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Michael L Leming - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of engine idling on national ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions from nonroad diesel construction equipment
Transportation Research Record, 2012Co-Authors: Phil Lewis, William Rasdorf, H Frey, Michael L LemingAbstract:It is difficult to assess the effects of engine idling on Air pollutant emissions from highway construction equipment because of a lack of combined activity and emissions data. A methodology is presented for quantifying the impact of idling on National Ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). The methodology and results are based on field data collected from 35 items of nonroad diesel construction equipment. Engine idle time was quantified in terms of equipment operational efficiency (η), which was defined as the ratio of nonidle time to total equipment use time (nonidle time plus idle time). With η and the ratio of idle to nonidle emission rates (re) for each pollutant, the percentage increase in the total quantities of each pollutant emitted (NE) was calculated for each item of equipment for the observed values of η and re. Results showed that as η increased (or idle time decreased),...
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effects of engine idling on national ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions from nonroad diesel construction equipment
Transportation Research Record, 2012Co-Authors: Phil Lewis, William Rasdorf, H Frey, Michael L LemingAbstract:It is difficult to assess the effects of engine idling on Air pollutant emissions from highway construction equipment because of a lack of combined activity and emissions data. A methodology is presented for quantifying the impact of idling on National Ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). The methodology and results are based on field data collected from 35 items of nonroad diesel construction equipment. Engine idle time was quantified in terms of equipment operational efficiency (η), which was defined as the ratio of nonidle time to total equipment use time (nonidle time plus idle time). With η and the ratio of idle to nonidle emission rates (re) for each pollutant, the percentage increase in the total quantities of each pollutant emitted (NE) was calculated for each item of equipment for the observed values of η and re. Results showed that as η increased (or idle time decreased),...
A Manuel G Leiva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inhaled and inspired particulates in metropolitan santiago chile exceed Air Quality Standards
Building and Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Richard A Toro, G Raul E S Morales, Mauricio Canales, Claudio Gonzalezrojas, A Manuel G LeivaAbstract:Abstract The long-term trends and spatial variability of PM2.5 and PM10 over the period between 2000 and 2012 in the Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile are studied. The annual PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration ranged between 76 ± 5 and 52 ± 4 μg m−3 and between 32 ± 4 and 24 ± 3, respectively. The large levels of PM observed during the cool season (April–September) compared to the warm season (October–March) can be explained by meteorological conditions and increased emissions. PM2.5 represents approximately 45% ± 5% and 60% ± 10% of PM10 in the warm and cold seasons, respectively. Reductions in PM10 and PM2.5 were observed in the ranges of −2.46 to 0.31 and −3.17 to −1.80% year−1, respectively. For the city, the comprehensive Air pollution level declined gradually, illustrating that the Air Quality improved over the last decade. However, the Air Quality Standards were still being exceeded, indicating the need to update and strengthen the policies to control PM pollution.
Craig N Oren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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when must epa set ambient Air Quality Standards looking back at nrdc v train
Social Science Research Network, 2012Co-Authors: Craig N OrenAbstract:There has been much controversy about whether the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency must set ambient Air Quality Standards under the Clean Air Act for gasses that cause global warming. This paper examines NRDC v Train, the precedent suggesting that EPA has such an obligation. That case forced EPA to set ambient Air Quality Standards for lead. The paper suggests that the reasoning behind the decision is quite weak. The paper also examines the history of the regulation of lead, and points out that the ambient Air Quality Standards for lead have had little importance. Thus the paper suggests that ambient Air Quality Standards might not be an important tool for regulating emissions that cause global warming.
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when must epa set ambient Air Quality Standards looking back at nrdc v train
UCLA Journal of Environmental law and Policy, 2012Co-Authors: Craig N OrenAbstract:I. THE ORIGINS OF NRDC v. TRAIN II. THE NRDC LITIGATION AND OPINION III. THE AFTERMATH A. Setting the Ambient Standard for Lead B. Implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Standards C. Did the Standard Accomplish the Goals of NRDC? IV. CONCLUSION At our conference at UCLA on the Clean Air Act and climate change in April 2011, Kassie Siegel of the Center for Biological Diversity described what she thought could be accomplished if the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were to set national ambient Air Quality Standards for greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act (Act). (1) These Standards, she explained, would establish a target concentration of greenhouse gases in the outside atmosphere we breathe (e.g., 350 parts of carbon dioxide per cubic meter of Air). (2) States would then prepare State Implementation Plans (SIPs) that would detail the steps they would take to meet those Standards, such as establishing controls on major sources like power plants or altering land use laws and management to decrease reliance on the single-occupancy motor vehicle. (3) As I have explained elsewhere, there are many disadvantages to setting ambient Air Quality Standards for greenhouse gases. (4) For example, the ambient standard system would take a long time--roughly ten years--to be put into place. There would be controversy and room for litigation about the exact level at which the standard should be set, a question over which there is already a great deal of debate. Once set, the standard would doubtless be challenged in court, further delaying implementation. SIPs would likewise be subject to administrative and legal challenges. One nationally-known expert on the Act, now a lawyer in private practice, has told me that if he were being paid to hinder regulation of greenhouse gases, he would want EPA to go down the ambient standard path. (5) The difficulties of setting ambient Air Quality Standards for greenhouse gases would be justifiable--just as ambient Standards are for other important Air pollutants--if the Standards could be effectively implemented. But this is not the case. Ironically, both the Act's stringency and laxity play a role. Presumably, EPA would set both health-based and welfare-based ambient Air Quality Standards (primary and secondary Standards, respectively) because it has found that greenhouse gases endanger both health and welfare. (6) Under the Act, states must demonstrate that nonattainment areas meet health-based Standards within ten years after being designated as nonattainment. (7) But decreasing concentrations of greenhouse gases takes much longer because some greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, stay in the atmosphere for prolonged periods and even centuries. (8) The consequence is that EPA would either have to approve plans that it knows will not meet the standard or demand plans with draconian measures that still might not be effective. In addition, the ten-year period for attainment would focus direction on short-term steps, such as energy efficiency initiatives, and not on long-term measures, such as altering land use policies, which might prove more effective over time. The environmental community could possibly agree to ignore the ten-year deadline, although maintaining such an agreement among the large number of potential challengers to EPA would not be easy. But there is little that the community can do to cope with the other obstacle: section 179B of the Act. (9) This provision--inserted at the behest of Texas Senator Phil Gramm in 1990 as solace to El Paso, which is near the Mexican city of Juarez (10)--requires EPA to approve a state plan if it would show attainment but for emissions emanating from outside of the United States. Thus, because foreign nations emit three-quarters of all greenhouse gases, a state could gain approval of a plan that would not do much to reduce emissions. (11) Therefore, setting and enforcing ambient Air Quality Standards is likely to be a tail-chasing process that would gain little. …
Hans Gygax - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparing the lung cancer burden of ambient particulate matter using scenarios of Air Quality Standards versus acceptable risk levels
International Journal of Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Alberto Castro, Thomas Gotschi, Beat Achermann, U Baltensperger, Brigitte Buchmann, Denise Felber Dietrich, Alexandre Fluckiger, Marianne Geiser, Brigitte Galli Purghart, Hans GygaxAbstract:Ambient particulate matter (PM) is regulated with science-based Air Quality Standards, whereas carcinogens are regulated with a number of “acceptable” cases. Given that PM is also carcinogenic, we identify differences between approaches. We assessed the lung cancer deaths for Switzerland attributable to exposure to PM up to 10 µm (PM10) and to five particle-bound carcinogens. For PM10, we used an epidemiological approach based on relative risks with four exposure scenarios compared to two counterfactual concentrations. For carcinogens, we used a toxicological approach based on unit risks with four exposure scenarios. The lung cancer burden using concentrations from 2010 was 10–14 times larger for PM10 than for the five carcinogens. However, the burden depends on the underlying exposure scenarios, counterfactual concentrations and number of carcinogens. All scenarios of the toxicological approach for five carcinogens result in a lower burden than the epidemiological approach for PM10. Air Quality Standards—promoted so far by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines—provide a more appealing framework to guide health risk-oriented clean Air policymaking than frameworks based on a number of “acceptable” cases.
Phil Lewis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of engine idling on national ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions from nonroad diesel construction equipment
Transportation Research Record, 2012Co-Authors: Phil Lewis, William Rasdorf, H Frey, Michael L LemingAbstract:It is difficult to assess the effects of engine idling on Air pollutant emissions from highway construction equipment because of a lack of combined activity and emissions data. A methodology is presented for quantifying the impact of idling on National Ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). The methodology and results are based on field data collected from 35 items of nonroad diesel construction equipment. Engine idle time was quantified in terms of equipment operational efficiency (η), which was defined as the ratio of nonidle time to total equipment use time (nonidle time plus idle time). With η and the ratio of idle to nonidle emission rates (re) for each pollutant, the percentage increase in the total quantities of each pollutant emitted (NE) was calculated for each item of equipment for the observed values of η and re. Results showed that as η increased (or idle time decreased),...
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effects of engine idling on national ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions from nonroad diesel construction equipment
Transportation Research Record, 2012Co-Authors: Phil Lewis, William Rasdorf, H Frey, Michael L LemingAbstract:It is difficult to assess the effects of engine idling on Air pollutant emissions from highway construction equipment because of a lack of combined activity and emissions data. A methodology is presented for quantifying the impact of idling on National Ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). The methodology and results are based on field data collected from 35 items of nonroad diesel construction equipment. Engine idle time was quantified in terms of equipment operational efficiency (η), which was defined as the ratio of nonidle time to total equipment use time (nonidle time plus idle time). With η and the ratio of idle to nonidle emission rates (re) for each pollutant, the percentage increase in the total quantities of each pollutant emitted (NE) was calculated for each item of equipment for the observed values of η and re. Results showed that as η increased (or idle time decreased),...