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Krista A. Varady - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Changes in Body Weight in Relation to Appetite During 6 Months of Alternate Day Fasting with a Low Carbohydrate Diet
    Current Developments in Nutrition, 2020
    Co-Authors: Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Sofia Cienfuegos, Mark Ezpeleta, Vasiliki Pavlou, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) has been shown to lower body weight and improve subjective appetite by increasing fullness over time. What remains unknown, however, is whether carbohydrate restriction during ADF would provide additional weight loss benefits by helping to lower hunger as well. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of 6-months of ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet on Fasting and postprandial appetite ratings. The relationship between changes in appetite and body weight was also examined. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast Day” Alternated with an ad libitum “feast Day”) with a low-carbohydrate background diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3- month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. Results Body weight (P < 0.001) decreased by 5.5 ± 0.5% by month 3 (end of weight loss period) and by 6.3 ± 1.0% by month 6 (end of weight maintenance period). Subjective hunger and fullness did not change during the weight loss period, or the weight maintenance period. Hunger and fullness were not related to changes in body weight during the weight loss or weight maintenance periods. Fasting insulin decreased (P = 0.03) by − 24 ± 8% by month 6 relative to baseline. Fasting glucose and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), remained unchanged over the course of the study. Conclusions These findings suggest that ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet is an effective way of lowering body weight. However, these weight loss benefits are not related to improvements in hunger or fullness. Funding Sources Nestle Health Sciences.

  • Changes in subjective measures of appetite during 6 months of Alternate Day Fasting with a low carbohydrate diet
    Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 2020
    Co-Authors: Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Eric Wiseman, Sofia Cienfuegos, Mark Ezpeleta, Vasiliki Pavlou, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Summary Objective Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) has been shown to lower body weight and improve subjective appetite by increasing fullness. What remains unknown, however, is whether carbohydrate restriction during ADF would provide additional weight loss benefits by helping to lower hunger as well. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of 6-months of ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet on Fasting and postprandial appetite ratings. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast Day” Alternated with an ad libitum “feast Day”) with a low-carbohydrate background diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3-month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. Results After 6-months of an ADF-low carbohydrate diet, body weight decreased (P  Conclusions These findings suggest that ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet is not associated with any changes in appetite, relative to baseline. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03528317.

  • Does the weight loss efficacy of Alternate Day Fasting differ according to sex and menopausal status
    Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2020
    Co-Authors: Shuhao Lin, Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Surabhi Bhutani, Sofia Cienfuegos, Manoela Lima Oliveira, Mark Ezpeleta, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background and aims This study examined if the weight loss and metabolic benefits of Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) varies according to sex and menopausal status in adults with obesity. Methods and results This secondary analysis pooled the data of men and women (n = 75) who participated in three 12-week ADF studies (500 kcal fast Day; Alternated with an ad libitum intake feast Day). Body weight decreased in premenopausal women (-4.6 ± 3.2%), postmenopausal women (-6.5 ± 3.2%) and men (-6.2 ± 4.4%) (main effect of time, P Conclusion These findings suggest that the weight loss and metabolic benefits of ADF do not generally vary according to sex or menopausal status in adults with obesity. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00960505; NCT03528317.

  • Weight loss efficacy of Alternate Day Fasting versus daily calorie restriction in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: a secondary analysis.
    Applied physiology nutrition and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee nutrition et metabolisme, 2019
    Co-Authors: Rand T. Akasheh, Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Sofia Cienfuegos, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    This study compared the weight loss efficacy of Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) versus daily calorie restriction (CR) in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. After 6 months, body weight decreased (P < 0.001) similarly by ADF (-7% ± 1%) and CR (-8% ± 2%). Insulin resistance decreased (P < 0.05) more by ADF versus CR. Free thyroxin and thyroid-stimulating hormone remained unchanged. Thus, ADF and CR produce similar weight loss in this population, without affecting thyroid hormone levels. Novelty Intermittent Fasting and daily restriction produce similar reductions in body weight in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism.

  • Alternate Day Fasting combined with a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, weight maintenance, and metabolic disease risk reduction.
    Obesity science & practice, 2019
    Co-Authors: Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Eric Wiseman, Sofia Cienfuegos, Mark Ezpeleta, Vasiliki Pavlou, Malik Steward, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Objective Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) is a popular weight loss regimen. Whether carbohydrate restriction can enhance the weight loss achieved with ADF remains unclear. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of ADF combined with a low-carbohydrate diet on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal "fast Day" Alternated with an ad libitum "feast Day") with a low-carbohydrate background diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3-month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. Results Body weight decreased (-5.5 ± 0.5%; P < .001) during the weight loss period (month 0-3) but remained stable (P = .57) during the weight maintenance period (month 4-6). Net weight loss by month 6 was -6.3 ± 1.0%. Fat mass was reduced (P < .01) by month 6, while lean mass and visceral fat mass remained unchanged. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels decreased (P < .05) by -6 ± 2% and - 8 ± 3%, respectively, by month 6. Systolic blood pressure was also reduced (P = .03) by -7 ± 3 mm Hg. Fasting insulin decreased (P = .03) by -24 ± 8% by month 6 relative to baseline. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, Fasting glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) remained unchanged. Conclusions These findings suggest that ADF combined with a low-carbohydrate diet is effective for weight loss, weight maintenance, and improving certain metabolic disease risk factors such as LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and Fasting insulin. While these preliminary findings are promising, they still require confirmation by a randomized control trial.

Cynthia M. Kroeger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Weight loss efficacy of Alternate Day Fasting versus daily calorie restriction in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: a secondary analysis.
    Applied physiology nutrition and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee nutrition et metabolisme, 2019
    Co-Authors: Rand T. Akasheh, Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Sofia Cienfuegos, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    This study compared the weight loss efficacy of Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) versus daily calorie restriction (CR) in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. After 6 months, body weight decreased (P < 0.001) similarly by ADF (-7% ± 1%) and CR (-8% ± 2%). Insulin resistance decreased (P < 0.05) more by ADF versus CR. Free thyroxin and thyroid-stimulating hormone remained unchanged. Thus, ADF and CR produce similar weight loss in this population, without affecting thyroid hormone levels. Novelty Intermittent Fasting and daily restriction produce similar reductions in body weight in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism.

  • differential effects of Alternate Day Fasting versus daily calorie restriction on insulin resistance
    Obesity, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kelsey Gabel, Faiza Kalam, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Sofia Cienfuegos, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE This study compared the effects of Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) with those of daily calorie restriction (CR) on body weight and glucoregulatory factors in adults with overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS This secondary analysis examined the data of insulin-resistant individuals (n = 43) who participated in a 12-month study that compared ADF (25% energy needs on "fast Days"; 125% energy needs on alternating "feast Days") with CR (75% energy needs every Day) and a control group regimen. RESULTS In insulin-resistant participants, weight loss was not different between ADF (-8% ± 2%) and CR (-6% ± 1%) by month 12, relative to controls (P < 0.0001). Fat mass and BMI decreased (P < 0.05) similarly from ADF and CR. ADF produced greater decreases (P < 0.05) in Fasting insulin (-52% ± 9%) and insulin resistance (-53% ± 9%) compared with CR (-14% ± 9%; -17% ± 11%) and the control regimen by month 12. Lean mass, visceral fat mass, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 values remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ADF may produce greater reductions in Fasting insulin and insulin resistance compared with CR in insulin-resistant participants despite similar decreases in body weight.

  • Differential Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting Versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Insulin Resistance.
    Obesity (Silver Spring Md.), 2019
    Co-Authors: Kelsey Gabel, Faiza Kalam, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Sofia Cienfuegos, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE This study compared the effects of Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) with those of daily calorie restriction (CR) on body weight and glucoregulatory factors in adults with overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS This secondary analysis examined the data of insulin-resistant individuals (n = 43) who participated in a 12-month study that compared ADF (25% energy needs on "fast Days"; 125% energy needs on alternating "feast Days") with CR (75% energy needs every Day) and a control group regimen. RESULTS In insulin-resistant participants, weight loss was not different between ADF (-8% ± 2%) and CR (-6% ± 1%) by month 12, relative to controls (P 

  • Beverage intake during Alternate-Day Fasting: Relationship to energy intake and body weight.
    Nutrition and health, 2019
    Co-Authors: Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Sofia Cienfuegos, Jee Hee Song, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Background:Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) involves a ‘famine Day’ (25% energy intake) and a ‘feast Day’ (ad libitum intake). This secondary analysis examined changes in beverage intake in relation to ...

  • Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
    Clinical Nutrition, 2018
    Co-Authors: John F. Trepanowski, Eric Ravussin, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, Adrienne Barnosky, Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel, Jennifer Rood, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Summary Background & aims Indirect comparisons suggest that Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) may produce greater improvements in body composition, fat distribution, and/or the adipokine profile compared to daily calorie restriction (CR), but this has not been tested directly. In a pre-planned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we compared changes in the VAT:SAT ratio, FFM:total mass ratio, and the adipokine profile between ADF and CR. Methods Overweight and obese participants ( n  = 100) were randomized to 1) ADF (alternating every 24-h between consuming 25% or 125% of energy needs); 2) CR (consuming 75% of needs every Day); or 3) control (consuming 100% of needs every Day) for 24 wk. Results The VAT:SAT ratio did not change in any group. The FFM:total mass ratio increased in both ADF (0.03 ± 0.00) and CR (0.03 ± 0.01) compared to the control group ( P P Conclusion ADF and CR similarly improve the FFM:total mass ratio and reduce leptin after a 24-wk intervention. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov , number NCT00960505 .

Krista A. Varady - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Safety and efficacy of Alternate Day Fasting
    Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Kelsey Gabel
    Abstract:

    Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) has gained considerable popularity as a weight loss intervention. A new study provides data showing that zero-calorie ADF (defined as 36-hour water fast alternating with 12-hour feast) is a safe and effective intervention to lower body weight and metabolic disease risk in participants who did not have obesity.

  • Alternate Day Fasting Combined with a High Protein/low Carbohydrate Diet: Effect on Body Weight and Metabolic Disease Risk Factors in Obese Adults (P21-018-19)
    Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
    Co-Authors: Faiza Kalam, Kelsey Gabel, Eric Wiseman, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives This pilot study is the first to examine the impact of Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) combined with a high protein/low carbohydrate diet on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults. Methods Obese adults (n = 10) followed an ADF diet (600 kcal fast Day Alternated with an ad libitum feast Day; 35% protein, 22% carbohydrate, 43% fat) for 6 months. Meal replacements were consumed on the fast and feast Days, in addition to regular foods, to help attain macronutrient targets. Results Body weight decreased (P < 0.001) by 8.4 ± 1.7 kg (8.6 ± 1.7%) after 6 months. Fat mass and visceral fat mass were reduced (P < 0.05) by 6.4 ± 1.6 kg and 0.2 ± 0.1 kg, respectively. Lean mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 1.3 ± 0.6 kg. Systolic blood pressure was reduced (P < 0.05) by 10 ± 3 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure was reduced (P < 0.05) by 6 ± 3 mm Hg. Fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and HbA1c remained unchanged after 6 months of diet. LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased (P < 0.001) by10 ± 4% and 15 ± 8%, respectively, after 6 months. HDL cholesterol levels decreased by 6 ± 3% from baseline to post-treatment. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that ADF combined with a high protein/low carbohydrate diet is effective for lowering body weight, visceral fat mass, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, this diet has no effect on glucoregulatory factors. While these preliminary findings are promising, they still require confirmation by a larger-scale clinical trial. Funding Sources Nestle Health Sciences Grant.

  • Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
    Clinical Nutrition, 2018
    Co-Authors: John F. Trepanowski, Eric Ravussin, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, Adrienne Barnosky, Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel, Jennifer Rood, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Summary Background & aims Indirect comparisons suggest that Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) may produce greater improvements in body composition, fat distribution, and/or the adipokine profile compared to daily calorie restriction (CR), but this has not been tested directly. In a pre-planned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we compared changes in the VAT:SAT ratio, FFM:total mass ratio, and the adipokine profile between ADF and CR. Methods Overweight and obese participants ( n  = 100) were randomized to 1) ADF (alternating every 24-h between consuming 25% or 125% of energy needs); 2) CR (consuming 75% of needs every Day); or 3) control (consuming 100% of needs every Day) for 24 wk. Results The VAT:SAT ratio did not change in any group. The FFM:total mass ratio increased in both ADF (0.03 ± 0.00) and CR (0.03 ± 0.01) compared to the control group ( P P Conclusion ADF and CR similarly improve the FFM:total mass ratio and reduce leptin after a 24-wk intervention. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov , number NCT00960505 .

  • Determinants of weight loss success with Alternate Day Fasting.
    Obesity research & clinical practice, 2015
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Adrienne Barnosky, Monica C. Klempel, Surabhi Bhutani
    Abstract:

    This study examined what characteristics predict weight loss success with Alternate Day Fasting (ADF). Four 8-week trials of ADF (n=121) were included in the analysis. Subjects aged 50-59 y achieved greater (P=0.01) weight loss than other age groups. Males and females achieved similar weight loss. Caucasian subjects achieved greater (P=0.03) weight loss than other races. Baseline body weight and baseline BMI did not predict degree of weight loss achieved with the diet. These findings may help clinicians to decide which population groups may benefit most from an ADF approach.

  • Safety of Alternate Day Fasting and effect on disordered eating behaviors
    Nutrition journal, 2015
    Co-Authors: Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Adrienne Barnosky, Surabhi Bhutani, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Background Alternate Day Fasting (ADF; ad libitum intake “feed Day” Alternated with 75% restriction “fast Day”), is effective for weight loss, but the safety of the diet has been questioned. Accordingly, this study examined occurrences of adverse events and eating disorder symptoms during ADF.

Monica C. Klempel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
    Clinical Nutrition, 2018
    Co-Authors: John F. Trepanowski, Eric Ravussin, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, Adrienne Barnosky, Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel, Jennifer Rood, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    Summary Background & aims Indirect comparisons suggest that Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) may produce greater improvements in body composition, fat distribution, and/or the adipokine profile compared to daily calorie restriction (CR), but this has not been tested directly. In a pre-planned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we compared changes in the VAT:SAT ratio, FFM:total mass ratio, and the adipokine profile between ADF and CR. Methods Overweight and obese participants ( n  = 100) were randomized to 1) ADF (alternating every 24-h between consuming 25% or 125% of energy needs); 2) CR (consuming 75% of needs every Day); or 3) control (consuming 100% of needs every Day) for 24 wk. Results The VAT:SAT ratio did not change in any group. The FFM:total mass ratio increased in both ADF (0.03 ± 0.00) and CR (0.03 ± 0.01) compared to the control group ( P P Conclusion ADF and CR similarly improve the FFM:total mass ratio and reduce leptin after a 24-wk intervention. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov , number NCT00960505 .

  • Effect of Alternate Day Fasting on markers of bone metabolism: An exploratory analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial.
    Nutrition and healthy aging, 2017
    Co-Authors: Adrienne Barnosky, Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel, Sue A. Shapses, Krista A. Varady
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) is a novel diet therapy that reduces body weight, but its effect on bone health remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of ADF versus traditional daily calorie restriction (CR) on markers of bone metabolism in a 6-month randomized controlled trial. METHODS Overweight and obese subjects (n = 100) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 6 months: 1) ADF (25% energy intake fast Day, Alternated with 125% intake feast Day; 2) CR (75% intake every Day); or 3) control (usual intake every Day). RESULTS Body weight decreased similarly (P 

  • effect of Alternate Day Fasting on markers of bone metabolism an exploratory analysis of a 6 month randomized controlled trial
    Nutrition and Healthy Aging, 2017
    Co-Authors: Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Adrienne Barnosky, Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel, Kelsey Gabel
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) is a novel diet therapy that reduces body weight, but its effect on bone health remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of ADF versus traditional daily calorie restriction (CR) on markers of bone metabolism in a 6-month randomized controlled trial. METHODS Overweight and obese subjects (n = 100) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 6 months: 1) ADF (25% energy intake fast Day, Alternated with 125% intake feast Day; 2) CR (75% intake every Day); or 3) control (usual intake every Day). RESULTS Body weight decreased similarly (P < 0.001) by ADF (-7.8±1.2%) and CR (-8.8±1.5%), relative to controls by month 6. Lean mass, total body bone mineral content and total body bone mineral density remained unchanged in all groups. Circulating osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and C-terminal telopeptide type I collagen (CTX) did not change in any group. IGF-1 increased (P < 0.01) in the CR group, with no change in the ADF or control group. When the data were sub-analyzed according to menopausal status, there were no differences between premenopausal or postmenopausal women for any marker of bone metabolism. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 6 months of ADF does not have any deleterious impact on markers of bone metabolism in obese adults with moderate weight loss.

  • Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    JAMA internal medicine, 2017
    Co-Authors: John F. Trepanowski, Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, Adrienne Barnosky, Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel, Sally Freels, Joseph Rigdon, Jennifer Rood
    Abstract:

    Importance Alternate-Day Fasting has become increasingly popular, yet, to date, no long-term randomized clinical trials have evaluated its efficacy. Objective To compare the effects of Alternate-Day Fasting vs daily calorie restriction on weight loss, weight maintenance, and risk indicators for cardiovascular disease. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-center randomized clinical trial of obese adults (18 to 64 years of age; mean body mass index, 34) was conducted between October 1, 2011, and January 15, 2015, at an academic institution in Chicago, Illinois. Interventions Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 1 year: Alternate-Day Fasting (25% of energy needs on fast Days; 125% of energy needs on alternating “feast Days”), calorie restriction (75% of energy needs every Day), or a no-intervention control. The trial involved a 6-month weight-loss phase followed by a 6-month weight-maintenance phase. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in body weight. Secondary outcomes were adherence to the dietary intervention and risk indicators for cardiovascular disease. Results Among the 100 participants (86 women and 14 men; mean [SD] age, 44 [11] years), the dropout rate was highest in the Alternate-Day Fasting group (13 of 34 [38%]), vs the daily calorie restriction group (10 of 35 [29%]) and control group (8 of 31 [26%]). Mean weight loss was similar for participants in the Alternate-Day Fasting group and those in the daily calorie restriction group at month 6 (–6.8% [95% CI, –9.1% to –4.5%] vs –6.8% [95% CI, –9.1% to –4.6%]) and month 12 (–6.0% [95% CI, –8.5% to –3.6%] vs –5.3% [95% CI, –7.6% to –3.0%]) relative to those in the control group. Participants in the Alternate-Day Fasting group ate more than prescribed on fast Days, and less than prescribed on feast Days, while those in the daily calorie restriction group generally met their prescribed energy goals. There were no significant differences between the intervention groups in blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides, Fasting glucose, Fasting insulin, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, or homocysteine concentrations at month 6 or 12. Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at month 6 significantly increased among the participants in the Alternate-Day Fasting group (6.2 mg/dL [95% CI, 0.1-12.4 mg/dL]), but not at month 12 (1.0 mg/dL [95% CI, –5.9 to 7.8 mg/dL]), relative to those in the daily calorie restriction group. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly elevated by month 12 among the participants in the Alternate-Day Fasting group (11.5 mg/dL [95% CI, 1.9-21.1 mg/dL]) compared with those in the daily calorie restriction group. Conclusions and Relevance Alternate-Day Fasting did not produce superior adherence, weight loss, weight maintenance, or cardioprotection vs daily calorie restriction. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00960505

  • Determinants of weight loss success with Alternate Day Fasting.
    Obesity research & clinical practice, 2015
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Kristin K. Hoddy, Cynthia M. Kroeger, John F. Trepanowski, Adrienne Barnosky, Monica C. Klempel, Surabhi Bhutani
    Abstract:

    This study examined what characteristics predict weight loss success with Alternate Day Fasting (ADF). Four 8-week trials of ADF (n=121) were included in the analysis. Subjects aged 50-59 y achieved greater (P=0.01) weight loss than other age groups. Males and females achieved similar weight loss. Caucasian subjects achieved greater (P=0.03) weight loss than other races. Baseline body weight and baseline BMI did not predict degree of weight loss achieved with the diet. These findings may help clinicians to decide which population groups may benefit most from an ADF approach.

Marc K. Hellerstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by Alternate Day Fasting versus calorie restriction
    Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Donald J. Roohk, Candice A. Allister, Marc K. Hellerstein
    Abstract:

    Calorie restriction (CR) and Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) beneficially affect several aspects of adipose tissue physiology, but direct comparisons between regimens have yet to be performed. The present study evaluated the effects of ADF versus CR on body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin levels and examined the kinetic mechanisms that underlie changes in fat distribution. Thirty female C57BL/6J mice were randomized to one of five groups for 4 weeks: (a) CR-25% (25% energy restriction daily), (b) ADF-75% (75% restriction on fast Day), (c) ADF-85% (85% restriction on fast Day), (d) ADF-100% (100% restriction on fast Day) and (e) control (ad libitum fed). Body weights of the CR mice were lower than that of the ADF and control groups posttreatment. After 4 weeks of diet, the proportion of visceral fat decreased (P<.001) and the proportion of subcutaneous fat increased (P<.001) similarly in ADF and CR animals. Adiponectin increased (P<.05) by 62-86% in the ADF groups and by 69% in the CR group. Triglyceride (TG) synthesis and de novo lipogenesis were augmented (P<.05) in the subcutaneous fat pad of ADF and CR animals, relative to control. No differences in net lipolysis were observed, resulting in greater TG accumulation in the subcutaneous fat pad, with a shift in the ratio of TG between depots. These findings indicate that ADF (both modified and true) produces similar beneficial modulations in body fat distribution and adiponectin levels as daily CR.

  • Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by Alternate-Day Fasting versus calorie restriction.
    The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Donald J. Roohk, Candice A. Allister, Marc K. Hellerstein
    Abstract:

    Calorie restriction (CR) and Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) beneficially affect several aspects of adipose tissue physiology, but direct comparisons between regimens have yet to be performed. The present study evaluated the effects of ADF versus CR on body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin levels and examined the kinetic mechanisms that underlie changes in fat distribution. Thirty female C57BL/6J mice were randomized to one of five groups for 4 weeks: (a) CR-25% (25% energy restriction daily), (b) ADF-75% (75% restriction on fast Day), (c) ADF-85% (85% restriction on fast Day), (d) ADF-100% (100% restriction on fast Day) and (e) control (ad libitum fed). Body weights of the CR mice were lower than that of the ADF and control groups posttreatment. After 4 weeks of diet, the proportion of visceral fat decreased (P

  • Modified Alternate-Day Fasting and cardioprotection: relation to adipose tissue dynamics and dietary fat intake.
    Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2009
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Carolyn S.s. Hudak, Marc K. Hellerstein
    Abstract:

    The relation between Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) and cardioprotection remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the ability of modified ADF, with a low-fat (LF) vs high-fat (HF) background diet, to modulate adipose tissue physiology in a way that may protect against coronary heart disease. In a 4-week study, male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: (1) ADF-85%-LF (85% energy restriction on fast Day, ad libitum fed on feed Day, on an LF diet), (2) ADF-85%-HF (same protocol but HF diet), and (3) control (ad libitum fed). Throughout the study, body weight did not differ between ADF and control animals. Proportion of subcutaneous fat increased (P < .01), whereas the proportion of visceral fat decreased (P < .01), in both ADF groups. Triglyceride (TG) synthesis was augmented (P < .05) in subcutaneous fat, but remained unchanged in visceral fat. Adiponectin concentrations were elevated (P < .05), whereas leptin and resistin levels decreased (P < .05). Aortic vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation was reduced (P < .05) by 60% and 76% on the LF and HF diets, respectively. Plasma total cholesterol, TG, and free fatty acid concentrations also decreased (P < .05). In summary, modified ADF regimens alter adipose tissue physiology (ie, body fat distribution, TG metabolism, and adipokines) in a way that may protect against coronary heart disease. These beneficial effects were noted over a wide range of fat intake, suggesting that ADF may be protective even in the presence of HF diets.

  • Alternate-Day Fasting reduces global cell proliferation rates independently of dietary fat content in mice.
    Nutrition (Burbank Los Angeles County Calif.), 2008
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Donald J. Roohk, Mathew Bruss, Marc K. Hellerstein
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective Cell proliferation rates represent a central element in the promotional phase of carcinogenesis. Modified Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF), i.e., a partial 24-h fast Alternated with 24-h ad libitum feeding, reduces global cell proliferation rates on a low-fat (LF) diet. Because the majority of Americans consume a diet that is high in fat, testing the antiproliferative ability of ADF on a high-fat (HF) diet is important in terms of diet tolerability in humans. Accordingly, we examined the effects of 85% restriction on the fast Day (ADF-85%) with an LF or HF background diet on proliferation rates of various tissues. Methods In a 4-wk study, male C57BL/6J mice were randomized to one of three groups: 1) ADF-85%-LF, 2) ADF-85%-HF, or 3) control. Results Body weights of the ADF mice were similar to that of controls throughout the study. A hyperphagic response ( P P P Conclusion These findings indicate that ADF has an antiproliferative effect over a wide range of fat intakes, which may enhance adherence to ADF in humans.

  • Do calorie restriction or Alternate-Day Fasting regimens modulate adipose tissue physiology in a way that reduces chronic disease risk?
    Nutrition reviews, 2008
    Co-Authors: Krista A. Varady, Marc K. Hellerstein
    Abstract:

    Adipose tissue physiology plays an important role in the development of several obesity-related disorders. Dietary restriction regimens, i.e., daily calorie restriction (CR) or Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF), have been shown to decrease the risk of these disorders. Whether changes in adipose mass or physiology are required for the beneficial effects of CR or ADF is an important question. Accordingly, this review summarizes the effects of CR and ADF regimens on parameters of adipose physiology, i.e., adipose tissue morphology, triglyceride metabolism, and adipokine release, and attempts to link these changes to indicators of chronic disease risk.