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Arthur F. Kramer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Associations Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Control in Adolescents
Frontiers in Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Daniel R. Westfall, Arthur F. Kramer, Charles H. Hillman, Anne Kær Gejl, Jakob Tarp, Niels Wedderkopp, Anna BuggeAbstract:Previous research has found positive associations between cognitive control and Aerobic Fitness in preadolescents and adults; however, fewer studies have investigated these associations in adolescents. Adolescence is of particular interest due to continued maturation of the prefrontal cortex; an area that subserves cognitive control. This study investigated the associations of Aerobic Fitness and cognitive control in adolescents. An assessment of Aerobic Fitness (Andersen intermittent running test) and two tests of cognitive control were collected to investigate these associations. Participants completed a test of inhibitory control (flanker task) and a test of cognitive flexibility (switch task). Along with traditional measures of reaction time (RT) and accuracy, diffusion modelling was utilized to combine these measures to calculate latent variables (i.e., drift rate, boundary separation, and nondecision time). Associations between cognitive measures and Fitness were assessed with linear regressions while controlling for potential confounding factors. Higher Fitness was associated with shorter reaction time and higher accuracy in the flanker task, indicating better inhibitory control performance. In addition, greater Aerobic Fitness was associated with greater quality of information uptake in the flanker task, as indicated by drift rate. In the switch task, higher Aerobic Fitness was associated with greater accuracy and longer switch RT indicating a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Results from the switch task diffusion modelling supported this conclusion as indicated by greater Fitness associated with greater boundary separation, or response conservativeness. Further, greater drift rate in the switch task was associated with greater Fitness. These findings corroborate growing evidence indicating the importance of Aerobic Fitness for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. This study extends the literature by demonstrating these effects in a large sample of adolescents with a computational model of the mechanisms that underlie cognition.
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Aerobic Fitness is associated with greater white matter integrity in children
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Laura Chaddock-heyman, Michelle W. Voss, Charles H. Hillman, Kirk I. Erickson, Joseph L. Holtrop, Matthew B. Pontifex, Lauren B. Raine, Arthur F. KramerAbstract:Aerobic Fitness has been found to play a positive role in brain and cognitive health of children. Yet, many of the neural biomarkers related to Aerobic Fitness remain unknown. Here, using diffusion tensor imaging, we demonstrated that higher Aerobic Fitness was related to greater estimates of white matter microstructure in children. Higher fit 9- and 10-year-old children showed greater fractional anisotropy (FA) in sections of the corpus callosum, corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus, compared to lower fit children. The FA effects were primarily characterized by Aerobic Fitness differences in radial diffusivity, thereby raising the possibility that estimates of myelination may vary as a function of individual differences in Fitness during childhood. White matter structure may be another potential neural mechanism of Aerobic Fitness that assists in efficient communication between gray matter regions as well as the integration of regions into networks.
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Role of Childhood Aerobic Fitness in Successful Street Crossing
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2012Co-Authors: Laura Chaddock, Charles H. Hillman, Mark B. Neider, Aubrey Lutz, Arthur F. KramerAbstract:CHADDOCK, L., M. B. NEIDER, A. LUTZ, C. H. HILLMAN, and A. F. KRAMER. Role of Childhood Aerobic Fitness in Successful Street Crossing. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 749–753, 2012. Increased Aerobic Fitness is associated with improved cognition, brain health, and academic achievement during preadolescence. Purpose: In this study, we extended these findings by examining the relationship between Aerobic Fitness and an everyday real-world task: street crossing. Because street crossing can be a dangerous multitask challenge and is a leading cause of injury in children, it is important to find ways to improve pedestrian safety. Methods: A street intersection was modeled in a virtual environment, and higher-fit (n = 13, 7 boys) and lower-fit (n = 13, 5 boys) 8- to
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Basal Ganglia Volume Is Associated with Aerobic Fitness in Preadolescent Children
Developmental Neuroscience, 2010Co-Authors: Laura Chaddock, Michelle W. Voss, Charles H. Hillman, Kirk I. Erickson, Matthew B. Pontifex, Lauren B. Raine, Ruchika Shaurya Prakash, Matt Vanpatter, Arthur F. KramerAbstract:The present investigation is the first to explore the association between childhood Aerobic Fitness and basal ganglia structure and function. Rodent research has revealed that exercise influences the striatum by increasing dopamine signaling and angiogenesis. In children, higher Aerobic Fitness levels are associated with greater hippocampal volumes, superior performance on tasks of attentional and interference control, and elevated event-related brain potential indices of executive function. The present study used magnetic resonance imaging to investigate if higher-fit and lower-fit 9- and 10-year-old children exhibited differential volumes of other subcortical brain regions, specifically the basal ganglia involved in attentional control. The relationship between Aerobic Fitness, dorsal and ventral striatum volumes and performance on an attention and inhibition Eriksen flanker task was also examined. The results indicated that higher-fit children showed superior flanker task performance compared to lower-fit children. Higher-fit children also showed greater volumes of the dorsal striatum, and dorsal striatum volume was negatively associated with behavioral interference. The results support the claim that the dorsal striatum is involved in cognitive control and response resolution and that these cognitive processes vary as a function of Aerobic Fitness. No relationship was found between Aerobic Fitness, the volume of the ventral striatum and flanker performance. The findings suggest that increased childhood Aerobic Fitness is associated with greater dorsal striatal volumes and that this is related to enhanced cognitive control. Because children are becoming increasingly overweight, unhealthy and unfit, understanding the neurocognitive benefits of an active lifestyle during childhood has important public health and educational implications.
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Aerobic Fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans
Hippocampus, 2009Co-Authors: K. I. Erickson, Ruchika S. Prakash, Laura Chaddock, Katherine S. Morris, Emmett Mcauley, Michelle W. Voss, Thomas R. Wójcicki, Siobhan M. White, Liang Hu, Arthur F. KramerAbstract:Deterioration of the hippocampus occurs in elderly individuals with and without dementia, yet individual variation exists in the degree and rate of hippocampal decay. Determining the factors that influence individual variation in the magnitude and rate of hippocampal decay may help promote lifestyle changes that prevent such deterioration from taking place. Aerobic Fitness and exercise are effective at preventing cortical decay and cognitive impairment in older adults and epidemiological studies suggest that physical activity can reduce the risk for developing dementia. However, the relationship between Aerobic Fitness and hippocampal volume in elderly humans is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether individuals with higher levels of Aerobic Fitness displayed greater volume of the hippocampus and better spatial memory performance than individuals with lower Fitness levels. Furthermore, in exploratory analyses, we assessed whether hippocampal volume mediated the relationship between Fitness and spatial memory. Using a region-of-interest analysis on magnetic resonance images in 165 nondemented older adults, we found a triple association such that higher Fitness levels were associated with larger left and right hippocampi after controlling for age, sex, and years of education, and larger hippocampi and higher Fitness levels were correlated with better spatial memory performance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hippocampal volume partially mediated the relationship between higher Fitness levels and enhanced spatial memory. Our results clearly indicate that higher levels of Aerobic Fitness are associated with increased hippocampal volume in older humans, which translates to better memory function.
Neil Armstrong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Clarity and Confusion in the Development of Youth Aerobic Fitness.
Frontiers in Physiology, 2019Co-Authors: Neil Armstrong, Jo WelsmanAbstract:.Peak oxygen uptake (V O_2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth Aerobic Fitness, but flawed laboratory assessments and fallacious interpretations of peak V O_2 in ratio with body mass have confused our understanding of the development of Aerobic Fitness. Moreover, the recent emergence of specious predictions of peak V O_2 from performance tests and the promotion of spurious ‘clinical red flags’ and cardiometabolic cut-points have confused our understanding of the relationship between youth Aerobic Fitness and health. Recent longitudinal studies of 10-18 year-olds using multilevel allometric modelling have empirically demonstrated that peak V O_2 increases in accord with sex-specific, concurrent changes in age- and maturity status-driven morphological covariates with the timing and tempo of changes specific to individuals. During both cycle ergometry and treadmill running age- and maturity-status- driven changes in fat free mass have been revealed as the most powerful morphological influences on the development of youth Aerobic Fitness. To bring some clarity to current confusion, this paper argues that future studies must be founded on rigorous assessment and interpretation of peak V O_2 and ensure that they address the development of youth Aerobic Fitness and its relationship with present and future health in relation to appropriate sex-specific morphological covariates governed by individual biological clocks.
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Top 10 Research Questions Related to Youth Aerobic Fitness
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2017Co-Authors: Neil ArmstrongAbstract:ABSTRACTPeak oxygen uptake (2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth Aerobic Fitness, but despite pediatric data being available for almost 80 years, its measurement and interpretation in relation to growth, maturation, and health remain controversial. The trainability of youth Aerobic Fitness continues to be hotly debated, and causal mechanisms of training-induced changes and their modulation by chronological age, biological maturation, and sex are still to be resolved. The daily physical activity of youth is characterized by intermittent bouts and rapid changes in intensity, but physical activity of the intensity and duration required to determine peak 2 is rarely (if ever) experienced by most youth. In this context, it may therefore be the transient kinetics of pulmonary 2 that best reflect youth Aerobic Fitness. There are remarkably few rigorous studies of youth pulmonary 2 kinetics at the onset of exercise in different intensity domains, and the influence of chronological ag...
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Aerobic Fitness and its relationship to sport exercise training and habitual physical activity during youth
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Neil Armstrong, Grant R. Tomkinson, Ulf EkelundAbstract:Aim To analyse Aerobic Fitness and its relationship with sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical activity (HPA) during youth. Methods Studies were located through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in Aerobic Fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO 2 ) are reported. Results Peak VO 2 increases with age and maturation. Boys9 peak VO 2 is higher than girls9. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test estimates of Aerobic Fitness there is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO 2 or that it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the VO 2 kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity exercise slows with age and the VO 2 kinetics response to heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak VO 2 and age but differences related to maturation or sex remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO 2 , a faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained peers. Young people can increase their peak VO 2 through exercise training but a meaningful relationship between Aerobic Fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated. Conclusions During youth the responses of the components of Aerobic Fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex. Exercise training will enhance Aerobic Fitness but a relationship between young people9s current HPA and Aerobic Fitness remains to be proven.
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Aerobic Fitness: what are we measuring?
Pediatric Fitness, 2007Co-Authors: Neil Armstrong, Joanne R. WelsmanAbstract:Aerobic Fitness depends upon the components of oxygen delivery and the oxidative mechanisms of the exercising muscle. Peak oxygen uptake is recognised as the best single criterion of Aerobic Fitness
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Aerobic Fitness of children and adolescents.
Jornal de Pediatria, 2006Co-Authors: Neil ArmstrongAbstract:erobic Fitness may be defined as the ability todeliver oxygen to the muscles and to utilize it to generateenergy during exercise. Aerobic Fitness therefore dependsupon the pulmonary, cardiovascular and haematologicalcomponents of oxygen delivery and the oxidativemechanisms of the exercising muscle. Maximal oxygenuptake (VO
Ulf Ekelund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aerobic Fitness and its relationship to sport exercise training and habitual physical activity during youth
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Neil Armstrong, Grant R. Tomkinson, Ulf EkelundAbstract:Aim To analyse Aerobic Fitness and its relationship with sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical activity (HPA) during youth. Methods Studies were located through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in Aerobic Fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO 2 ) are reported. Results Peak VO 2 increases with age and maturation. Boys9 peak VO 2 is higher than girls9. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test estimates of Aerobic Fitness there is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO 2 or that it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the VO 2 kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity exercise slows with age and the VO 2 kinetics response to heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak VO 2 and age but differences related to maturation or sex remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO 2 , a faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained peers. Young people can increase their peak VO 2 through exercise training but a meaningful relationship between Aerobic Fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated. Conclusions During youth the responses of the components of Aerobic Fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex. Exercise training will enhance Aerobic Fitness but a relationship between young people9s current HPA and Aerobic Fitness remains to be proven.
Renaat Philippaerts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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muscular strength Aerobic Fitness and metabolic syndrome risk in flemish adults
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007Co-Authors: Katrien Wijndaele, Nathalie Duvigneaud, Lynn Matton, William Duquet, Martine Thomis, Gaston Beunen, Johan Lefevre, Renaat PhilippaertsAbstract:Purpose: To investigate the association of muscular strength and Aerobic Fitness with a continuous metabolic syndrome risk score in male and female adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1019 (571 men) Flemish adults, aged 18-75. Muscular strength was evaluated by measuring isometric knee extension and flexion peak torque, using a Biodex System Pro 3 dynamometer. Aerobic Fitness was quantified as V?O2peak and was determined during a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test. Both strength and Aerobic Fitness were scaled for differences in FFM, using allometric analyses. A validated metabolic syndrome risk score that was based on waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and HDL cholesterol was used. Metabolic syndrome risk score, strength, and Aerobic Fitness were analyzed as continuous variables using multiple linear regression. Results: Metabolic syndrome risk was inversely associated with strength, independently of Aerobic Fitness, and after adjustment for age, height, education level, smoking status, and dietary intake in women (s = -0.172, P 0.05). Independently of strength, Aerobic Fitness was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome risk (men: s = -0.309, P < 0.001; women: s = -0.208, P < 0.001). Furthermore, independent associations were found for strength and Aerobic Fitness with several individual metabolic syndrome risk factors in women, and most of these associations were only partially mediated by central and general adiposity indicators. Conclusion: Although cross-sectional, the present results support inclusion of strength training in addition to Aerobic exercise in physical activity recommendations for women, because both types of activity might show additional effects in reducing the risk of the metabolic syndrome
Charles H. Hillman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aerobic Fitness and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Celia Álvarez-bueno, Charles H. Hillman, Iván Cavero-redondo, Mairena Sánchez-lópez, Diana P. Pozuelo-carrascosa, Vicente Martínez-vizcaínoAbstract:ABSTRACTThis study aims to quantify the association between Aerobic Fitness and academic achievement, and determine how different Aerobic Fitness tests and individual demographic characteristics ma...
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Associations Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Control in Adolescents
Frontiers in Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Daniel R. Westfall, Arthur F. Kramer, Charles H. Hillman, Anne Kær Gejl, Jakob Tarp, Niels Wedderkopp, Anna BuggeAbstract:Previous research has found positive associations between cognitive control and Aerobic Fitness in preadolescents and adults; however, fewer studies have investigated these associations in adolescents. Adolescence is of particular interest due to continued maturation of the prefrontal cortex; an area that subserves cognitive control. This study investigated the associations of Aerobic Fitness and cognitive control in adolescents. An assessment of Aerobic Fitness (Andersen intermittent running test) and two tests of cognitive control were collected to investigate these associations. Participants completed a test of inhibitory control (flanker task) and a test of cognitive flexibility (switch task). Along with traditional measures of reaction time (RT) and accuracy, diffusion modelling was utilized to combine these measures to calculate latent variables (i.e., drift rate, boundary separation, and nondecision time). Associations between cognitive measures and Fitness were assessed with linear regressions while controlling for potential confounding factors. Higher Fitness was associated with shorter reaction time and higher accuracy in the flanker task, indicating better inhibitory control performance. In addition, greater Aerobic Fitness was associated with greater quality of information uptake in the flanker task, as indicated by drift rate. In the switch task, higher Aerobic Fitness was associated with greater accuracy and longer switch RT indicating a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Results from the switch task diffusion modelling supported this conclusion as indicated by greater Fitness associated with greater boundary separation, or response conservativeness. Further, greater drift rate in the switch task was associated with greater Fitness. These findings corroborate growing evidence indicating the importance of Aerobic Fitness for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. This study extends the literature by demonstrating these effects in a large sample of adolescents with a computational model of the mechanisms that underlie cognition.
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Adolescent Changes in Aerobic Fitness Are Related to Changes in Academic Achievement.
Pediatric Exercise Science, 2018Co-Authors: Lauren B. Raine, Carol L. Baym, Neal J. Cohen, John R. Biggan, Brian J. Saliba, Charles H. HillmanAbstract:There is a growing trend of decreasing physical Fitness among adolescents, which may not only result in poorer physical health, but also poorer academic achievement.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in Aerobic Fitness and academic achievement in reading and mathematics during middle school.Method:This study employed a prospective, longitudinal cross-sectional design. Fifty-two adolescents were followed from sixth grade through eighth grade. In the spring of sixth, seventh, and eight grade students completed PACER tests measuring Aerobic Fitness. In addition, students also completed ISAT academic achievement tests in reading and mathematics.Results:Changes in Aerobic Fitness between sixth and eighth grade were positively related to changes in academic achievement in both reading and mathematics between sixth and eighth grade.Conclusions:These data suggest that changes in Aerobic Fitness may modulate changes in academic achievement. These findings highlight the importance of p...
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The association between Aerobic Fitness and congruency sequence effects in preadolescent children
Brain and Cognition, 2017Co-Authors: Daniel R. Westfall, Mark R. Scudder, Matthew B. Pontifex, Shih Chun Kao, Charles H. HillmanAbstract:Aerobic Fitness has previously been related to cognitive control in preadolescents; however, these investigations have generally relied on global measures of performance. Thus, we have little understanding of how Aerobic Fitness may relate to trial-by-trial modulations in cognitive control. This study utilized congruency sequence effects (CSEs), which characterize how behavior on the current trial is influenced by the previous trial, to investigate the relation of Aerobic Fitness on varying levels of cognitive control. One hundred eighty-seven children completed tests of Aerobic Fitness and a flanker task. Regressions were performed to determine relationships between CSE sequences and Aerobic Fitness while controlling for other potential confounding factors (e.g., age, sex, IQ). Lower-fit children were less able to modulate cognitive control during sequences requiring relatively less cognitive control. Additionally, lower-fit children were less able to adjust for variable levels of cognitive control during relatively more difficult sequences. Lastly, lower-fit children had longer reaction times (RTs) for all sequences in the condition requiring greater amounts of cognitive control. These findings corroborate the importance of Aerobic Fitness for cognitive control in school-aged children, and extend the literature by demonstrating a relationship between Fitness and trial-by-trial modulations in control demands.
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Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Inhibitory Control in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2015Co-Authors: Brian M. Sandroff, Charles H. Hillman, Robert W. MotlAbstract:Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent, disabling, and poorly managed in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Aerobic Fitness might be a target of exercise training interventions for improving cognition in this population. It is unknown if the well-established pattern of associations between higher Aerobic Fitness and better inhibitory control in the general population exists among persons with MS. The current cross-sectional study examined the effects of Aerobic Fitness (VO2peak) on inhibitory control, using a modified flanker task, in 28 persons with MS and 28 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and body mass index. This involved performing bivariate correlations and hierarchical linear regression analyses on measures of Aerobic Fitness and inhibitory control. Persons with MS demonstrated lower VO2peak (d = -0.45), slower (d = 0.62-0.84), and less accurate (d = -0.60 to 0.71) performance on the flanker task than controls. VO2peak was similarly associated with reaction time measures of inhibitory control in the MS and control samples (ρ = -0.40 to 0.54). VO2peak (p < .01), but not group (p ≥ .08) (MS vs. control), predicted reaction time on the flanker task, irrespective of age, sex, and education. This supports the development of Aerobic exercise interventions for improving reaction time on tasks of inhibitory control in persons with MS, much like what has been successfully undertaken in the general population.