. robusta reported only on the central west coast of India during monsoon (June to September). The nutritional composition of the collected samples was evaluated for proximate analysis along with vitamin C, dietary fiber, pigments, minerals, and fatty acid composition. The protein content was in the range of 14.11 ± 0.62 to 18.36 ± 0.90 g (100 g)−1 dry wt. Lipid content ranged from 1.65 ± 0.25 to 2.56 ± 0.40 g (100 g)−1 dry wt., and the concentrations of PUFA among these lipids were found in considerable quantity. Dietary fiber was also obtained in high concentration and ranged from 45.13 ± 1.30 to 63.0 ± 4.40 g (100 g)−1 dry wt. In this study, the level of K, Na, Mg, Fe, I, and P were appreciably high. Thus, the nutritional analysis of P. Acanthophora var. robusta confirmed that it has potential to be used as an ingredient for nutritional supplements.

  • pyropia Acanthophora var robusta var nov bangiales rhodophyta from goa india
    IJMS Vol.44(06) [June 2015], 2015
    Co-Authors: Monica Gajanan Kavale, Mudassar Anisoddin Kazi, Nived Sreenadhan
    Abstract:

    A new variety of Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from Cola, Goa, India is described and illustrated. Pyropia Acanthophora is mentioned for the first time for India. Based on morphological and molecular characterization we identified a new variety, Pyropia Acanthophora var. robusta M. G. Kavale, M. A. Kazi, N. Sreenadhan, var. nov. Major differences were observed in size, shape and texture of the thallus as well as number of spermatia and zygotospores. Minimum genetic divergence for rbcL and cox1 gene sequences of specimen from India with the Brazilian P. Acanthophora was 0.2%.

Ali Ridlo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Acanthophora muscoides linnaeus bory dari pantai krakal gunung kidul yogyakarta
    Journal of Marine Research, 2018
    Co-Authors: Muhamad Rahadian Akbar, Rini Pramesti, Ali Ridlo
    Abstract:

    ABSTRAK : Acanthophora muscoides merupakan salah satu rumput laut merah yang berpotensi sebagai senyawa bioaktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol dan n-heksan, kadar total fenolat serta kadar pigmen (klorofil a & karotenoid) dari sampel segar A. muscoides . Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode transfer elektron dengan DPPH ( 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl ) sebagai radikal bebas. Penentuan kadar total fenolat menggunakan reagen Folin-Ciocalteu dengan asam galat sebagai standar dan penentuan kandungan pigmen menggunakan prinsip spektofotometri pada λ 663 nm, 646 nm dan 470 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan A. muscoides memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat lemah dengan nilai IC 50 ekstrak metanol 325,47 ppm dan ekstrak n-heksan 351,27 ppm, sedangkan kadar total fenolat pada masing-masing ekstrak 22,68 dan 46,19 (mg GAE/g ekstrak), kadar klorofil a 7,72 dan 24,93 (mg/g sampel), dan kadar karotenoid 28,52 dan 68,55 (µ mol/g sampel).   ABSTRACT : Acanthophora muscoides is one of the red seaweed that is potentially used as a natural antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of methanol and n-hexane extract, and determine the total phenolic content and levels of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of fresh samples A. muscoides. Antioxidant activity measured using electron transfer method with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) as free radicals, while the determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as standard and determination of pigment content measured by spectrophotometer at  a wavelength of 663 nm, 646 nm and 470 nm. The result showed IC 50 value of methanol extract was 325.47 ppm and n-hexane extract was 351.27 ppm which means that A. muscoides have very weak antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content in each extract were 22.68 and 46.19 (mg GAE/g extract), chlorophyll a 7.72 and 24.93 (mg/g sample) and carotenoid 28.52 and 68.55 (μ mol/g sample).

  • aktivitas antioksi dan rumput laut Acanthophora muscoides linnaeus bory dari pantai krakal gunung kidul yogyakarta
    Jurnal DISPROTEK, 2017
    Co-Authors: Rini Pramesti, Ali Ridlo, Wilis Ari Setyati, Muhammad Zainuddin, Muhamad Rahadian Akbar
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Acanthophora muscoides is one of the red seaweed that is potentially used as a natural antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of methanol and n-hexane extract, and determine the total phenolic content and levels of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of fresh samples A. muscoides. Antioxidant activity measured using electron transfer method with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) as free radicals, while the determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as standard and determination of pigment content measured by spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 663 nm, 646 nm and 470 nm. The result showed IC50 value of methanol extract was 325.47 ppm and n-hexane extract was 351.27 ppm which means that A. muscoides have very weak antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content in each extract were 22.68 and 46.19 (mg GAE/g extract), chlorophyll a 7.72 and 24.93 (mg/g sample) and carotenoid 28.52 and 68.55 (μ mol/g sample). Keywords: Acanthophora muscoides, antioxidant, free, radical ABSTRAK Acanthophora muscoides merupakan salah satu jenis rumput laut merah dan mempunyai senyawa bioaktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol dan n-heksan, kadar total fenolat serta kadar pigmen (klorofil a & karotenoid) dari sampel segar A. muscoides. Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan menggunakan metode transfer elektron dengan DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) sebagai radikal bebas. Penentuan kadar total fenolat menggunakan pelarut Folin-Ciocalteu dengan asam galat sebagai standar dan penentuan kandungan pigmen menggunakan prinsip spektofotometri pada λ 663 nm, 646 nm dan 470 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan A. muscoides memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat lemah dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol 325,47 ppm dan ekstrak n-heksan 351,27 ppm sedangkan kadar total fenolat pada masing-masing ekstrak 22,68 dan 46,19 (mg GAE/g ekstrak), kadar klorofil a 7,72 dan 24,93 (mg/g sampel), dan kadar karotenoid 28,52 dan 68,55 (µ mol/g sampel). Kata Kunci : Acanthophora muscoides, Antioksidan, Radikal Bebas

Debora T Pereira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of high nitrate concentrations on the germination of carpospores of the red seaweed pyropia Acanthophora var brasiliensis rhodophyta bangiales
    Hydrobiologia, 2019
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Zenilda L Bouzon, Luciane Cristina Ouriques, Carmen Simioni
    Abstract:

    Pyropia is a genus of algae used in sushi. Nitrate (NO3−) is essential for its growth. Excess NO3− is flushed into seawater, as a result of anthropogenic activities, increasing the potential for higher than normal concentrations which could be harmful to both algae and humans. This study aims to evaluate the effect of NO3− on the morphology, ultrastructure, spore viability, autofluorescence of chloroplasts, and formation of cell wall, during germination of the red seaweed Pyropia Acanthophora var. brasiliensis. To accomplish this, carpospores were cultivated at 24°C, 40 μmol photons m−2 s−1 with photoperiod of 12 h and exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM of NO3− for 2 days. Samples were cultured for another 5 days to measure the length of the germ tube. Concentrations of NO3− did not significantly influence the development, morphology, viability, or ultrastructure of the spores in the first 2 days. The absence of this nutrient did delay the ultrastructural development of the carpospore, decreasing autofluorescence of the chloroplast and delaying the formation of the cell wall and pyrenoid. Over the seven-day experimental period, higher concentrations of NO3− increased the size of the germ tube, indicating that this extra concentration boosted the development of P. Acanthophora.

  • effects of ultraviolet radiation uva uvb on germination of carpospores of the red macroalga pyropia Acanthophora var brasiliensis rhodophyta bangiales morphological changes
    Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Elisa Poltronieri Filipin, Zenilda L Bouzon, Deonir Batista, Carmen Simioni
    Abstract:

    Carpospores of Pyropia Acanthophora var. brasiliensis are dispersion and reproduction units responsible for giving rise to the diploid filamentous structure of this alga's life cycle. The present study assesses the anthropogenic impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on morphology and ultrastructure, spore viability, autofluorescence of chloroplasts and the amount of intensity of ROS during the germination of carpospores. Carpospores were cultivated at 24 ± 1°C, 40 ± 10 μmol photons m-2  s-1 with photoperiod of 12 h and exposed to UVAR + UVBR for 3 h a day for 2 days with a daily dose of 5.05 J cm-2 for UVAR and 0.095 J cm-2 for UVBR. Samples were cultured for another five days exposed only to PAR in order to confirm their viability after the initial 2-day exposure. Carpospores showed significant sensitivity to UVR exposure after only 48 h, including changes in developmental rate, overall morphology, cell organization and chloroplast autofluorescence. UVR exposure inhibited germ tube formation in carpospores, which were mostly nonviable and/or altered, showing retracted cytoplasm and disorganized cytoplasmic content. Even in the absence of UVR exposure, carpospores remained collapsed, indicating irreversible damage. It can be concluded that UVR is a limiting factor for the development of P. Acanthophora.

  • Comparative study of the effects of salinity and UV radiation on metabolism and morphology of the red macroalga Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales)
    Photosynthetica, 2018
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Fernanda Ramlov, Marcelo Maraschin, Carmen Simioni, Zenilda L Bouzon, L. C. Ouriques, N. Steiner, F. Chow, Eder C Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Increase of harmful radiation to the Earth’s surface due to ozone depletion results in higher exposure to harmful ultraviolet- B radiation (UV), while fluctuations in seawater salinity may alter water density, ionic concentration, nutrient uptake, and osmotic pressure. This study evaluated the effects of salinity and UV on metabolism and morphology of Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen. Water with 30 and 37 psu [g(salt) kg^–1(sea water)] was used for experiments during 7 d of exposure to UV (3 h per day). We demonstrated that UV treatment predisposed, irrespective of salinity, A. spicifera to a decrease in its growth rate and cell viability, as well as affected its morphological parameters. After exposure to PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB), samples showed structural changes and damage, such as increasing cell wall thickness and chloroplast disruption. Our results indicate that UV led to dramatic metabolic changes and cellular imbalances, but more remarkable changes were seen in samples exposed to high salinity.

  • effects of salinity on the physiology of the red macroalga Acanthophora spicifera rhodophyta ceramiales
    Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2017
    Co-Authors: Debora T Pereira, Fernanda Ramlov, Marcelo Maraschin, Carmen Simioni, Elisa Poltronieri Filipin, Fernanda Bouvie, Zenilda L Bouzon, Eder C Schmidt
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Salinity is an important abiotic factor since it is responsible for the local and/or regional distribution of algae. In coastal regions, salinity changes with prevailing winds, precipitation and tide, and particularly in extreme intertidal conditions. Acanthophora spicifera is a red seaweed that occurs in the supratidal region in which changes in abiotic conditions occur frequently. This study evaluated the effects of salinity on the metabolism and morphology of A. spicifera. Algae were acclimatized under culture conditions with sterilized seawater for seven days. Experiments used different salinities (15 to 50 psu) for seven days, followed by metabolic analyses. This study demonstrates that extreme salinities affect physiological parameters of A. spicifera, such as decrease in growth rate, as well as morphological parameters and concentrations of secondary metabolites. Acanthophora spicifera exhibited high tolerance to 25 to 40 psu, with little change in physiology, which favors the occurrence of this species in diverse environments. However, 15, 20, 45 and 50 psu were the most damaging and led to loss of biomass, depigmentation of apices, and the highest concentrations of antioxidant metabolites. The 50 psu treatment caused the greatest changes in general, greatly reducing a biomass and chlorophyll content, and facilitating the presence of endophytes.

Muhamad Rahadian Akbar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Acanthophora muscoides linnaeus bory dari pantai krakal gunung kidul yogyakarta
    Journal of Marine Research, 2018
    Co-Authors: Muhamad Rahadian Akbar, Rini Pramesti, Ali Ridlo
    Abstract:

    ABSTRAK : Acanthophora muscoides merupakan salah satu rumput laut merah yang berpotensi sebagai senyawa bioaktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol dan n-heksan, kadar total fenolat serta kadar pigmen (klorofil a & karotenoid) dari sampel segar A. muscoides . Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode transfer elektron dengan DPPH ( 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl ) sebagai radikal bebas. Penentuan kadar total fenolat menggunakan reagen Folin-Ciocalteu dengan asam galat sebagai standar dan penentuan kandungan pigmen menggunakan prinsip spektofotometri pada λ 663 nm, 646 nm dan 470 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan A. muscoides memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat lemah dengan nilai IC 50 ekstrak metanol 325,47 ppm dan ekstrak n-heksan 351,27 ppm, sedangkan kadar total fenolat pada masing-masing ekstrak 22,68 dan 46,19 (mg GAE/g ekstrak), kadar klorofil a 7,72 dan 24,93 (mg/g sampel), dan kadar karotenoid 28,52 dan 68,55 (µ mol/g sampel).   ABSTRACT : Acanthophora muscoides is one of the red seaweed that is potentially used as a natural antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of methanol and n-hexane extract, and determine the total phenolic content and levels of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of fresh samples A. muscoides. Antioxidant activity measured using electron transfer method with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) as free radicals, while the determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as standard and determination of pigment content measured by spectrophotometer at  a wavelength of 663 nm, 646 nm and 470 nm. The result showed IC 50 value of methanol extract was 325.47 ppm and n-hexane extract was 351.27 ppm which means that A. muscoides have very weak antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content in each extract were 22.68 and 46.19 (mg GAE/g extract), chlorophyll a 7.72 and 24.93 (mg/g sample) and carotenoid 28.52 and 68.55 (μ mol/g sample).

  • aktivitas antioksi dan rumput laut Acanthophora muscoides linnaeus bory dari pantai krakal gunung kidul yogyakarta
    Jurnal DISPROTEK, 2017
    Co-Authors: Rini Pramesti, Ali Ridlo, Wilis Ari Setyati, Muhammad Zainuddin, Muhamad Rahadian Akbar
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Acanthophora muscoides is one of the red seaweed that is potentially used as a natural antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of methanol and n-hexane extract, and determine the total phenolic content and levels of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of fresh samples A. muscoides. Antioxidant activity measured using electron transfer method with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) as free radicals, while the determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as standard and determination of pigment content measured by spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 663 nm, 646 nm and 470 nm. The result showed IC50 value of methanol extract was 325.47 ppm and n-hexane extract was 351.27 ppm which means that A. muscoides have very weak antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content in each extract were 22.68 and 46.19 (mg GAE/g extract), chlorophyll a 7.72 and 24.93 (mg/g sample) and carotenoid 28.52 and 68.55 (μ mol/g sample). Keywords: Acanthophora muscoides, antioxidant, free, radical ABSTRAK Acanthophora muscoides merupakan salah satu jenis rumput laut merah dan mempunyai senyawa bioaktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol dan n-heksan, kadar total fenolat serta kadar pigmen (klorofil a & karotenoid) dari sampel segar A. muscoides. Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan menggunakan metode transfer elektron dengan DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) sebagai radikal bebas. Penentuan kadar total fenolat menggunakan pelarut Folin-Ciocalteu dengan asam galat sebagai standar dan penentuan kandungan pigmen menggunakan prinsip spektofotometri pada λ 663 nm, 646 nm dan 470 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan A. muscoides memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat lemah dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol 325,47 ppm dan ekstrak n-heksan 351,27 ppm sedangkan kadar total fenolat pada masing-masing ekstrak 22,68 dan 46,19 (mg GAE/g ekstrak), kadar klorofil a 7,72 dan 24,93 (mg/g sampel), dan kadar karotenoid 28,52 dan 68,55 (µ mol/g sampel). Kata Kunci : Acanthophora muscoides, Antioksidan, Radikal Bebas