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Charles L Hussey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anodic dissolution of Aluminum in the Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride ionic liquid
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2016Co-Authors: Chen Wang, Adam A Creuziger, Gery R Stafford, Charles L HusseyAbstract:The anodic dissolution of Aluminum metal was investigated in the Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid, Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride. The investigation was conducted on Aluminum rotating disk electrodes as a function of potential, ionic liquid composition, and temperature. Two different dissolution mechanisms were realized. At modest overpotentials, dissolution takes place under mixed kinetic-mass transport control. However, as the overpotential is increased to induce higher dissolution rates and/or the ionic liquid is made more acidic, the dissolution reaction transitions to a potential-independent passivation-like process ascribed to the formation of a porous solid layer of AlCl3(s). At a fixed temperature and composition, the limiting passivation current density displays Levich behavior and also scales linearly with the concentration of AlCl4- in the ionic liquid. The heterogeneous kinetics of the Al dissolution reaction were measured in the active dissolution potential regime. The exchange current densities were independent of the composition of the ionic liquid, and the anodic transfer coefficients were close to zero and seemed to be independent of the Al grain size.
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electrodeposition of al mo ti ternary alloys in the lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride room temperature ionic liquid
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2008Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Satoshi Arimoto, Susumu Kuwabata, Charles L HusseyAbstract:The electrodeposition of Al-Mo-Ti ternary alloys was examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3% mole fraction Aluminum Chloride-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMelmCl) room-temperature ionic liquid containing (Mo 6 Cl 8 )Cl 4 and TiCl 2 . The Mo content in the alloys varied with the applied current density and the Mo(II)/Ti(II) concentration ratio. The Ti content was small and constant at 0.6 ± 0.2% atomic fraction (a/o) and was independent of the deposition conditions. All the electrodeposited Al-Mo-Ti alloys were dense and compact and adhered well to the copper substrate. The deposit surface morphology depended on the applied current density and the Mo content of the alloys, as reported previously for the amorphous binary Al-Mo alloys. However, no amorphous glass phase could be detected in the Al-Mo-Ti ternary alloy samples; this behavior may be related to the presence of Ti. In summary, the addition of a small amount of Ti (∼ 1 a/o) to the binary Al-Mo alloys resulted in a ternary alloy with a substantially improved Chloride-induced pitting corrosion resistance compared to the related Al-Mo alloy.
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Electrodeposition of Al-Mo Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Molten Salt
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2004Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Charles L Hussey, Gery R StaffordAbstract:The electrochemistry of Zr(IV) and Zr(II) and the electrodeposition of Al-Zr alloys were examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 mol % Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride molten salt at 353 K. The electrochemical reduction of Zr(lV) to Zr(II) is complicated by the precipitation of ZrCl 3 ; however, solutions of Zr(II) can be prepared by reducing Zr(IV) with Al wire. Al-Zr alloys can be electrodeposited from plating baths containing either Zr(IV) or Zr(II), but for a given concentration and current density, baths containing Zr(IV) lead to Al-Zr alloys with the higher Zr content. This result was traced to the diminutive concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient for Zr(II). It was possible to prepare Al-Zr alloys containing up to ∼17% atomic fraction (atom %) Zr. The structure of these deposits depended on the Zr content. Alloys containing less than 5 atom % Zr could be indexed to a disordered face-centered cubic structure similar to pure Al, whereas alloys containing ∼17 atom % Zr were completely amorphous (metallic glass). The Chloride pitting potentials of alloys with more than 8 atom % Zr were approximately +0.3 V relative to pure Al.
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electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of al ti alloys in the lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride melt
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2003Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Gery R Stafford, Charles L Hussey, John E BonevichAbstract:The chemical and electrochemical behavior of titanium was examined in the Lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMeImCl, molten salt at 353.2 K. Dissolved Ti(II), as TiCl 2 , was stable in the 66.7-33.3% mole fraction ( m/o composition of this melt. but slowly disproportionated in the 60.0-40.0 m/o melt. At low current densities, the anodic oxidation of Ti(0)did not lead to dissolved Ti (II). but to an insoluble passivating film of TiCl 3 . At high current densities or very positive potentials, Ti (0) was oxidized directly to Ti(IV); however, the electrogenerated Ti (IV) vaporized from the melt as TiCl 4 (g). As found by other researchers working in Lewis acidic AlCl 3 -NaCl, Ti(II) tended to form polymers as its concentration in the AlCl 3 - EtMeImCl melt was increased. The electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys was investigated at Cu rotating disk and wire electrodes. Al-Ti alloys containing up to ∼19% atomic fraction (a/o) titanium could be electrodeposited from saturated solutions of Ti (II) in the 66.7-33.3 m/o melt at low current densities, but the titanium content of these alloys decreased as the reduction current density was increased. The pitting potentials of these electrodeposited Al-Ti alloys exhibited a positive shift with increasing titanium content comparable to that observed for alloys prepared by sputter deposition.
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electrodeposition of Aluminum from the Aluminum Chloride 1 methyl 3 ethylimidazolium Chloride room temperature molten salt benzene
ChemInform, 1997Co-Authors: Qing Liao, Charles L Hussey, William R Pitner, Gemma Stewart, Gery R StaffordAbstract:The constant current electrodeposition of bulk Aluminum on copper substrates was investigated in the Lewis acidic [> 50 mole percent (m/o) AlCl 3 ] Aluminum Chloride-1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium Chloride room temperature molten salt (AlCl 3 -MeEtimeCl). Although Aluminum can be electroplated from the neat molten salt, we have found that the quality of the electrodeposit is greatly enhanced by the addition of benzene as a cosolvent. Electrodeposits produced in such melts exhibited a grain size on the order of 5 to 15 μm. The lattice parameters of these electrodeposits were slightly smaller than the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) value; this was attributed to the presence of vacancies in the Aluminum lattice that were present at concentrations ranging from about 0.1 to 0.5 atomic percent (a/o). The copper substrate was found to have a slight (311) texture as determined by x-ray diffraction; however, all of the electrodeposits exhibited a preferred (220) crystallographic orientation with the intensity of the (311) reflection being equal to that of a randomly oriented sample. The (200) and (111) reflections were relatively weak. The relative intensity of the (220) reflection increased and those for the (311), (200), and (111) orientations decreased as the benzene concentration was increased. A Williamson-Hall treatment indicated that microstrain in the electrodeposits was essentially nonexistent.
Gery R Stafford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anodic dissolution of Aluminum in the Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride ionic liquid
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2016Co-Authors: Chen Wang, Adam A Creuziger, Gery R Stafford, Charles L HusseyAbstract:The anodic dissolution of Aluminum metal was investigated in the Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid, Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride. The investigation was conducted on Aluminum rotating disk electrodes as a function of potential, ionic liquid composition, and temperature. Two different dissolution mechanisms were realized. At modest overpotentials, dissolution takes place under mixed kinetic-mass transport control. However, as the overpotential is increased to induce higher dissolution rates and/or the ionic liquid is made more acidic, the dissolution reaction transitions to a potential-independent passivation-like process ascribed to the formation of a porous solid layer of AlCl3(s). At a fixed temperature and composition, the limiting passivation current density displays Levich behavior and also scales linearly with the concentration of AlCl4- in the ionic liquid. The heterogeneous kinetics of the Al dissolution reaction were measured in the active dissolution potential regime. The exchange current densities were independent of the composition of the ionic liquid, and the anodic transfer coefficients were close to zero and seemed to be independent of the Al grain size.
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Electrodeposition of Al-Mo Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Molten Salt
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2004Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Charles L Hussey, Gery R StaffordAbstract:The electrochemistry of Zr(IV) and Zr(II) and the electrodeposition of Al-Zr alloys were examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 mol % Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride molten salt at 353 K. The electrochemical reduction of Zr(lV) to Zr(II) is complicated by the precipitation of ZrCl 3 ; however, solutions of Zr(II) can be prepared by reducing Zr(IV) with Al wire. Al-Zr alloys can be electrodeposited from plating baths containing either Zr(IV) or Zr(II), but for a given concentration and current density, baths containing Zr(IV) lead to Al-Zr alloys with the higher Zr content. This result was traced to the diminutive concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient for Zr(II). It was possible to prepare Al-Zr alloys containing up to ∼17% atomic fraction (atom %) Zr. The structure of these deposits depended on the Zr content. Alloys containing less than 5 atom % Zr could be indexed to a disordered face-centered cubic structure similar to pure Al, whereas alloys containing ∼17 atom % Zr were completely amorphous (metallic glass). The Chloride pitting potentials of alloys with more than 8 atom % Zr were approximately +0.3 V relative to pure Al.
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electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of al ti alloys in the lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride melt
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2003Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Gery R Stafford, Charles L Hussey, John E BonevichAbstract:The chemical and electrochemical behavior of titanium was examined in the Lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMeImCl, molten salt at 353.2 K. Dissolved Ti(II), as TiCl 2 , was stable in the 66.7-33.3% mole fraction ( m/o composition of this melt. but slowly disproportionated in the 60.0-40.0 m/o melt. At low current densities, the anodic oxidation of Ti(0)did not lead to dissolved Ti (II). but to an insoluble passivating film of TiCl 3 . At high current densities or very positive potentials, Ti (0) was oxidized directly to Ti(IV); however, the electrogenerated Ti (IV) vaporized from the melt as TiCl 4 (g). As found by other researchers working in Lewis acidic AlCl 3 -NaCl, Ti(II) tended to form polymers as its concentration in the AlCl 3 - EtMeImCl melt was increased. The electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys was investigated at Cu rotating disk and wire electrodes. Al-Ti alloys containing up to ∼19% atomic fraction (a/o) titanium could be electrodeposited from saturated solutions of Ti (II) in the 66.7-33.3 m/o melt at low current densities, but the titanium content of these alloys decreased as the reduction current density was increased. The pitting potentials of these electrodeposited Al-Ti alloys exhibited a positive shift with increasing titanium content comparable to that observed for alloys prepared by sputter deposition.
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electrodeposition of Aluminum from the Aluminum Chloride 1 methyl 3 ethylimidazolium Chloride room temperature molten salt benzene
ChemInform, 1997Co-Authors: Qing Liao, Charles L Hussey, William R Pitner, Gemma Stewart, Gery R StaffordAbstract:The constant current electrodeposition of bulk Aluminum on copper substrates was investigated in the Lewis acidic [> 50 mole percent (m/o) AlCl 3 ] Aluminum Chloride-1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium Chloride room temperature molten salt (AlCl 3 -MeEtimeCl). Although Aluminum can be electroplated from the neat molten salt, we have found that the quality of the electrodeposit is greatly enhanced by the addition of benzene as a cosolvent. Electrodeposits produced in such melts exhibited a grain size on the order of 5 to 15 μm. The lattice parameters of these electrodeposits were slightly smaller than the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) value; this was attributed to the presence of vacancies in the Aluminum lattice that were present at concentrations ranging from about 0.1 to 0.5 atomic percent (a/o). The copper substrate was found to have a slight (311) texture as determined by x-ray diffraction; however, all of the electrodeposits exhibited a preferred (220) crystallographic orientation with the intensity of the (311) reflection being equal to that of a randomly oriented sample. The (200) and (111) reflections were relatively weak. The relative intensity of the (220) reflection increased and those for the (311), (200), and (111) orientations decreased as the benzene concentration was increased. A Williamson-Hall treatment indicated that microstrain in the electrodeposits was essentially nonexistent.
Maksym V Kovalenko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aluminum Chloride graphite batteries with flexible current collectors prepared from earth abundant elements
Advanced Science, 2018Co-Authors: Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Shutao Wang, Alejandro N Filippin, U Muller, A N Tiwari, Stephan Buecheler, Maryna I Bodnarchuk, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:In the search for low-cost and large-scale stationary storage of electricity, nonaqueous Aluminum Chloride-graphite batteries (AlCl3-GBs) have received much attention due to the high natural abundances of their primary constituents, facile manufacturing, and high energy densities. Much research has focused on the judicious selection of graphite cathode materials, leading to the most notable recent advances in the performance of AlCl3-GBs. However, the major obstacle to commercializing this technology is the lack of oxidatively stable, inexpensive current collectors that can operate in chloroaluminate ionic liquids and are composed of earth-abundant elements. This study presents the use of titanium nitride (TiN) as a compelling material for this purpose. Flexible current collectors can be fabricated by coating TiN on stainless steel or flexible polyimide substrates by low-cost, rapid, scalable methods such as magnetron sputtering. When these current collectors are used in AlCl3-GB coin or pouch cells, stable cathodic operation is observed at voltages of up to 2.5 V versus Al3+/Al. Furthermore, these batteries have a high coulombic efficiency of 99.5%, power density of 4500 W kg-1, and cyclability of at least 500 cycles.
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kish graphite flakes as a cathode material for an Aluminum Chloride graphite battery
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017Co-Authors: Shutao Wang, Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Frank Krumeich, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:Nonaqueous, ionic liquid-based Aluminum Chloride–graphite batteries (AlCl3–GBs) are a highly promising post-Li-ion technology for low-cost and large-scale storage of electricity because these batteries feature exclusively highly abundant chemical elements and simple fabrication methods. In this work, we demonstrate that synthetic kish graphite, which is a byproduct of steelmaking, can be used as a cathode in AlCl3–GB and exhibits high capacities of ≤142 mAh g–1. The comprehensive characterization of kish graphite flakes and other forms of graphite by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis provides solid evidence that the exceptional electrochemical behavior of kish graphite flakes is mainly determined by the high structural order of carbon atoms, a low level of defects, and a unique “crater morphology”. In view of the nonrocking chair operation mechanism of AlCl3–GB, we have tested the achievable energy densities as a function of the composition of chloroal...
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efficient Aluminum Chloride natural graphite battery
Chemistry of Materials, 2017Co-Authors: Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Shutao Wang, Laura Piveteau, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:The quest for low-cost and large-scale stationary storage of electricity has led to a surge of reports on novel batteries comprising exclusively highly abundant chemical elements. Aluminum-based systems, inter alia, are appealing because of the safety and affordability of Aluminum anodes. In this work, we examined the recently proposed Aluminum–ionic liquid–graphite architecture. Using 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance, we confirmed that AlCl4– acts as an intercalating species. Although previous studies have focused on graphitic cathodes, we analyzed the practicality of achievable energy densities and found that the AlCl3-based ionic liquid is a capacity-limiting anode material. By focusing on both the graphitic cathode and the AlCl3-based anode, we improved the overall energy density. First, high cathodic capacities of ≤150 mAh g–1 and energy efficiencies of 90% at high electrode loadings of at least 10 mg cm–2 were obtained with natural, highly crystalline graphite flakes, which were subjected to minimal ...
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Kish Graphite Flakes as a Cathode Material for an Aluminum Chloride–Graphite Battery
2017Co-Authors: Shutao Wang, Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Frank Krumeich, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:Nonaqueous, ionic liquid-based Aluminum Chloride–graphite batteries (AlCl3–GBs) are a highly promising post-Li-ion technology for low-cost and large-scale storage of electricity because these batteries feature exclusively highly abundant chemical elements and simple fabrication methods. In this work, we demonstrate that synthetic kish graphite, which is a byproduct of steelmaking, can be used as a cathode in AlCl3–GB and exhibits high capacities of ≤142 mAh g–1. The comprehensive characterization of kish graphite flakes and other forms of graphite by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis provides solid evidence that the exceptional electrochemical behavior of kish graphite flakes is mainly determined by the high structural order of carbon atoms, a low level of defects, and a unique “crater morphology”. In view of the nonrocking chair operation mechanism of AlCl3–GB, we have tested the achievable energy densities as a function of the composition of chloroaluminate ionic liquid (AlCl3 content) and have obtained energy densities of up to 65 Wh kg–1. In addition, the kish graphite flakes can rapidly charge and discharge, offering high power densities of up to 4363 W kg–1
Tetsuya Tsuda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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electrodeposition of al mo ti ternary alloys in the lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride room temperature ionic liquid
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2008Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Satoshi Arimoto, Susumu Kuwabata, Charles L HusseyAbstract:The electrodeposition of Al-Mo-Ti ternary alloys was examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3% mole fraction Aluminum Chloride-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMelmCl) room-temperature ionic liquid containing (Mo 6 Cl 8 )Cl 4 and TiCl 2 . The Mo content in the alloys varied with the applied current density and the Mo(II)/Ti(II) concentration ratio. The Ti content was small and constant at 0.6 ± 0.2% atomic fraction (a/o) and was independent of the deposition conditions. All the electrodeposited Al-Mo-Ti alloys were dense and compact and adhered well to the copper substrate. The deposit surface morphology depended on the applied current density and the Mo content of the alloys, as reported previously for the amorphous binary Al-Mo alloys. However, no amorphous glass phase could be detected in the Al-Mo-Ti ternary alloy samples; this behavior may be related to the presence of Ti. In summary, the addition of a small amount of Ti (∼ 1 a/o) to the binary Al-Mo alloys resulted in a ternary alloy with a substantially improved Chloride-induced pitting corrosion resistance compared to the related Al-Mo alloy.
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Electrodeposition of Al-Mo Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Molten Salt
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2004Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Charles L Hussey, Gery R StaffordAbstract:The electrochemistry of Zr(IV) and Zr(II) and the electrodeposition of Al-Zr alloys were examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 mol % Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride molten salt at 353 K. The electrochemical reduction of Zr(lV) to Zr(II) is complicated by the precipitation of ZrCl 3 ; however, solutions of Zr(II) can be prepared by reducing Zr(IV) with Al wire. Al-Zr alloys can be electrodeposited from plating baths containing either Zr(IV) or Zr(II), but for a given concentration and current density, baths containing Zr(IV) lead to Al-Zr alloys with the higher Zr content. This result was traced to the diminutive concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient for Zr(II). It was possible to prepare Al-Zr alloys containing up to ∼17% atomic fraction (atom %) Zr. The structure of these deposits depended on the Zr content. Alloys containing less than 5 atom % Zr could be indexed to a disordered face-centered cubic structure similar to pure Al, whereas alloys containing ∼17 atom % Zr were completely amorphous (metallic glass). The Chloride pitting potentials of alloys with more than 8 atom % Zr were approximately +0.3 V relative to pure Al.
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electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of al ti alloys in the lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride 1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium Chloride melt
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2003Co-Authors: Tetsuya Tsuda, Gery R Stafford, Charles L Hussey, John E BonevichAbstract:The chemical and electrochemical behavior of titanium was examined in the Lewis acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMeImCl, molten salt at 353.2 K. Dissolved Ti(II), as TiCl 2 , was stable in the 66.7-33.3% mole fraction ( m/o composition of this melt. but slowly disproportionated in the 60.0-40.0 m/o melt. At low current densities, the anodic oxidation of Ti(0)did not lead to dissolved Ti (II). but to an insoluble passivating film of TiCl 3 . At high current densities or very positive potentials, Ti (0) was oxidized directly to Ti(IV); however, the electrogenerated Ti (IV) vaporized from the melt as TiCl 4 (g). As found by other researchers working in Lewis acidic AlCl 3 -NaCl, Ti(II) tended to form polymers as its concentration in the AlCl 3 - EtMeImCl melt was increased. The electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys was investigated at Cu rotating disk and wire electrodes. Al-Ti alloys containing up to ∼19% atomic fraction (a/o) titanium could be electrodeposited from saturated solutions of Ti (II) in the 66.7-33.3 m/o melt at low current densities, but the titanium content of these alloys decreased as the reduction current density was increased. The pitting potentials of these electrodeposited Al-Ti alloys exhibited a positive shift with increasing titanium content comparable to that observed for alloys prepared by sputter deposition.
Shutao Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aluminum Chloride graphite batteries with flexible current collectors prepared from earth abundant elements
Advanced Science, 2018Co-Authors: Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Shutao Wang, Alejandro N Filippin, U Muller, A N Tiwari, Stephan Buecheler, Maryna I Bodnarchuk, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:In the search for low-cost and large-scale stationary storage of electricity, nonaqueous Aluminum Chloride-graphite batteries (AlCl3-GBs) have received much attention due to the high natural abundances of their primary constituents, facile manufacturing, and high energy densities. Much research has focused on the judicious selection of graphite cathode materials, leading to the most notable recent advances in the performance of AlCl3-GBs. However, the major obstacle to commercializing this technology is the lack of oxidatively stable, inexpensive current collectors that can operate in chloroaluminate ionic liquids and are composed of earth-abundant elements. This study presents the use of titanium nitride (TiN) as a compelling material for this purpose. Flexible current collectors can be fabricated by coating TiN on stainless steel or flexible polyimide substrates by low-cost, rapid, scalable methods such as magnetron sputtering. When these current collectors are used in AlCl3-GB coin or pouch cells, stable cathodic operation is observed at voltages of up to 2.5 V versus Al3+/Al. Furthermore, these batteries have a high coulombic efficiency of 99.5%, power density of 4500 W kg-1, and cyclability of at least 500 cycles.
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kish graphite flakes as a cathode material for an Aluminum Chloride graphite battery
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017Co-Authors: Shutao Wang, Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Frank Krumeich, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:Nonaqueous, ionic liquid-based Aluminum Chloride–graphite batteries (AlCl3–GBs) are a highly promising post-Li-ion technology for low-cost and large-scale storage of electricity because these batteries feature exclusively highly abundant chemical elements and simple fabrication methods. In this work, we demonstrate that synthetic kish graphite, which is a byproduct of steelmaking, can be used as a cathode in AlCl3–GB and exhibits high capacities of ≤142 mAh g–1. The comprehensive characterization of kish graphite flakes and other forms of graphite by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis provides solid evidence that the exceptional electrochemical behavior of kish graphite flakes is mainly determined by the high structural order of carbon atoms, a low level of defects, and a unique “crater morphology”. In view of the nonrocking chair operation mechanism of AlCl3–GB, we have tested the achievable energy densities as a function of the composition of chloroal...
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efficient Aluminum Chloride natural graphite battery
Chemistry of Materials, 2017Co-Authors: Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Shutao Wang, Laura Piveteau, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:The quest for low-cost and large-scale stationary storage of electricity has led to a surge of reports on novel batteries comprising exclusively highly abundant chemical elements. Aluminum-based systems, inter alia, are appealing because of the safety and affordability of Aluminum anodes. In this work, we examined the recently proposed Aluminum–ionic liquid–graphite architecture. Using 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance, we confirmed that AlCl4– acts as an intercalating species. Although previous studies have focused on graphitic cathodes, we analyzed the practicality of achievable energy densities and found that the AlCl3-based ionic liquid is a capacity-limiting anode material. By focusing on both the graphitic cathode and the AlCl3-based anode, we improved the overall energy density. First, high cathodic capacities of ≤150 mAh g–1 and energy efficiencies of 90% at high electrode loadings of at least 10 mg cm–2 were obtained with natural, highly crystalline graphite flakes, which were subjected to minimal ...
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Kish Graphite Flakes as a Cathode Material for an Aluminum Chloride–Graphite Battery
2017Co-Authors: Shutao Wang, Kostiantyn V Kravchyk, Frank Krumeich, Maksym V KovalenkoAbstract:Nonaqueous, ionic liquid-based Aluminum Chloride–graphite batteries (AlCl3–GBs) are a highly promising post-Li-ion technology for low-cost and large-scale storage of electricity because these batteries feature exclusively highly abundant chemical elements and simple fabrication methods. In this work, we demonstrate that synthetic kish graphite, which is a byproduct of steelmaking, can be used as a cathode in AlCl3–GB and exhibits high capacities of ≤142 mAh g–1. The comprehensive characterization of kish graphite flakes and other forms of graphite by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis provides solid evidence that the exceptional electrochemical behavior of kish graphite flakes is mainly determined by the high structural order of carbon atoms, a low level of defects, and a unique “crater morphology”. In view of the nonrocking chair operation mechanism of AlCl3–GB, we have tested the achievable energy densities as a function of the composition of chloroaluminate ionic liquid (AlCl3 content) and have obtained energy densities of up to 65 Wh kg–1. In addition, the kish graphite flakes can rapidly charge and discharge, offering high power densities of up to 4363 W kg–1