Amniotic Sac

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M H Kaufman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • studies of the mechanism of Amniotic Sac puncture induced limb abnormalities in mice
    The International Journal of Developmental Biology, 2000
    Co-Authors: M H Kaufman, H H Chang
    Abstract:

    The principal advantage of chorionic villus sampling (cvs) over amniocentesis for the determination of the genetic constitution of the embryo is that it may be undertaken earlier in pregnancy. If carried out too early in pregnancy, it has the risk of inducing craniofacial and limb abnormalities, a condition termed the oromandibulofacial limb hypogenesis (OMFL) syndrome in genetically normal infants. It is believed that the defects observed have a vascular origin, possibly due to anoxia of tissues due to fetal blood loss or thrombus formation at the site of biopsy with distal embolization. We believe that this does not adequately explain the findings from the experimental animal literature involving Amniotic Sac puncture (ASP). Based on these experimental findings, we have hypothesised that (i) the defects observed following cvs may result from the consequences of oligohydramnios following the inadvertent puncturing of the Amniotic Sac during this procedure, and (ii) that cleft palate and the postural limb defects observed (e.g., clubfoot and clubhand) are secondary to embryonic/fetal compression. Our experimental studies shed new light on the mechanism of induction of the limb defects seen, but particularly syndactyly. Evidence of hypoperfusion of the peripheral part of the developing limb bud is observed, which interferes with apoptosis that occurs in the digital interzones, or induces an abnormal degree of cellular proliferation and/or tissue regeneration in these sites, possibly because of over-expression of critical genes involved in limb pattern specification. Cleft palate, tail abnormalities and abnormalities of sternal ossification are also observed in our model.

  • Influence of anaesthetic agent on limb abnormalities observed following Amniotic Sac puncture.
    European journal of morphology, 1998
    Co-Authors: M H Kaufman, H H Chang
    Abstract:

    In all of our previous studies into the effect of Amniotic Sac puncture (ASP) carried out on day 13 of pregnancy in mice, we have used intraperitoneal Avertin (tribromoethanol) as the general anaesthetic. In the present study, we used an inhalational anaesthetic (a mixture of halothane, oxygen and nitrous oxide in a ratio of 2:3:3). The principal difference between these two regimens is that even under optimal post-operative conditions when Avertin is used it can take between 45 and 90 min before complete recovery is achieved; when the inhalational anaesthetic is used, complete recovery is usually achieved within about 3-5 min. Because the experimental conditions were otherwise identical, this allowed the influence of the anaesthetic employed during ASP and the incidence of abnormalities induced on survival rate to day 19 of pregnancy to be studied. The survival rate was slightly higher when the inhalational anaesthetic was used, as was the incidence of limb abnormalities, although the overall incidence of gross abnormalities involving the palate, limbs and tail was not significantly different. The most marked difference, however, was in the incidence of syndactyly, which was significantly lower when the inhalational compared to the intraperitoneal anaesthetic was used: 26.6% v. 70.2% of the abnormal limbs analysed. A possible hypothesis is presented to explain this difference.

  • analysis of interdigital spaces during mouse limb development at intervals following Amniotic Sac puncture
    Journal of Anatomy, 1998
    Co-Authors: H H Chang, M H Kaufman
    Abstract:

    A spectrum of limb abnormalities ranging from adactyly, syndactyly, acrosyndactyly to nail hypoplasia was encountered in mouse embryos subjected to Amniotic Sac puncture at the corresponding gestational stage when human chorionic villus sampling (cvs) would normally be performed clinically. Previous skeletal studies revealed that, apart from the occasional incidence of fusion of 2 distal phalanges, syndactyly usually only affected the soft tissues within the interdigital spaces. A similar situation was also observed in cases of adactyly; while the skeletal elements of the digits were present, the soft tissues in the interdigital spaces failed to separate. A transient period of bradycardia is induced, possibly secondary to compression of the embryo by the extraembryonic membranes and uterine muscles following Amniotic Sac puncture. These factors, we believe, produce temporary hypoxia/ischaemia of the distal extremities, and may lead to the modification of the interdigital mesenchymal tissues within the autopods. In order to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying soft tissue syndactyly, limbs recovered at 0.5, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 36 h following Amniotic Sac puncture (ASP) were examined histologically. Vascular disruption in the form of localised areas of haemorrhage, vascular dilatation and congestion and the presence of fluid-filled cavities occurred in relation to the marginal vein and vascular plexus in the interdigital spaces. It is hypothesised that this interfered with the normal equilibrium of the preset programs of mitosis/cell death and apoptosis within the mesenchymal cells of the interdigital spaces. Apoptosis in these areas was inhibited in the majority of the experimental limbs analysed 4 h after ASP. Instead of undergoing necrosis/apoptosis, increased mitotic activity was usually observed from 8 h following ASP at the sites where apoptosis would normally be expected to be seen. The aberrant fate of the interdigital mesenchyme following ASP and the underlying mechanism(s) involved are discussed, as is the critical importance of an adequate vascular supply to the interdigital spaces during the morphogenesis of the autopod. We believe that this report contributes to understanding the mechanism(s) which lead to syndactyly following ASP, and the limb defects occasionally seen following cvs when this is undertaken during early gestation.

  • limb and other postcranial skeletal defects induced by Amniotic Sac puncture in the mouse
    Journal of Anatomy, 1996
    Co-Authors: H H Chang, Z Schwartz, M H Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Abstract A mouse model for studying the teratogenic effects of Amniotic Sac puncture has recently been established (MacIntyre et al. 1995), and the anomalies encountered included cleft palate, limb and tail abnormalities, and postural deformities. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism(s) involved, mouse embryos subjected to Amniotic Sac puncture on day 13 of gestation were examined externally on day 19, then 'cleared' and bulk stained with alizarin red S and Alcian blue to reveal, respectively, their bony and cartilaginous elements. This procedure allowed a comparison to be made between the incidence of soft tissue anomalies of the distal parts of the limbs and the appearance of the underlying skeletal elements. Despite a high incidence of soft tissue (principally digital) anomalies, relatively few skeletal anomalies were encountered. Measurements of intact long bones, and regions of ossification, were made in the major long bones of 'nonexperimental' and 'internal' controls and 'experimental' fetuses that displayed external morphological malformations to establish whether the experimental procedure had a greater effect on the proximal or distal components of the limb skeleton. No significant difference was observed when the ratios of proximal: distal length were compared with those obtained from the control series. The degree of severity of 'clubhand' and 'clubfoot' deformity was determined, and a comparison made between the severity observed on the right and left sides. This analysis revealed that for 'clubhand', the left forelimb was more severely affected than the right forelimb. The incidence of 'clubfoot' deformity was similar between the 2 sides. A possible explanation for this asymmetric effect is provided. An unexpected finding was the abnormal pattern of ossification seen in the sternum of two thirds of the 'experimental' fetuses that displayed external morphological malformations. This abnormal pattern was seen in none of the controls nor in fetuses in the 'experimental' series that displayed no external morphological malformations.

  • teratogenic effects of Amniotic Sac puncture a mouse model
    Journal of Anatomy, 1995
    Co-Authors: Donald J Macintyre, H H Chang, M H Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Abstract The possibility of an association between chorionic villus sampling (cvs) and limb abnormalities has prompted a review of the relevant experimental data. Although a vascular aetiology is favoured by many at present, the possibility exists that a proportion of cases may be caused by oligohydramnios secondary to inadvertent Amniotic Sac puncture. A mouse model of Amniotic puncture syndrome has been developed to study the craniofacial and limb abnormalities produced by this procedure. Pregnant mice were anaesthetised and a laparotomy performed. One uterine horn was exteriorised, and the Amniotic Sacs punctured through the wall of the uterus with either a 21 gauge or a 25 gauge needle. The conceptuses in the contralateral uterine horn acted as controls. The mice were all killed on d 19 of pregnancy (day of finding a vaginal plug = d 1 of pregnancy) by cervical dislocation, and the morphological features of the embryos examined in detail. In a preliminary study, Amniotic Sac puncture was carried out on d 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 of pregnancy, with either a 21 or a 25 gauge needle. Since the highest rates of palatal defects and limb deformities were observed following Amniotic Sac puncture using a 21 gauge needle, when this procedure was carried out on either d 13 or 14 of pregnancy, the main study was undertaken using a 21 gauge needle on these two days of pregnancy. Of 102 embryos in which Amniotic Sac puncture was carried out on d 13, 53% survived to d 19. Of the latter, 35% had a cleft palate, 61% had one or more morphologically abnormal limbs, and 43% had an abnormal tail. When Amniotic Sac puncture was carried out on d 14 of pregnancy, of 83 embryos subjected to this procedure, 81% survived to d 19. Of the latter, 27% had a cleft palate, 39% had one or more morphologically abnormal limbs, and 19% had an abnormal tail. In the controls, of 86 and 61 embryos isolated respectively from the d 13 and 14 mice, the survival rates were 97 and 90%, respectively. Palatal, limb and tail abnormalities were not observed in the control series. Tentative relationships are drawn between cvs and amniocentesis-associated abnormalities, the Robin sequence and their rodent phenocopies.

H H Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • studies of the mechanism of Amniotic Sac puncture induced limb abnormalities in mice
    The International Journal of Developmental Biology, 2000
    Co-Authors: M H Kaufman, H H Chang
    Abstract:

    The principal advantage of chorionic villus sampling (cvs) over amniocentesis for the determination of the genetic constitution of the embryo is that it may be undertaken earlier in pregnancy. If carried out too early in pregnancy, it has the risk of inducing craniofacial and limb abnormalities, a condition termed the oromandibulofacial limb hypogenesis (OMFL) syndrome in genetically normal infants. It is believed that the defects observed have a vascular origin, possibly due to anoxia of tissues due to fetal blood loss or thrombus formation at the site of biopsy with distal embolization. We believe that this does not adequately explain the findings from the experimental animal literature involving Amniotic Sac puncture (ASP). Based on these experimental findings, we have hypothesised that (i) the defects observed following cvs may result from the consequences of oligohydramnios following the inadvertent puncturing of the Amniotic Sac during this procedure, and (ii) that cleft palate and the postural limb defects observed (e.g., clubfoot and clubhand) are secondary to embryonic/fetal compression. Our experimental studies shed new light on the mechanism of induction of the limb defects seen, but particularly syndactyly. Evidence of hypoperfusion of the peripheral part of the developing limb bud is observed, which interferes with apoptosis that occurs in the digital interzones, or induces an abnormal degree of cellular proliferation and/or tissue regeneration in these sites, possibly because of over-expression of critical genes involved in limb pattern specification. Cleft palate, tail abnormalities and abnormalities of sternal ossification are also observed in our model.

  • Influence of anaesthetic agent on limb abnormalities observed following Amniotic Sac puncture.
    European journal of morphology, 1998
    Co-Authors: M H Kaufman, H H Chang
    Abstract:

    In all of our previous studies into the effect of Amniotic Sac puncture (ASP) carried out on day 13 of pregnancy in mice, we have used intraperitoneal Avertin (tribromoethanol) as the general anaesthetic. In the present study, we used an inhalational anaesthetic (a mixture of halothane, oxygen and nitrous oxide in a ratio of 2:3:3). The principal difference between these two regimens is that even under optimal post-operative conditions when Avertin is used it can take between 45 and 90 min before complete recovery is achieved; when the inhalational anaesthetic is used, complete recovery is usually achieved within about 3-5 min. Because the experimental conditions were otherwise identical, this allowed the influence of the anaesthetic employed during ASP and the incidence of abnormalities induced on survival rate to day 19 of pregnancy to be studied. The survival rate was slightly higher when the inhalational anaesthetic was used, as was the incidence of limb abnormalities, although the overall incidence of gross abnormalities involving the palate, limbs and tail was not significantly different. The most marked difference, however, was in the incidence of syndactyly, which was significantly lower when the inhalational compared to the intraperitoneal anaesthetic was used: 26.6% v. 70.2% of the abnormal limbs analysed. A possible hypothesis is presented to explain this difference.

  • analysis of interdigital spaces during mouse limb development at intervals following Amniotic Sac puncture
    Journal of Anatomy, 1998
    Co-Authors: H H Chang, M H Kaufman
    Abstract:

    A spectrum of limb abnormalities ranging from adactyly, syndactyly, acrosyndactyly to nail hypoplasia was encountered in mouse embryos subjected to Amniotic Sac puncture at the corresponding gestational stage when human chorionic villus sampling (cvs) would normally be performed clinically. Previous skeletal studies revealed that, apart from the occasional incidence of fusion of 2 distal phalanges, syndactyly usually only affected the soft tissues within the interdigital spaces. A similar situation was also observed in cases of adactyly; while the skeletal elements of the digits were present, the soft tissues in the interdigital spaces failed to separate. A transient period of bradycardia is induced, possibly secondary to compression of the embryo by the extraembryonic membranes and uterine muscles following Amniotic Sac puncture. These factors, we believe, produce temporary hypoxia/ischaemia of the distal extremities, and may lead to the modification of the interdigital mesenchymal tissues within the autopods. In order to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying soft tissue syndactyly, limbs recovered at 0.5, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 36 h following Amniotic Sac puncture (ASP) were examined histologically. Vascular disruption in the form of localised areas of haemorrhage, vascular dilatation and congestion and the presence of fluid-filled cavities occurred in relation to the marginal vein and vascular plexus in the interdigital spaces. It is hypothesised that this interfered with the normal equilibrium of the preset programs of mitosis/cell death and apoptosis within the mesenchymal cells of the interdigital spaces. Apoptosis in these areas was inhibited in the majority of the experimental limbs analysed 4 h after ASP. Instead of undergoing necrosis/apoptosis, increased mitotic activity was usually observed from 8 h following ASP at the sites where apoptosis would normally be expected to be seen. The aberrant fate of the interdigital mesenchyme following ASP and the underlying mechanism(s) involved are discussed, as is the critical importance of an adequate vascular supply to the interdigital spaces during the morphogenesis of the autopod. We believe that this report contributes to understanding the mechanism(s) which lead to syndactyly following ASP, and the limb defects occasionally seen following cvs when this is undertaken during early gestation.

  • limb and other postcranial skeletal defects induced by Amniotic Sac puncture in the mouse
    Journal of Anatomy, 1996
    Co-Authors: H H Chang, Z Schwartz, M H Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Abstract A mouse model for studying the teratogenic effects of Amniotic Sac puncture has recently been established (MacIntyre et al. 1995), and the anomalies encountered included cleft palate, limb and tail abnormalities, and postural deformities. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism(s) involved, mouse embryos subjected to Amniotic Sac puncture on day 13 of gestation were examined externally on day 19, then 'cleared' and bulk stained with alizarin red S and Alcian blue to reveal, respectively, their bony and cartilaginous elements. This procedure allowed a comparison to be made between the incidence of soft tissue anomalies of the distal parts of the limbs and the appearance of the underlying skeletal elements. Despite a high incidence of soft tissue (principally digital) anomalies, relatively few skeletal anomalies were encountered. Measurements of intact long bones, and regions of ossification, were made in the major long bones of 'nonexperimental' and 'internal' controls and 'experimental' fetuses that displayed external morphological malformations to establish whether the experimental procedure had a greater effect on the proximal or distal components of the limb skeleton. No significant difference was observed when the ratios of proximal: distal length were compared with those obtained from the control series. The degree of severity of 'clubhand' and 'clubfoot' deformity was determined, and a comparison made between the severity observed on the right and left sides. This analysis revealed that for 'clubhand', the left forelimb was more severely affected than the right forelimb. The incidence of 'clubfoot' deformity was similar between the 2 sides. A possible explanation for this asymmetric effect is provided. An unexpected finding was the abnormal pattern of ossification seen in the sternum of two thirds of the 'experimental' fetuses that displayed external morphological malformations. This abnormal pattern was seen in none of the controls nor in fetuses in the 'experimental' series that displayed no external morphological malformations.

  • teratogenic effects of Amniotic Sac puncture a mouse model
    Journal of Anatomy, 1995
    Co-Authors: Donald J Macintyre, H H Chang, M H Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Abstract The possibility of an association between chorionic villus sampling (cvs) and limb abnormalities has prompted a review of the relevant experimental data. Although a vascular aetiology is favoured by many at present, the possibility exists that a proportion of cases may be caused by oligohydramnios secondary to inadvertent Amniotic Sac puncture. A mouse model of Amniotic puncture syndrome has been developed to study the craniofacial and limb abnormalities produced by this procedure. Pregnant mice were anaesthetised and a laparotomy performed. One uterine horn was exteriorised, and the Amniotic Sacs punctured through the wall of the uterus with either a 21 gauge or a 25 gauge needle. The conceptuses in the contralateral uterine horn acted as controls. The mice were all killed on d 19 of pregnancy (day of finding a vaginal plug = d 1 of pregnancy) by cervical dislocation, and the morphological features of the embryos examined in detail. In a preliminary study, Amniotic Sac puncture was carried out on d 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 of pregnancy, with either a 21 or a 25 gauge needle. Since the highest rates of palatal defects and limb deformities were observed following Amniotic Sac puncture using a 21 gauge needle, when this procedure was carried out on either d 13 or 14 of pregnancy, the main study was undertaken using a 21 gauge needle on these two days of pregnancy. Of 102 embryos in which Amniotic Sac puncture was carried out on d 13, 53% survived to d 19. Of the latter, 35% had a cleft palate, 61% had one or more morphologically abnormal limbs, and 43% had an abnormal tail. When Amniotic Sac puncture was carried out on d 14 of pregnancy, of 83 embryos subjected to this procedure, 81% survived to d 19. Of the latter, 27% had a cleft palate, 39% had one or more morphologically abnormal limbs, and 19% had an abnormal tail. In the controls, of 86 and 61 embryos isolated respectively from the d 13 and 14 mice, the survival rates were 97 and 90%, respectively. Palatal, limb and tail abnormalities were not observed in the control series. Tentative relationships are drawn between cvs and amniocentesis-associated abnormalities, the Robin sequence and their rodent phenocopies.

Cynthia R Long - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • adequacy of prenatal care and risk of pre term rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes
    Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1993
    Co-Authors: Carol A Gosselink, Edem E Ekwo, Atef H Moawad, Robert Woolson, Cynthia R Long
    Abstract:

    Premature rupture of Amniotic membranes (PROM) is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. A matched case-control study was undertaken to determine whether adequacy of prenatal care was associated with increased risk for PROM. Three study groups were defined, consisting of women delivering pre term with PROM, full term with PROM, and pre term without PROM. Cases were singly matched by race, age, and parity with women having full term deliveries without PROM. Data were collected by face-to-face structured interviews with eligible subjects and by medical records abstraction. Conditional multiple logistic regression indicated that among women with inadequate levels of prenatal care during pregnancy the risk for pre term PROM was 3.11 (CI = 1.10-8.78) and for pre term without PROM 2.18 (CI= 1.05–4.53) times higher than for their matched controls, even when adjusted for other sociodemographic, behavioral, index pregnancy, and medical history factors. We conclude that inadequate prenatal care may be a...

  • Coitus late in pregnancy: risk of preterm rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes.
    American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Edem E Ekwo, Carol A Gosselink, Atef H Moawad, Robert Woolson, Cynthia R Long
    Abstract:

    Coitus with or without orgasm in late pregnancy is inconsistently associated with preterm rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes. We tested the hypothesis that during late pregnancy sexual behaviors including sexual positioning relate to the occurrence of premature rupture of membranes. Women aged 15 to 45 years having preterm premature rupture of membranes, term premature rupture of membranes, or preterm delivery without premature rupture of membranes were matched singly by age, race, and parity to control women delivered of term infants. Information about six sexual activities, obstetric history, cervical infections, smoking during pregnancy, and sociodemographic information was obtained by face-to-face interview. Only the male superior position was significantly associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (odds ratio 2.40, 95% confidence interval 1.16 to 4.97) and preterm delivery without premature rupture of membranes (odds ratio 1.82, confidence interval 1.02 to 3.25) after confounding variables were controlled for. No sexual positioning or sexual activities related significantly to term premature rupture of membranes. Most sexual positions and activities during late pregnancy are not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

  • coitus late in pregnancy risk of preterm rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes
    American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Edem E Ekwo, Carol A Gosselink, Atef H Moawad, Robert Woolson, Cynthia R Long
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Coitus with or without orgasm in late pregnancy is inconsistently associated with preterm rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes. We tested the hypothesis that during late pregnancy sexual behaviors including sexual positioning relate to the occurrence of premature rupture of membranes. Study Design: Women aged 15 to 45 years having preterm premature rupture of membranes, term premature rupture of membranes, or preterm delivery without premature rupture of membranes were matched singly by age, race, and parity to control women delivered of term infants. Information about six sexual activities, obstetric history, cervical infections, smoking during pregnancy, and sociodemographic information was obtained by face-to-face interview. Results: Only the male superior position was significantly associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (odds ratio 2.40, 95% confidence interval 1.16 to 4.97) and preterm delivery without premature rupture of membranes (odds ratio 1.82, confidence interval 1.02 to 3.25) after confounding variables were controlled for. No sexual positioning or sexual activities related significantly to term premature rupture of membranes. Conclusion: Most sexual positions and activities during late pregnancy are not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

  • dietary habits prepregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy risk of pre term rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes
    Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1992
    Co-Authors: Carol A Gosselink, Edem E Ekwo, Atef H Moawad, Robert Woolson, Cynthia R Long
    Abstract:

    Background: Premature rupture of Amniotic Sac membranes (PROM) is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. A matched case-control study was undertaken to determine whether dietary habits, prepregnancy weight, and weight gain during pregnancy were associated with increased risks for PROM.Methods: Three study groups were defined, consisting of women delivering pre term with PROM (PP), full term with PROM (FP), and pre term without PROM (PWP). Cases were singly matched by race, age, and parity with women having full term deliveries without PROM. Data were collected by face-to-face structured interviews with eligible subjects and by medical records abstraction.Results: Conditional multiple logistic regression indicated that during pregnancy, PP cases were significantly more likely to have gained < 21 pounds (9.5 kg) (OR = 2.7, CI = 1.146.36) and were only half as likely as controls to have improved their diet (OR = 0.43, CI = O.lRo.99) while controlling for cigarette smoking, urinary tract infection...

Joseph Kost - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Fetal Membrane Transport Enhancement Using Ultrasound for Drug Delivery and Noninvasive Detection
    Pharmaceutical Research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Lior Wolloch, Aharon Azagury, Riki Goldbart, Tamar Traitel, Mordechai Hallak, Gabriel Groisman, Joseph Kost
    Abstract:

    Purpose The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on mass transport across fetal membrane for direct fetal drug delivery and sensing of the Amniotic fluid in a noninvasive manner. Methods Post-delivery human fetal membranes (chorioamnion) were used for in vitro experiments, in which the effect of ultrasound on transport across fetal membrane of fluorescent model molecule (250 kDa) was evaluated. Ex vivo experiments were carried out on a whole rat Amniotic Sac. The model molecule or alpha-fetoprotein was injected into the Amniotic Sac through the placenta. Transport of these molecules across pre- and post-insonation of the Amniotic Sac was evaluated. The ultrasound enhancement’s mechanism was also assessed. Results The greatest enhancement in mass transport (43-fold) in vitro was achieved for 5 min of insonation (20 kHz, 4.6 W/cm^2, 5 mm distance). Ex vivo results showed a rapid increase (23-fold) in mass transport of the model molecule and also for alphafetoprotein following 30 s of insonation (20 kHz, 4.6 W/cm^2, 5 mm distance). Conclusions Mass transport across fetal membranes was enhanced post-insonation both in vitro and ex vivo in a reversible and transient manner. We suggest that exterior (to the Amniotic Sac) ultrasound-induced cavitation is the main mechanism of action.

  • a novel approach for noninvasive drug delivery and sensing through the Amniotic Sac
    Journal of Controlled Release, 2014
    Co-Authors: Aharon Azagury, Eliz Amarlewis, Ella Mann, Riki Goldbart, Tamar Traitel, Raz Jelinek, Mordechai Hallak, Joseph Kost
    Abstract:

    Abstract Current invasive prenatal tests (amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling) are known for their risk to the fetus. In the last decade, the use and awareness of these prenatal tests have increased, resulting in growing demand for a safe, non-invasive, and accurate prenatal test. Chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) have long been used to increase transport phenomena across skin and other membranes (e.g., tympanic membrane). The Amniotic Sac membrane is called the chorioamnion (CA) membrane and serves as the physical barrier between the fetus and the mother. In this research, the effect of CPEs on human CA mass transport was evaluated both in vitro and ex vivo . The results show that the tested CPEs exhibit an enhancing effect on CA mass transport. Based on the permeability results, two mechanisms of action were suggested: “extractors” and “fluidizers”. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and rapid colorimetric screening measurements supported the mechanisms, based on which, more potent compounds were designed and tested for their enhancing effect. The enhancing mass transport effect of CPEs on CA membrane may be used both for sampling of cell-free DNA and for noninvasively administering drugs and other biological agents to the Amniotic Sac.

Jacob Bornstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Three-dimensional sonographic volumetry of the gestational Sac and the Amniotic Sac in the first trimester.
    Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2020
    Co-Authors: Marwan Odeh, Yael Hirsh, S Degani, V Grinin, Ella Ofir, Jacob Bornstein
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this study was to measure the volumes of the gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac in normal pregnancies during the first trimester with 3-dimensional sonography to prepare nomograms. One hundred fifty-one patients between 6 and 12 weeks' gestation were studied. Nine aborted and were excluded, leaving 142 patients for evaluation. Inclusion criteria were a singleton viable pregnancy shown by transvaginal sonography and continuation of the pregnancy beyond 24 weeks. Women with known thrombophilia or fetal malformations were excluded. In all patients, gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac volumes were measured by 3-dimensional transvaginal sonography with virtual organ computer-aided analysis software. The mean gestational Sac volume was 20.35 mL (range, 0.7-113 mL) and correlated closely with the gestational age (GA) (r2 = 0.769; P << .001) and crown-rump length (CRL) (r2 = 0.823; P << .001). The mean Amniotic Sac volume was 3.69 mL (range, 0.01-92.1 mL) and also had a strong correlation with the GA (r2 = 0.869; P << .001) and CRL (r2 = 0.919; P << .001). Gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac volumes show excellent correlation with the GA and CRL and hence may be used for determining the GA. Larger studies are needed to determine the importance of these volumes in predicting normal pregnancy outcomes and whether these volumes can be used in the management of pregnancies at risk for abortion.

  • prediction of abortion using three dimensional ultrasound volumetry of the gestational Sac and the Amniotic Sac in threatened abortion
    Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 2012
    Co-Authors: Marwan Odeh, V Grinin, Jacob Bornstein, Ella Ophir, R Tendler, Mohamad Kais
    Abstract:

    Purpose. To determine whether gestational Sac volume (GSV) or Amniotic Sac volume (ASV) and/or the difference between them can predict abortion in women with first-trimester threatened abortion. Methods. Ninety patients between 6 and 12 weeks of gestation presenting with vaginal bleeding were studied. Seventy-six delivered after 24 weeks of gestation (group A) and 14 aborted before 20 weeks of gestation (group B). All patients had a singleton viable pregnancy demonstrated by transvaginal ultrasound. Gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac volumes were measured in all the patients using three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound with Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis software, and the gestational Sac volume − Amniotic Sac volume (GSV − ASV) was calculated. Results. The groups did not differ in terms of age, parity, number of previous abortions, or term deliveries. The GSV (group A: mean 32.0 ± 27.7 cm3; group B: 26.7 ± 29.1 cm3) and the ASV (group A: 21.1 ± 25.5 cm3; group B: 20.6 ± 26.0 cm3) were not statistically different, while the GSV − ASV was significantly smaller in group B (aborting before week 20) (group A: 10.9 ± 10.9 cm3; group B: 6.1 ± 8.6 cm3; p < 0.05). Using receiver operator curves, the area under the curve for predicting normal pregnancy outcome of the GSV − ASV measurement was 0.654. When the GSV − ASV was 1.8 cm3 or less, abortion was predicted with 84% sensitivity and 43% specificity. Conclusions. The measurement of the GSV and the ASV are not good predictors of abortion in patients with first-trimester vaginal bleeding, whereas the use of the GSV − ASV may be helpful in predicting the outcome of pregnancy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 40:389–393, 2012

  • three dimensional sonographic volumetry of the gestational Sac and the Amniotic Sac in the first trimester
    Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2008
    Co-Authors: Marwan Odeh, Yael Hirsh, S Degani, V Grinin, Ella Ofir, Jacob Bornstein
    Abstract:

    Objective. The purpose of this study was to measure the volumes of the gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac in normal pregnancies during the first trimester with 3-dimensional sonography to prepare nomograms. Methods. One hundred fifty-one patients between 6 and 12 weeks’ gestation were studied. Nine aborted and were excluded, leaving 142 patients for evaluation. Inclusion criteria were a singleton viable pregnancy shown by transvaginal sonography and continuation of the pregnancy beyond 24 weeks. Women with known thrombophilia or fetal malformations were excluded. In all patients, gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac volumes were measured by 3-dimensional transvaginal sonography with virtual organ computer-aided analysis software. Results. The mean gestational Sac volume was 20.35 mL (range, 0.7‐113 mL) and correlated closely with the gestational age (GA) (r 2 = 0.769; P << .001) and crown-rump length (CRL) (r 2 = 0.823; P << .001). The mean Amniotic Sac volume was 3.69 mL (range, 0.01‐92.1 mL) and also had a strong correlation with the GA (r 2 = 0.869; P << .001) and CRL (r 2 = 0.919; P << .001). Conclusions. Gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac volumes

  • Three-Dimensional Sonographic Volumetry of the Gestational Sac and the Amniotic Sac in the First Trimester
    Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2008
    Co-Authors: Marwan Odeh, Yael Hirsh, S Degani, V Grinin, Ella Ofir, Jacob Bornstein
    Abstract:

    Objective. The purpose of this study was to measure the volumes of the gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac in normal pregnancies during the first trimester with 3-dimensional sonography to prepare nomograms. Methods. One hundred fifty-one patients between 6 and 12 weeks’ gestation were studied. Nine aborted and were excluded, leaving 142 patients for evaluation. Inclusion criteria were a singleton viable pregnancy shown by transvaginal sonography and continuation of the pregnancy beyond 24 weeks. Women with known thrombophilia or fetal malformations were excluded. In all patients, gestational Sac and Amniotic Sac volumes were measured by 3-dimensional transvaginal sonography with virtual organ computer-aided analysis software. Results. The mean gestational Sac volume was 20.35 mL (range, 0.7‐113 mL) and correlated closely with the gestational age (GA) (r 2 = 0.769; P