The Experts below are selected from a list of 249 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sagar M Goyal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of samplers collecting Airborne influenza Viruses 1 primarily impingers and cyclones
PLOS ONE, 2021Co-Authors: Peter C. Raynor, Montserrat Torremorell, Adepeju Adesina, Hamada A Aboubakr, My Yang, Sagar M GoyalAbstract:Researchers must be able to measure concentrations, sizes, and infectivity of Virus-containing particles in animal agriculture facilities to know how far infectious Virus-containing particles may travel through air, where they may deposit in the human or animal respiratory tract, and the most effective ways to limit exposures to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of impinger and cyclone aerosol or bioaerosol samplers to determine approaches most suitable for detecting and measuring concentrations of Virus-containing particles in air. Six impinger/cyclone air samplers, a filter-based sampler, and a cascade impactor were used in separate tests to collect artificially generated aerosols of MS2 bacteriophage and swine and avian influenza Viruses. Quantification of infectious MS2 coliphage was carried out using a double agar layer procedure. The influenza Viruses were titrated in cell cultures to determine quantities of infectious Virus. Viral RNA was extracted and used for quantitative real time RT-PCR, to provide total Virus concentrations for all three Viruses. The amounts of Virus recovered and the measured Airborne Virus concentrations were calculated and compared among the samplers. Not surprisingly, high flow rate samplers generally collected greater quantities of Virus than low flow samplers. However, low flow rate samplers generally measured higher, and likely more accurate, Airborne concentrations of Infectious Virus and viral RNA than high flow samplers. To assess Airborne Viruses in the field, a two-sampler approach may work well. A suitable high flow sampler may provide low limits of detection to determine if any Virus is present in the air. If Virus is detected, a suitable lower flow sampler may measure Airborne Virus concentrations accurately.
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Airborne Virus Survivability During Long-Term Sampling Using a Non-Viable Andersen Cascade Impactor in an Environmental Chamber
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Song Ge, Martha Abin, Harsha Verma, Aschalew Z. Bekele, Jessica Appert, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Peter C. RaynorAbstract:In order to evaluate the survivability of Airborne Viruses and the sampling performance of an eight-stage non-viable Andersen impactor in typical indoor environments featuring low viral aerosol concentrations, aerosols of a male-specific bacteriophage (MS2), human adenoVirus type 1 (HAdV-1), and avian influenza Virus (AIV) were sampled size-selectively using the impactor in an environmental chamber. Live Virus titer, total Virus RNA or DNA concentration, and intensity of a fluorescein tracer were measured to calculate relative Virus recovery and Virus survival. Viral aerosols were first sampled for 1 and 6 h at 25°C and 50% relative humidity (RH). Virus inactivation and plate overloading were found to be significant in the impactor. Viral aerosols were then sampled at different temperature and humidity levels. MS2 and AIV showed higher survival at lower temperature. Absolute humidity (AH) was found to be a better predictor of Virus survival than RH, and the interaction between AH and temperature was not s...
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survival of Airborne ms2 bacteriophage generated from human saliva artificial saliva and cell culture medium
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Zhili Zuo, Harsha Verma, Aschalew Z. Bekele, Peter C. Raynor, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Sunil K Mor, David Y H PuiAbstract:ABSTRACT Laboratory studies of Virus aerosols have been criticized for generating Airborne Viruses from artificial nebulizer suspensions (e.g., cell culture media), which do not mimic the natural release of Viruses (e.g., from human saliva). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of human saliva on the infectivity and survival of Airborne Virus and to compare it with those of artificial saliva and cell culture medium. A stock of MS2 bacteriophage was diluted in one of three nebulizer suspensions, aerosolized, size selected (100 to 450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer, and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine was used as a particle tracer. The resulting particle size distribution was measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The amounts of infectious Virus, total Virus, and fluorescence in the collected samples were determined by infectivity assays, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and spectrofluorometry, respectively. For all nebulizer suspensions, the Virus content generally followed a particle volume distribution rather than a number distribution. The survival of Airborne MS2 was independent of particle size but was strongly affected by the type of nebulizer suspension. Human saliva was found to be much less protective than cell culture medium (i.e., 3% tryptic soy broth) and artificial saliva. These results indicate the need for caution when extrapolating laboratory results, which often use artificial nebulizer suspensions. To better assess the risk of Airborne transmission of viral diseases in real-life situations, the use of natural suspensions such as saliva or respiratory mucus is recommended.
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association of Airborne Virus infectivity and survivability with its carrier particle size
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhili Zuo, Harsha Verma, Jessica Appert, Peter C. Raynor, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Sunil Kumar, David Y H PuiAbstract:Although laboratory generated Virus aerosols have been widely studied in terms of infectivity and survivability, how they are related to particle size, especially in the submicron size range, is little understood. Four Viruses (MS2 bacteriophage, transmissible gastroenteritis Virus, swine influenza Virus, and avian influenza Virus) were aerosolized, size classified (100–450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine dye was also nebulized with the Virus, serving as a particle tracer. Virus infectivity assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were then used to quantify the amount of infectious Virus and total Virus present in the samples, respectively. The Virus distribution was found to be better represented by the particle volume distribution rather than the particle number distribution. The capacity for a particle to carry Virus increased with the particle size and the relationship could be described by a power law. Virus s...
B C Meikap - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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present cum future of sars cov 2 Virus and its associated control of Virus laden air pollutants leading to potential environmental threat a review
Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 2021Co-Authors: Subhrajit Mukherjee, Soumendu Boral, Hammad Siddiqi, A K Mishra, B C MeikapAbstract:The world is presently infected by the biological fever of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 Virus. The present study is mainly related to the Airborne transmission of novel coronaVirus through airway. Similarly, our mother planet is suffering from drastic effects of air pollution. There are sufficient probabilities or evidences proven for contagious Virus transmission through polluted Airborne-pathway in formed aerosol molecules. The pathways and sources of spread are detailed along with the best possible green control technologies or ideas to hinder further transmission. The combined effects of such root causes and unwanted outcomes are similar in nature leading to acute cardiac arrest of our planet. To maintain environmental sustainability, the prior future of such emerging unknown biological hazardous air emissions is to be thoroughly researched. So it is high time to deal with the future of hazardous air pollution and work on its preventive measures. The lifetime of such an Airborne Virus continues for several hours, thus imposing severe threat even during post-lockdown phase. The world waits eagerly for the development of successful vaccination or medication but the possible outcome is quite uncertain in terms of equivalent economy distribution and biomedical availability. Thus, risk assessments are to be carried out even during the post-vaccination period with proper environmental surveillance and monitoring. The skilled techniques of disinfection, sanitization, and other viable wayouts are to be modified with time, place, and prevailing climatic conditions, handling the pandemic efficiently. A healthy atmosphere makes the earth a better place to dwell, ensuring its future lifecycle.
Peter C. Raynor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of samplers collecting Airborne influenza Viruses 1 primarily impingers and cyclones
PLOS ONE, 2021Co-Authors: Peter C. Raynor, Montserrat Torremorell, Adepeju Adesina, Hamada A Aboubakr, My Yang, Sagar M GoyalAbstract:Researchers must be able to measure concentrations, sizes, and infectivity of Virus-containing particles in animal agriculture facilities to know how far infectious Virus-containing particles may travel through air, where they may deposit in the human or animal respiratory tract, and the most effective ways to limit exposures to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of impinger and cyclone aerosol or bioaerosol samplers to determine approaches most suitable for detecting and measuring concentrations of Virus-containing particles in air. Six impinger/cyclone air samplers, a filter-based sampler, and a cascade impactor were used in separate tests to collect artificially generated aerosols of MS2 bacteriophage and swine and avian influenza Viruses. Quantification of infectious MS2 coliphage was carried out using a double agar layer procedure. The influenza Viruses were titrated in cell cultures to determine quantities of infectious Virus. Viral RNA was extracted and used for quantitative real time RT-PCR, to provide total Virus concentrations for all three Viruses. The amounts of Virus recovered and the measured Airborne Virus concentrations were calculated and compared among the samplers. Not surprisingly, high flow rate samplers generally collected greater quantities of Virus than low flow samplers. However, low flow rate samplers generally measured higher, and likely more accurate, Airborne concentrations of Infectious Virus and viral RNA than high flow samplers. To assess Airborne Viruses in the field, a two-sampler approach may work well. A suitable high flow sampler may provide low limits of detection to determine if any Virus is present in the air. If Virus is detected, a suitable lower flow sampler may measure Airborne Virus concentrations accurately.
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Airborne Virus Survivability During Long-Term Sampling Using a Non-Viable Andersen Cascade Impactor in an Environmental Chamber
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Song Ge, Martha Abin, Harsha Verma, Aschalew Z. Bekele, Jessica Appert, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Peter C. RaynorAbstract:In order to evaluate the survivability of Airborne Viruses and the sampling performance of an eight-stage non-viable Andersen impactor in typical indoor environments featuring low viral aerosol concentrations, aerosols of a male-specific bacteriophage (MS2), human adenoVirus type 1 (HAdV-1), and avian influenza Virus (AIV) were sampled size-selectively using the impactor in an environmental chamber. Live Virus titer, total Virus RNA or DNA concentration, and intensity of a fluorescein tracer were measured to calculate relative Virus recovery and Virus survival. Viral aerosols were first sampled for 1 and 6 h at 25°C and 50% relative humidity (RH). Virus inactivation and plate overloading were found to be significant in the impactor. Viral aerosols were then sampled at different temperature and humidity levels. MS2 and AIV showed higher survival at lower temperature. Absolute humidity (AH) was found to be a better predictor of Virus survival than RH, and the interaction between AH and temperature was not s...
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survival of Airborne ms2 bacteriophage generated from human saliva artificial saliva and cell culture medium
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Zhili Zuo, Harsha Verma, Aschalew Z. Bekele, Peter C. Raynor, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Sunil K Mor, David Y H PuiAbstract:ABSTRACT Laboratory studies of Virus aerosols have been criticized for generating Airborne Viruses from artificial nebulizer suspensions (e.g., cell culture media), which do not mimic the natural release of Viruses (e.g., from human saliva). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of human saliva on the infectivity and survival of Airborne Virus and to compare it with those of artificial saliva and cell culture medium. A stock of MS2 bacteriophage was diluted in one of three nebulizer suspensions, aerosolized, size selected (100 to 450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer, and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine was used as a particle tracer. The resulting particle size distribution was measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The amounts of infectious Virus, total Virus, and fluorescence in the collected samples were determined by infectivity assays, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and spectrofluorometry, respectively. For all nebulizer suspensions, the Virus content generally followed a particle volume distribution rather than a number distribution. The survival of Airborne MS2 was independent of particle size but was strongly affected by the type of nebulizer suspension. Human saliva was found to be much less protective than cell culture medium (i.e., 3% tryptic soy broth) and artificial saliva. These results indicate the need for caution when extrapolating laboratory results, which often use artificial nebulizer suspensions. To better assess the risk of Airborne transmission of viral diseases in real-life situations, the use of natural suspensions such as saliva or respiratory mucus is recommended.
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association of Airborne Virus infectivity and survivability with its carrier particle size
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhili Zuo, Harsha Verma, Jessica Appert, Peter C. Raynor, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Sunil Kumar, David Y H PuiAbstract:Although laboratory generated Virus aerosols have been widely studied in terms of infectivity and survivability, how they are related to particle size, especially in the submicron size range, is little understood. Four Viruses (MS2 bacteriophage, transmissible gastroenteritis Virus, swine influenza Virus, and avian influenza Virus) were aerosolized, size classified (100–450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine dye was also nebulized with the Virus, serving as a particle tracer. Virus infectivity assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were then used to quantify the amount of infectious Virus and total Virus present in the samples, respectively. The Virus distribution was found to be better represented by the particle volume distribution rather than the particle number distribution. The capacity for a particle to carry Virus increased with the particle size and the relationship could be described by a power law. Virus s...
David Y H Pui - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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survival of Airborne ms2 bacteriophage generated from human saliva artificial saliva and cell culture medium
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Zhili Zuo, Harsha Verma, Aschalew Z. Bekele, Peter C. Raynor, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Sunil K Mor, David Y H PuiAbstract:ABSTRACT Laboratory studies of Virus aerosols have been criticized for generating Airborne Viruses from artificial nebulizer suspensions (e.g., cell culture media), which do not mimic the natural release of Viruses (e.g., from human saliva). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of human saliva on the infectivity and survival of Airborne Virus and to compare it with those of artificial saliva and cell culture medium. A stock of MS2 bacteriophage was diluted in one of three nebulizer suspensions, aerosolized, size selected (100 to 450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer, and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine was used as a particle tracer. The resulting particle size distribution was measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The amounts of infectious Virus, total Virus, and fluorescence in the collected samples were determined by infectivity assays, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and spectrofluorometry, respectively. For all nebulizer suspensions, the Virus content generally followed a particle volume distribution rather than a number distribution. The survival of Airborne MS2 was independent of particle size but was strongly affected by the type of nebulizer suspension. Human saliva was found to be much less protective than cell culture medium (i.e., 3% tryptic soy broth) and artificial saliva. These results indicate the need for caution when extrapolating laboratory results, which often use artificial nebulizer suspensions. To better assess the risk of Airborne transmission of viral diseases in real-life situations, the use of natural suspensions such as saliva or respiratory mucus is recommended.
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association of Airborne Virus infectivity and survivability with its carrier particle size
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhili Zuo, Harsha Verma, Jessica Appert, Peter C. Raynor, Sagar M Goyal, Thomas H. Kuehn, Sunil Kumar, David Y H PuiAbstract:Although laboratory generated Virus aerosols have been widely studied in terms of infectivity and survivability, how they are related to particle size, especially in the submicron size range, is little understood. Four Viruses (MS2 bacteriophage, transmissible gastroenteritis Virus, swine influenza Virus, and avian influenza Virus) were aerosolized, size classified (100–450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine dye was also nebulized with the Virus, serving as a particle tracer. Virus infectivity assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were then used to quantify the amount of infectious Virus and total Virus present in the samples, respectively. The Virus distribution was found to be better represented by the particle volume distribution rather than the particle number distribution. The capacity for a particle to carry Virus increased with the particle size and the relationship could be described by a power law. Virus s...
Philip A Anfinrud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in sars cov 2 transmission
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Valentyn Stadnytskyi, Christina E Bax, Adriaan Bax, Philip A AnfinrudAbstract:Speech droplets generated by asymptomatic carriers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasingly considered to be a likely mode of disease transmission. Highly sensitive laser light scattering observations have revealed that loud speech can emit thousands of oral fluid droplets per second. In a closed, stagnant air environment, they disappear from the window of view with time constants in the range of 8 to 14 min, which corresponds to droplet nuclei of ca. 4 μm diameter, or 12- to 21-μm droplets prior to dehydration. These observations confirm that there is a substantial probability that normal speaking causes Airborne Virus transmission in confined environments.