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Reinhard Madlener - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Green and regional? A multi-criteria assessment framework for the provision of green electricity for electric vehicles in Germany
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2020Co-Authors: Paul Fabianek, Christian Will, Stefanie Wolff, Reinhard MadlenerAbstract:Abstract Based on economic and ecological criteria this paper proposes an evaluation framework for the provision of green electricity for charging plug-in electric vehicles in Germany, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach for a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. The framework allows for a transparent evaluation of the supply of green electricity for electric vehicles from different stakeholder perspectives, without the direct involvement and reassessment by the experts. The relevant criteria for the evaluation are derived from literature, an analysis of eco-labels for electricity tariffs, and 33 expert interviews from four different stakeholder groups (municipal utilities, academia and science, non-governmental organizations, and automobile manufacturers). Eight criteria have been found to be particularly relevant for green electricity service evaluation: regionality, transparency, balancing period, Additionality, land use, greenhouse gas emissions, smart charging (via a flexibility discount), and quality premium. The evaluation framework comprises value scores, which represent the degree to which a specific green charging service satisfies a given quality criterion, and combines them with the weights derived in the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The results differ markedly between stakeholder groups and point to the particular importance of Additionality, technology-specific greenhouse gas emissions, and transparency. The framework seems useful for service design by (municipal) utilities, charge point operators, non-governmental organizations, and aggregators offering smart charging solutions.
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green and regional a multi criteria assessment framework for the provision of green electricity for electric vehicles in germany
2019Co-Authors: Paul Fabianek, Christian Will, Stefanie Wolff, Reinhard MadlenerAbstract:Based on economic and ecological criteria this paper proposes an evaluation framework for the provision of green electricity for charging plug-in electric vehicles in Germany, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach for a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. The frame-work allows for a transparent evaluation of the supply of green electricity for electric vehicles from different stakeholder perspectives, without the direct involvement and reassessment by the experts. The relevant criteria for the evaluation are derived from literature, an analysis of eco-labels for electricity tariffs, and 33 expert interviews from four different stakeholder groups (municipal utilities, academia and science, non-governmental organizations, and automobile manufacturers). Eight criteria have been found to be particularly relevant for green electricity service evaluation: regionality, transparency, balancing period, Additionality, land use, green-house gas emissions, smart charging (via a flexibility discount), and quality premium. The evaluation framework comprises value scores which represent the degree to which a specific green charging service satisfies a given quality criterion, and combining them with the AHP-weights. The results differ markedly between stakeholder groups and point to the particular importance of Additionality, technology-specific greenhouse gas emissions, and transparency. The frame-work seems useful for service design by (municipal) utilities, charge point operators, non-governmental organizations, and aggregators offering smart charging solutions.
Christopher B Barrett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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improving food aid what reforms would yield the highest payoff
World Development, 2008Co-Authors: Erin C Lentz, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:Summary This paper develops an integrated model of the food aid distribution chain, from donor appropriations through operational agency programming decisions to household consumption choices. We use this model to simulate alternative policies and to perform sensitivity analysis to establish how varying underlying conditions—for example, delivery costs, the political Additionality of food, targeting efficacy—affect optimal food aid policy for improving the well-being of food insecure households. We find that improved targeting by operational agencies is crucial to advancing food security objectives. At the donor level, the key policy variable under most model parameterizations is ocean freight costs associated with cargo preference restrictions on the US food aid.
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improving food aid what reforms would yield the highest payoff
Social Science Research Network, 2007Co-Authors: Erin C Lentz, Christopher B BarrettAbstract:This paper develops an integrated model of the food aid distribution chain, from donor appropriations through operational agency programming decisions to household consumption choices. We use this model to simulate alternative policies and to perform sensitivity analysis to establish how varying underlying conditions - e.g., delivery costs, the political Additionality of food, targeting efficacy - affect optimal food aid policy for improving the well-being of food insecure households. We find that improved targeting by operational agencies is crucial to advancing food security objectives. At the donor level, the key policy variable under most model parameterizations is ocean freight costs associated with cargo preference restrictions on US food aid.
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the dynamic effects of u s food aid
Research Papers in Economics, 1998Co-Authors: Christopher B Barrett, Sandeep Mohapatra, Donald L SnyderAbstract:I. INTRODUCTION The effects of United States food aid on recipient country agriculture have been heatedly debated for years. Does food aid depress producer incentives, thereby retarding output growth? Does it substitute for food that would otherwise be imported commercially from the donor, thereby providing balance of payments relief? Does food aid have long-run stimulative effects on recipient country commercial imports, thereby developing markets for donors? Are there pecuniary commercial trade externalities caused by food aid, wherein the donor captures either more or less than the marginal increase in recipient country commercial food imports that food aid induces? Although food aid may have important medium- to long-term effects, there is a glaring absence of empirical research on these questions using dynamic modeling techniques. We apply vector autoregression methods to a 1961-95 panel of data on food production, food trade, and program food aid shipments from the United States - by far the world's largest bilateral food aid donor - for the 18 countries that have most benefited from U.S. food aid over the past 40 plus years. This analysis uncovers important, intuitive multiyear patterns not previously identified in the vast literature on food aid. II. THE ISSUES Food aid was formalized in the United States in 1954 under Public Law 480 (PL480), the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (later renamed Food for Peace).(1) Title II (emergency) aid is distributed for humanitarian purposes through charities. Titles I and III, program food aid, provide food on concessional terms that recipient governments then sell to earn revenue (counterpart funds). Program (nonemergency) food aid represents the lion's share of food aid shipments, historically about 80% of direct, bilateral food aid. Compared to Title II, program food aid is more fungible, more commonly used for broader development purposes by recipients and for trade promotion purposes by donors, and its effectiveness and desirability are more contested. We study program food aid in this paper, hereafter referring to it simply as "food aid," for the sake of brevity. The multiple, sometimes conflicting objectives of food aid have sparked heated debate over its efficacy in promoting either agricultural development in recipient economies or trade development for donors. Particularly intense debates have surrounded the questions of whether food aid (1) is "additional" to commercial trade volumes, as the international food aid convention insists, (2) establishes distribution channels and fosters consumer taste for donor country products, thereby stimulating long-term commercial trade, or (3) depresses or stimulates recipient country food production. There are no unambiguous analytical answers to these questions; they demand empirical investigation. While there are other conceptual debates in the literature - and many over operational details - we restrict our attention to these three fundamental issues. The primary question to donor country agricultural producers is whether food aid creates additional commercial export opportunities. Under international aid agreements, food aid recipient countries are obliged to maintain a "normal" volume of commercial food imports (the "usual marketing requirement," or UMR) so as to ensure the "Additionality" of food aid. If the Additionality principle is honored, Acker [1989, 165] observes that "food aid programs provide an opportunity to empty granaries and warehouses, build up taste preferences for U.S. commodities, and through the economic development consequences of our PL 480 programs, build purchasing power for future commercial sales of United States agricultural commodities." As researchers such as Abbott and McCarthy [1982] and Von Braun and Huddleston [1988] note, however, food aid commonly seems to substitute in part for commercial imports, violating the Additionality principle. …
Alessandro Maffioli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluating the impact of technology development funds in emerging economies evidence from latin america
The European Journal of Development Research, 2008Co-Authors: Bronwyn H Hall, Alessandro MaffioliAbstract:Evaluations of government Technology Development Funds (TDF) in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Panama are surveyed. All the evaluations were done at the recipient (firm) level using data from innovation surveys, industrial surveys, and administrative records of the granting units, together with quasi-experimental econometric techniques to minimise the effects of any selection bias. TDF effectiveness is found to depend on the financing mechanism used, on the presence of non-financial constraints, on firm–university interaction, and on the characteristics of the target beneficiaries. Four levels of potential impact were considered: R&D input Additionality, behavioural Additionality, increases in innovative output, and improvements in performance. The evidence suggests that TDF do not crowd out private investment and that they positively affect R&D intensity. In addition, participation in TDF induces a more proactive attitude of beneficiary firms towards innovation activities. However, the analysis does not fi...
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evaluating the impact of technology development funds in emerging economies evidence from latin america
Social Science Research Network, 2008Co-Authors: Bronwyn H Hall, Alessandro MaffioliAbstract:Evaluations of government Technology Development Funds (TDF) in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Panama are surveyed. All the evaluations were done at the recipient (firm) level using data from innovation surveys, industrial surveys, and administrative records of the granting units, together with quasi-experimental econometric techniques to minimize the effects of any selection bias. TDF effectiveness is found to depend on the financing mechanism used, on the presence of non-financial constraints, on firm-university interaction, and on the characteristics of the target beneficiaries. Four levels of potential impact were considered: R&D input Additionality, behavioural Additionality, increases in innovative output, and improvements in performance. The evidence suggests that TDF do not crowd out private investment and that they positively affect R&D intensity. In addition, participation in TDF induces a more proactive attitude of beneficiary firms towards innovation activities. However, the analysis does not find much statistically significant impact on patents or new product sales and the evidence on firm performance is mixed, with positive results in terms of firm growth, but little corresponding positive impact on measures of firm productivity, possibly because the horizon over which the evaluation was conducted was too short.
Chen Quanzhi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the demonstration of Additionality in small scale hydropower cdm project
Renewable Energy, 2011Co-Authors: Wu Yunna, Chen QuanzhiAbstract:Abstract The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of important mechanisms to assist in achieving the mitigation target assigned in the Kyoto Protocol. However, the Additionality of small-scale hydropower project activities has been a debated issue in the Parties. The method for assessing the Additionality is the core for the eligibility. On the basis of Shiba hydropower CDM project, this thesis discusses the types and their essential implications of the additionalities of small-scale hydropower CDM project activities, and the rationality and feasibility of the methods for assessing additionalities, hoping to the contribution to preparation and implementation of small-scale hydropower CDM project activities in China.
Roland Menges - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Supporting renewable energy on liberalised markets: green electricity between Additionality and consumer sovereignty
Energy Policy, 2003Co-Authors: Roland MengesAbstract:Abstract The German feed-in regulation has been perhaps the most effective promotional policy for green electricity. However, with the growing momentum of the liberalisation process the current regulation is challenged by structural problems about how to address the demand side. Price regulation lefts only little room for private green electricity market activities. Moreover, the success of the feed-in regulation depends on a strict differentiation of the political segment and the emerging green electricity markets. The question, therefore, is about the role green electricity markets can (or should) perform in general. In order to evaluate green electricity markets the Additionality criteria is frequently used, implying that markets are only desirable if they lead to additional environmental effects. The Additionality criteria has two implications: First , transformed into individual behaviour, Additionality implies that consumers are assumed to act as pure altruists. However, there is evidence from empirical studies that green electricity consumers behave more as impure altruists: they are not so much interested in the objective environmental impact of their behaviour but more objected to receive a private satisfaction from buying an environmental friendly product. Whereas theoretical models in the case of pure altruism suggest that private activities crowd out totally when policy becomes active in supporting the public good, this crowding out disappears in the case of impure altruism. Second , using end-state criteria such as the Additionality principle as pre-condition , and neglecting process criteria such as consumer sovereignty, means to prevent establishing competitive market process right at the outset in principle.