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Yue Xie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The mitochondrial genome of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (Nematoda, Ancylostomatidae) from Southwest China.
Mitochondrial DNA. Part B Resources, 2019Co-Authors: Yue Xie, Youle Zheng, Yunjian Liu, Lu Wang, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo, Guangyou YangAbstract:The dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (Nematoda, Ancylostomatidae) is a blood-feeding intestinal parasitic nematode and can cause Ancylostomiasis in humans. In this study, the complete mitochondrial...
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ancylostoma ailuropodae n sp nematoda ancylostomatidae a new hookworm parasite isolated from wild giant pandas in southwest china
Parasites & Vectors, 2017Co-Authors: Yue Xie, Eric P. Hoberg, Zijiang Yang, Joseph F. Urban, Guangyou YangAbstract:Hookworms belonging to the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) cause Ancylostomiasis, a disease of considerable concern in humans and domestic and wild animals. Molecular and epidemiological data support evidence for the zoonotic potential among species of Ancylostoma where transmission to humans is facilitated by rapid urbanization and increased human-wildlife interactions. It is important to assess and describe these potential zoonotic parasite species in wildlife, especially in hosts that have physiological similarities to humans and share their habitat. Moreover, defining species diversity within parasite groups that can circulate among free-ranging host species and humans also provides a pathway to understanding the distribution of infection and disease. In this study, we describe a previously unrecognized species of hookworm in the genus Ancylostoma in the giant panda, including criteria for morphological and molecular characterization. The hookworm specimens were obtained from a wild giant panda that died in the Fengtongzai Natural Reserve in Sichuan Province of China in November 2013. They were microscopically examined and then genetically analyzed by sequencing the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes in two representative specimens (one female and one male, FTZ1 and FTZ2, respectively). Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is proposed for these hookworms. Morphologically the hookworm specimens differ from other congeneric species primarily based on the structure of the buccal capsule in males and females, characterized by 2 pairs of ventrolateral and 2 pairs of dorsolateral teeth; males differ in the structure and shape of the copulatory bursa, where the dorsal ray possesses 2 digitations. Pairwise nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic data strongly indicate that A. ailuropodae from giant pandas is a separate species which shared a most recent common ancestor with A. ceylanicum Looss, 1911 in the genus Ancylostoma (family Ancylostomatidae). Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is the fourth species of hookworm described from the Ursidae and the fifteenth species assigned to the genus Ancylostoma. A sister-species association with A. ceylanicum and phylogenetic distinctiveness from the monophyletic Uncinaria Frolich, 1789 among ursids and other carnivorans indicate a history of host colonization in the evolutionary radiation among ancylostomatid hookworms. Further, phylogenetic relationships among bears and a history of ecological and geographical isolation for giant pandas may be consistent with two independent events of host colonization in the diversification of Ancylostoma among ursid hosts. A history for host colonization within this assemblage and the relationship for A. ailuropodae n. sp. demonstrate the potential of this species as a zoonotic parasite and as a possible threat to human health. The cumulative morphological, molecular and phylogenetic data presented for A. ailuropodae n. sp. provides a better understanding of the taxonomy, diagnostics and evolutionary biology of the hookworms.
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Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae), a new hookworm parasite isolated from wild giant pandas in Southwest China
BMC, 2017Co-Authors: Yue Xie, Eric P. Hoberg, Zijiang Yang, Joseph F. Urban, Guangyou YangAbstract:Abstract Background Hookworms belonging to the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) cause Ancylostomiasis, a disease of considerable concern in humans and domestic and wild animals. Molecular and epidemiological data support evidence for the zoonotic potential among species of Ancylostoma where transmission to humans is facilitated by rapid urbanization and increased human-wildlife interactions. It is important to assess and describe these potential zoonotic parasite species in wildlife, especially in hosts that have physiological similarities to humans and share their habitat. Moreover, defining species diversity within parasite groups that can circulate among free-ranging host species and humans also provides a pathway to understanding the distribution of infection and disease. In this study, we describe a previously unrecognized species of hookworm in the genus Ancylostoma in the giant panda, including criteria for morphological and molecular characterization. Methods The hookworm specimens were obtained from a wild giant panda that died in the Fengtongzai Natural Reserve in Sichuan Province of China in November 2013. They were microscopically examined and then genetically analyzed by sequencing the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes in two representative specimens (one female and one male, FTZ1 and FTZ2, respectively). Results Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is proposed for these hookworms. Morphologically the hookworm specimens differ from other congeneric species primarily based on the structure of the buccal capsule in males and females, characterized by 2 pairs of ventrolateral and 2 pairs of dorsolateral teeth; males differ in the structure and shape of the copulatory bursa, where the dorsal ray possesses 2 digitations. Pairwise nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic data strongly indicate that A. ailuropodae from giant pandas is a separate species which shared a most recent common ancestor with A. ceylanicum Looss, 1911 in the genus Ancylostoma (family Ancylostomatidae). Conclusion Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is the fourth species of hookworm described from the Ursidae and the fifteenth species assigned to the genus Ancylostoma. A sister-species association with A. ceylanicum and phylogenetic distinctiveness from the monophyletic Uncinaria Frölich, 1789 among ursids and other carnivorans indicate a history of host colonization in the evolutionary radiation among ancylostomatid hookworms. Further, phylogenetic relationships among bears and a history of ecological and geographical isolation for giant pandas may be consistent with two independent events of host colonization in the diversification of Ancylostoma among ursid hosts. A history for host colonization within this assemblage and the relationship for A. ailuropodae n. sp. demonstrate the potential of this species as a zoonotic parasite and as a possible threat to human health. The cumulative morphological, molecular and phylogenetic data presented for A. ailuropodae n. sp. provides a better understanding of the taxonomy, diagnostics and evolutionary biology of the hookworms
Rebecca J. Traub - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zoonotic Ancylostomiasis an update of a continually neglected zoonosis
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020Co-Authors: Aaron R Jex, Katharina Stracke, Rebecca J. TraubAbstract:Hookworm infections are classified as the most impactful of the human soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, causing a disease burden of ∼4 million disability-adjusted life years, with a global prevalence of 406-480 million infections. Until a decade ago, epidemiological surveys largely assumed Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale as the relevant human hookworm species implicated as contributing to iron-deficiency anemia. This assumption was based on the indistinguishable morphology of the Ancylostoma spp. eggs in stool and the absence of awareness of a third zoonotic hookworm species, Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The expanded use of molecular diagnostic assays for differentiating hookworm species infections during STH surveys has now implicated A. ceylanicum, a predominant hookworm of dogs in Asia, as the second most common hookworm species infecting humans in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Despite this, with the exception of sporadic case reports, there is a paucity of data available on the impact of this emerging zoonosis on human health at a population level. This situation also challenges the current paradigm, necessitating a One Health approach to hookworm control in populations in which this zoonosis is endemic. Here, we have summarized the available research studies and case reports on human A. ceylanicum infections in Southeast Asia and the Pacific after 2013 using a systematic review approach. We summarized eight research articles and five clinical case studies, highlighting the importance of future in-depth investigation of zoonotic A. ceylanicum infections using sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools.
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bloody diarrhea associated with hookworm infection in traveler returning to france from myanmar
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Julie Brunet, Rebecca J. Traub, Jeanphilippe Lemoine, N Lefebvre, Julie Denis, Alexander W Pfaff, Ahmed Aboubacar, B Pesson, Ermanno CandolfiAbstract:To the Editor: Human hookworm infections are commonly caused by 2 anthroponotic species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. However, A. ceylanicum, a zoonotic hookworm of canids and felids, is emerging as the second most common human hookworm in Southeast Asia (1–4). Two haplotypes of A. ceylanicum hookworm have been identified, 1 specific to humans and 1 specific to humans, dogs, and cats (4,5). We report a case of patent enteric A. ceylanicum hookworm infection in a man from France who had visited Myanmar. In December 2014, a 33-year-old man with no medical history sought care in France after 3 weeks of fever, vomiting, dyspnea, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss (7 kg). He had returned from a 3-week trip to Myanmar 1 month earlier. Two days after his arrival in Myanmar, he had pruritic erythematous macules on the buttocks after sitting in a public park in Rangoon while wearing short pants; this sign was followed by a dry cough. Laboratory data showed leukocytosis (17.43 × 109 cells/L) with hypereosinophilia (55%) and a hemocrit of 56.1%. Direct examination of hemorrhagic stool showed numerous Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) and 150–200 eggs/g feces of unembryonated hookworm ova (mean size 57.6 × 38.4 µm) (Figure, panel A). Rhabditiform and filariform larvae were isolated by stool culture (Figure, panel B). On the basis of clinical history and data suggestive of eosinophilic enteritis, which is uncommon in patients infected with parasites adapted to humans, a zoonotic hookworm species was suspected. Figure Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm isolated from a French tourist returning from Myanmar. A) Ova and blood cells in fecal specimen. B) Filiform larvae after stool culture. Original magnifications ×40. For species identification, DNA was extracted from larvae by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) at the Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne (Parkville, Victoria, Australia) and subjected to PCR specific for the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of hookworms (1). Testing was conducted at the University of Melbourne because this institution has the technical expertise for identifying hookworm. In addition, haplotype characterization was performed by using PCR specific for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene (4). Bidirectional DNA sequences of PCR products (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea) were analyzed by using Finch TV 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region had 100% sequence identity with an A. ceylanicum sequence in GenBank ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ381541","term_id":"109156894","term_text":"DQ381541"}}DQ381541). Neighbor-joining analyses with MEGA 4.1 (http://www.megasoftware.net) clustered the isolate within the A. ceylanicum haplotype specific for animals and humans (4). By the third day of albendazole therapy (400 mg/d), clinical improvement was observed and stool specimens were negative for hookworm ova. However, eosinophilia (59%) was persistent. Three months later, the patient was hospitalized because of diarrhea and abdominal pain. CLCs and hookworm ova were observed, and the patient received a second course of albendazole. A. ceylanicum hookworm was unequivocally identified by using molecular methods as the etiologic cause of the original signs and symptoms for this patient. In Asia, A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported at a prevalence of 62%–92% in stray dogs and cats (3) and environmental contamination of the public park by dog feces was the probable source of infection for this patient. A. ceylanicum hookworms have been experimentally shown to develop to patency in humans within 26–35 days (6), but abdominal symptoms and eosinophilia may occur earlier (within 21 days). Natural human infections have been described in most regions where A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic to animals, but clinical and pathologic data are scarce. In Taiwan and Malaysia, this hookworm was visualized in the mid-jejunum in patients with acute, severe abdominal pain and nausea and in terminal ileum in patients with anemia caused by chronic blood loss, nausea, and melena (7–9). In all cases, leukocytosis with eosinophilia (22%–50%) was observed. In the patient we describe, transdermal infection causing cutaneous larva migrans was followed by development of eosinophilic enteritis within a 2-week period. Enteric signs were similar to those observed in previous cases in Taiwan. A 3-day course of benzimidazole is the anthelminthic drug of choice. However, clinicians must be aware of possible relapse, potentially caused by failure of the adulticidal drug to kill developing larvae before full patency is reached (3,8,9). Differentiation of larvae and eggs of anthroponotic and zoonotic Ancylostoma spp. is difficult. Definitive diagnosis relies on detailed morphologic identification of adult worms or molecular identification of adults, eggs, or larvae in stool specimens. Thus, human infection in travelers returning from parasite-endemic regions is likely to be misdiagnosed as an anthroponotic hookworm species. Clinically, the presence of hookworm ova and an unusually high number of CLCs and eosinophils in stool should alert clinicians to the possibility of an infection with A. ceylanicum hookworm. A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported primarily in tropical climates; the possibility of spread in temperate countries remains low because development of filariforme larva requires high temperatures and a moist environment. However, recent climate changes, coupled with poor sanitary conditions, could promote emergence of tropical species, and recently, rare cases of autochthonous hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans have been reported in Europe (10). This report highlights the risk for zoonotic Ancylostomiasis in travelers visiting countries to which A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic among animals. It also emphasizes the usefulness of copromolecular techniques for species-specific diagnosis.
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bloody diarrhea associated with hookworm infection in traveler returning to france from myanmar
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Julie Brunet, Rebecca J. Traub, Jeanphilippe Lemoine, N Lefebvre, Julie Denis, Alexander W Pfaff, Ahmed Aboubacar, B Pesson, Ermanno CandolfiAbstract:To the Editor: Human hookworm infections are commonly caused by 2 anthroponotic species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. However, A. ceylanicum, a zoonotic hookworm of canids and felids, is emerging as the second most common human hookworm in Southeast Asia (1–4). Two haplotypes of A. ceylanicum hookworm have been identified, 1 specific to humans and 1 specific to humans, dogs, and cats (4,5). We report a case of patent enteric A. ceylanicum hookworm infection in a man from France who had visited Myanmar. In December 2014, a 33-year-old man with no medical history sought care in France after 3 weeks of fever, vomiting, dyspnea, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss (7 kg). He had returned from a 3-week trip to Myanmar 1 month earlier. Two days after his arrival in Myanmar, he had pruritic erythematous macules on the buttocks after sitting in a public park in Rangoon while wearing short pants; this sign was followed by a dry cough. Laboratory data showed leukocytosis (17.43 × 109 cells/L) with hypereosinophilia (55%) and a hemocrit of 56.1%. Direct examination of hemorrhagic stool showed numerous Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) and 150–200 eggs/g feces of unembryonated hookworm ova (mean size 57.6 × 38.4 µm) (Figure, panel A). Rhabditiform and filariform larvae were isolated by stool culture (Figure, panel B). On the basis of clinical history and data suggestive of eosinophilic enteritis, which is uncommon in patients infected with parasites adapted to humans, a zoonotic hookworm species was suspected. Figure Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm isolated from a French tourist returning from Myanmar. A) Ova and blood cells in fecal specimen. B) Filiform larvae after stool culture. Original magnifications ×40. For species identification, DNA was extracted from larvae by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) at the Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne (Parkville, Victoria, Australia) and subjected to PCR specific for the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of hookworms (1). Testing was conducted at the University of Melbourne because this institution has the technical expertise for identifying hookworm. In addition, haplotype characterization was performed by using PCR specific for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene (4). Bidirectional DNA sequences of PCR products (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea) were analyzed by using Finch TV 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region had 100% sequence identity with an A. ceylanicum sequence in GenBank ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ381541","term_id":"109156894","term_text":"DQ381541"}}DQ381541). Neighbor-joining analyses with MEGA 4.1 (http://www.megasoftware.net) clustered the isolate within the A. ceylanicum haplotype specific for animals and humans (4). By the third day of albendazole therapy (400 mg/d), clinical improvement was observed and stool specimens were negative for hookworm ova. However, eosinophilia (59%) was persistent. Three months later, the patient was hospitalized because of diarrhea and abdominal pain. CLCs and hookworm ova were observed, and the patient received a second course of albendazole. A. ceylanicum hookworm was unequivocally identified by using molecular methods as the etiologic cause of the original signs and symptoms for this patient. In Asia, A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported at a prevalence of 62%–92% in stray dogs and cats (3) and environmental contamination of the public park by dog feces was the probable source of infection for this patient. A. ceylanicum hookworms have been experimentally shown to develop to patency in humans within 26–35 days (6), but abdominal symptoms and eosinophilia may occur earlier (within 21 days). Natural human infections have been described in most regions where A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic to animals, but clinical and pathologic data are scarce. In Taiwan and Malaysia, this hookworm was visualized in the mid-jejunum in patients with acute, severe abdominal pain and nausea and in terminal ileum in patients with anemia caused by chronic blood loss, nausea, and melena (7–9). In all cases, leukocytosis with eosinophilia (22%–50%) was observed. In the patient we describe, transdermal infection causing cutaneous larva migrans was followed by development of eosinophilic enteritis within a 2-week period. Enteric signs were similar to those observed in previous cases in Taiwan. A 3-day course of benzimidazole is the anthelminthic drug of choice. However, clinicians must be aware of possible relapse, potentially caused by failure of the adulticidal drug to kill developing larvae before full patency is reached (3,8,9). Differentiation of larvae and eggs of anthroponotic and zoonotic Ancylostoma spp. is difficult. Definitive diagnosis relies on detailed morphologic identification of adult worms or molecular identification of adults, eggs, or larvae in stool specimens. Thus, human infection in travelers returning from parasite-endemic regions is likely to be misdiagnosed as an anthroponotic hookworm species. Clinically, the presence of hookworm ova and an unusually high number of CLCs and eosinophils in stool should alert clinicians to the possibility of an infection with A. ceylanicum hookworm. A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported primarily in tropical climates; the possibility of spread in temperate countries remains low because development of filariforme larva requires high temperatures and a moist environment. However, recent climate changes, coupled with poor sanitary conditions, could promote emergence of tropical species, and recently, rare cases of autochthonous hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans have been reported in Europe (10). This report highlights the risk for zoonotic Ancylostomiasis in travelers visiting countries to which A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic among animals. It also emphasizes the usefulness of copromolecular techniques for species-specific diagnosis.
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PCR-based coprodiagnostic tools reveal dogs as reservoirs of zoonotic Ancylostomiasis caused by Ancylostoma ceylanicum in temple communities in Bangkok
Veterinary Parasitology, 2008Co-Authors: Rebecca J. Traub, Tawin Inpankaew, Chantira Sutthikornchai, Yaowalark Sukthana, R.c. Andrew ThompsonAbstract:A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and humans from temple communities in Bangkok revealed that 58% of dogs and 3.4% of humans, among those sampled, were infected with hookworms utilising faecal flotation techniques and microscopy. A previously established polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP approach was utilised to determine the species of hookworms infecting dogs found positive for hookworm eggs. Single infections with Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum were recorded in 77% and 9% of hookworm positive dogs, respectively and mixed infections with both species of Ancylostoma were recorded in 14% of dogs. A single-step PCR for the multiplex detection of Ancylostoma species and Necator americanus DNA in human faeces was developed and applied to characterise the species of hookworms in microscopy positive individuals. Single infection with N. americanus was recorded in five and A. ceylanicum infection in two, out of seven individuals positive for hookworm. This study demonstrates that humans are at risk of acquiring infection with A. ceylanicum in communities where this species of hookworm is endemic in dogs.
Guangyou Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The mitochondrial genome of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (Nematoda, Ancylostomatidae) from Southwest China.
Mitochondrial DNA. Part B Resources, 2019Co-Authors: Yue Xie, Youle Zheng, Yunjian Liu, Lu Wang, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo, Guangyou YangAbstract:The dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (Nematoda, Ancylostomatidae) is a blood-feeding intestinal parasitic nematode and can cause Ancylostomiasis in humans. In this study, the complete mitochondrial...
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ancylostoma ailuropodae n sp nematoda ancylostomatidae a new hookworm parasite isolated from wild giant pandas in southwest china
Parasites & Vectors, 2017Co-Authors: Yue Xie, Eric P. Hoberg, Zijiang Yang, Joseph F. Urban, Guangyou YangAbstract:Hookworms belonging to the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) cause Ancylostomiasis, a disease of considerable concern in humans and domestic and wild animals. Molecular and epidemiological data support evidence for the zoonotic potential among species of Ancylostoma where transmission to humans is facilitated by rapid urbanization and increased human-wildlife interactions. It is important to assess and describe these potential zoonotic parasite species in wildlife, especially in hosts that have physiological similarities to humans and share their habitat. Moreover, defining species diversity within parasite groups that can circulate among free-ranging host species and humans also provides a pathway to understanding the distribution of infection and disease. In this study, we describe a previously unrecognized species of hookworm in the genus Ancylostoma in the giant panda, including criteria for morphological and molecular characterization. The hookworm specimens were obtained from a wild giant panda that died in the Fengtongzai Natural Reserve in Sichuan Province of China in November 2013. They were microscopically examined and then genetically analyzed by sequencing the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes in two representative specimens (one female and one male, FTZ1 and FTZ2, respectively). Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is proposed for these hookworms. Morphologically the hookworm specimens differ from other congeneric species primarily based on the structure of the buccal capsule in males and females, characterized by 2 pairs of ventrolateral and 2 pairs of dorsolateral teeth; males differ in the structure and shape of the copulatory bursa, where the dorsal ray possesses 2 digitations. Pairwise nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic data strongly indicate that A. ailuropodae from giant pandas is a separate species which shared a most recent common ancestor with A. ceylanicum Looss, 1911 in the genus Ancylostoma (family Ancylostomatidae). Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is the fourth species of hookworm described from the Ursidae and the fifteenth species assigned to the genus Ancylostoma. A sister-species association with A. ceylanicum and phylogenetic distinctiveness from the monophyletic Uncinaria Frolich, 1789 among ursids and other carnivorans indicate a history of host colonization in the evolutionary radiation among ancylostomatid hookworms. Further, phylogenetic relationships among bears and a history of ecological and geographical isolation for giant pandas may be consistent with two independent events of host colonization in the diversification of Ancylostoma among ursid hosts. A history for host colonization within this assemblage and the relationship for A. ailuropodae n. sp. demonstrate the potential of this species as a zoonotic parasite and as a possible threat to human health. The cumulative morphological, molecular and phylogenetic data presented for A. ailuropodae n. sp. provides a better understanding of the taxonomy, diagnostics and evolutionary biology of the hookworms.
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Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae), a new hookworm parasite isolated from wild giant pandas in Southwest China
BMC, 2017Co-Authors: Yue Xie, Eric P. Hoberg, Zijiang Yang, Joseph F. Urban, Guangyou YangAbstract:Abstract Background Hookworms belonging to the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) cause Ancylostomiasis, a disease of considerable concern in humans and domestic and wild animals. Molecular and epidemiological data support evidence for the zoonotic potential among species of Ancylostoma where transmission to humans is facilitated by rapid urbanization and increased human-wildlife interactions. It is important to assess and describe these potential zoonotic parasite species in wildlife, especially in hosts that have physiological similarities to humans and share their habitat. Moreover, defining species diversity within parasite groups that can circulate among free-ranging host species and humans also provides a pathway to understanding the distribution of infection and disease. In this study, we describe a previously unrecognized species of hookworm in the genus Ancylostoma in the giant panda, including criteria for morphological and molecular characterization. Methods The hookworm specimens were obtained from a wild giant panda that died in the Fengtongzai Natural Reserve in Sichuan Province of China in November 2013. They were microscopically examined and then genetically analyzed by sequencing the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes in two representative specimens (one female and one male, FTZ1 and FTZ2, respectively). Results Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is proposed for these hookworms. Morphologically the hookworm specimens differ from other congeneric species primarily based on the structure of the buccal capsule in males and females, characterized by 2 pairs of ventrolateral and 2 pairs of dorsolateral teeth; males differ in the structure and shape of the copulatory bursa, where the dorsal ray possesses 2 digitations. Pairwise nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic data strongly indicate that A. ailuropodae from giant pandas is a separate species which shared a most recent common ancestor with A. ceylanicum Looss, 1911 in the genus Ancylostoma (family Ancylostomatidae). Conclusion Ancylostoma ailuropodae n. sp. is the fourth species of hookworm described from the Ursidae and the fifteenth species assigned to the genus Ancylostoma. A sister-species association with A. ceylanicum and phylogenetic distinctiveness from the monophyletic Uncinaria Frölich, 1789 among ursids and other carnivorans indicate a history of host colonization in the evolutionary radiation among ancylostomatid hookworms. Further, phylogenetic relationships among bears and a history of ecological and geographical isolation for giant pandas may be consistent with two independent events of host colonization in the diversification of Ancylostoma among ursid hosts. A history for host colonization within this assemblage and the relationship for A. ailuropodae n. sp. demonstrate the potential of this species as a zoonotic parasite and as a possible threat to human health. The cumulative morphological, molecular and phylogenetic data presented for A. ailuropodae n. sp. provides a better understanding of the taxonomy, diagnostics and evolutionary biology of the hookworms
Ermanno Candolfi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bloody diarrhea associated with hookworm infection in traveler returning to france from myanmar
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Julie Brunet, Rebecca J. Traub, Jeanphilippe Lemoine, N Lefebvre, Julie Denis, Alexander W Pfaff, Ahmed Aboubacar, B Pesson, Ermanno CandolfiAbstract:To the Editor: Human hookworm infections are commonly caused by 2 anthroponotic species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. However, A. ceylanicum, a zoonotic hookworm of canids and felids, is emerging as the second most common human hookworm in Southeast Asia (1–4). Two haplotypes of A. ceylanicum hookworm have been identified, 1 specific to humans and 1 specific to humans, dogs, and cats (4,5). We report a case of patent enteric A. ceylanicum hookworm infection in a man from France who had visited Myanmar. In December 2014, a 33-year-old man with no medical history sought care in France after 3 weeks of fever, vomiting, dyspnea, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss (7 kg). He had returned from a 3-week trip to Myanmar 1 month earlier. Two days after his arrival in Myanmar, he had pruritic erythematous macules on the buttocks after sitting in a public park in Rangoon while wearing short pants; this sign was followed by a dry cough. Laboratory data showed leukocytosis (17.43 × 109 cells/L) with hypereosinophilia (55%) and a hemocrit of 56.1%. Direct examination of hemorrhagic stool showed numerous Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) and 150–200 eggs/g feces of unembryonated hookworm ova (mean size 57.6 × 38.4 µm) (Figure, panel A). Rhabditiform and filariform larvae were isolated by stool culture (Figure, panel B). On the basis of clinical history and data suggestive of eosinophilic enteritis, which is uncommon in patients infected with parasites adapted to humans, a zoonotic hookworm species was suspected. Figure Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm isolated from a French tourist returning from Myanmar. A) Ova and blood cells in fecal specimen. B) Filiform larvae after stool culture. Original magnifications ×40. For species identification, DNA was extracted from larvae by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) at the Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne (Parkville, Victoria, Australia) and subjected to PCR specific for the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of hookworms (1). Testing was conducted at the University of Melbourne because this institution has the technical expertise for identifying hookworm. In addition, haplotype characterization was performed by using PCR specific for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene (4). Bidirectional DNA sequences of PCR products (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea) were analyzed by using Finch TV 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region had 100% sequence identity with an A. ceylanicum sequence in GenBank ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ381541","term_id":"109156894","term_text":"DQ381541"}}DQ381541). Neighbor-joining analyses with MEGA 4.1 (http://www.megasoftware.net) clustered the isolate within the A. ceylanicum haplotype specific for animals and humans (4). By the third day of albendazole therapy (400 mg/d), clinical improvement was observed and stool specimens were negative for hookworm ova. However, eosinophilia (59%) was persistent. Three months later, the patient was hospitalized because of diarrhea and abdominal pain. CLCs and hookworm ova were observed, and the patient received a second course of albendazole. A. ceylanicum hookworm was unequivocally identified by using molecular methods as the etiologic cause of the original signs and symptoms for this patient. In Asia, A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported at a prevalence of 62%–92% in stray dogs and cats (3) and environmental contamination of the public park by dog feces was the probable source of infection for this patient. A. ceylanicum hookworms have been experimentally shown to develop to patency in humans within 26–35 days (6), but abdominal symptoms and eosinophilia may occur earlier (within 21 days). Natural human infections have been described in most regions where A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic to animals, but clinical and pathologic data are scarce. In Taiwan and Malaysia, this hookworm was visualized in the mid-jejunum in patients with acute, severe abdominal pain and nausea and in terminal ileum in patients with anemia caused by chronic blood loss, nausea, and melena (7–9). In all cases, leukocytosis with eosinophilia (22%–50%) was observed. In the patient we describe, transdermal infection causing cutaneous larva migrans was followed by development of eosinophilic enteritis within a 2-week period. Enteric signs were similar to those observed in previous cases in Taiwan. A 3-day course of benzimidazole is the anthelminthic drug of choice. However, clinicians must be aware of possible relapse, potentially caused by failure of the adulticidal drug to kill developing larvae before full patency is reached (3,8,9). Differentiation of larvae and eggs of anthroponotic and zoonotic Ancylostoma spp. is difficult. Definitive diagnosis relies on detailed morphologic identification of adult worms or molecular identification of adults, eggs, or larvae in stool specimens. Thus, human infection in travelers returning from parasite-endemic regions is likely to be misdiagnosed as an anthroponotic hookworm species. Clinically, the presence of hookworm ova and an unusually high number of CLCs and eosinophils in stool should alert clinicians to the possibility of an infection with A. ceylanicum hookworm. A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported primarily in tropical climates; the possibility of spread in temperate countries remains low because development of filariforme larva requires high temperatures and a moist environment. However, recent climate changes, coupled with poor sanitary conditions, could promote emergence of tropical species, and recently, rare cases of autochthonous hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans have been reported in Europe (10). This report highlights the risk for zoonotic Ancylostomiasis in travelers visiting countries to which A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic among animals. It also emphasizes the usefulness of copromolecular techniques for species-specific diagnosis.
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bloody diarrhea associated with hookworm infection in traveler returning to france from myanmar
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Julie Brunet, Rebecca J. Traub, Jeanphilippe Lemoine, N Lefebvre, Julie Denis, Alexander W Pfaff, Ahmed Aboubacar, B Pesson, Ermanno CandolfiAbstract:To the Editor: Human hookworm infections are commonly caused by 2 anthroponotic species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. However, A. ceylanicum, a zoonotic hookworm of canids and felids, is emerging as the second most common human hookworm in Southeast Asia (1–4). Two haplotypes of A. ceylanicum hookworm have been identified, 1 specific to humans and 1 specific to humans, dogs, and cats (4,5). We report a case of patent enteric A. ceylanicum hookworm infection in a man from France who had visited Myanmar. In December 2014, a 33-year-old man with no medical history sought care in France after 3 weeks of fever, vomiting, dyspnea, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss (7 kg). He had returned from a 3-week trip to Myanmar 1 month earlier. Two days after his arrival in Myanmar, he had pruritic erythematous macules on the buttocks after sitting in a public park in Rangoon while wearing short pants; this sign was followed by a dry cough. Laboratory data showed leukocytosis (17.43 × 109 cells/L) with hypereosinophilia (55%) and a hemocrit of 56.1%. Direct examination of hemorrhagic stool showed numerous Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) and 150–200 eggs/g feces of unembryonated hookworm ova (mean size 57.6 × 38.4 µm) (Figure, panel A). Rhabditiform and filariform larvae were isolated by stool culture (Figure, panel B). On the basis of clinical history and data suggestive of eosinophilic enteritis, which is uncommon in patients infected with parasites adapted to humans, a zoonotic hookworm species was suspected. Figure Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm isolated from a French tourist returning from Myanmar. A) Ova and blood cells in fecal specimen. B) Filiform larvae after stool culture. Original magnifications ×40. For species identification, DNA was extracted from larvae by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) at the Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne (Parkville, Victoria, Australia) and subjected to PCR specific for the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of hookworms (1). Testing was conducted at the University of Melbourne because this institution has the technical expertise for identifying hookworm. In addition, haplotype characterization was performed by using PCR specific for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene (4). Bidirectional DNA sequences of PCR products (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea) were analyzed by using Finch TV 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region had 100% sequence identity with an A. ceylanicum sequence in GenBank ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ381541","term_id":"109156894","term_text":"DQ381541"}}DQ381541). Neighbor-joining analyses with MEGA 4.1 (http://www.megasoftware.net) clustered the isolate within the A. ceylanicum haplotype specific for animals and humans (4). By the third day of albendazole therapy (400 mg/d), clinical improvement was observed and stool specimens were negative for hookworm ova. However, eosinophilia (59%) was persistent. Three months later, the patient was hospitalized because of diarrhea and abdominal pain. CLCs and hookworm ova were observed, and the patient received a second course of albendazole. A. ceylanicum hookworm was unequivocally identified by using molecular methods as the etiologic cause of the original signs and symptoms for this patient. In Asia, A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported at a prevalence of 62%–92% in stray dogs and cats (3) and environmental contamination of the public park by dog feces was the probable source of infection for this patient. A. ceylanicum hookworms have been experimentally shown to develop to patency in humans within 26–35 days (6), but abdominal symptoms and eosinophilia may occur earlier (within 21 days). Natural human infections have been described in most regions where A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic to animals, but clinical and pathologic data are scarce. In Taiwan and Malaysia, this hookworm was visualized in the mid-jejunum in patients with acute, severe abdominal pain and nausea and in terminal ileum in patients with anemia caused by chronic blood loss, nausea, and melena (7–9). In all cases, leukocytosis with eosinophilia (22%–50%) was observed. In the patient we describe, transdermal infection causing cutaneous larva migrans was followed by development of eosinophilic enteritis within a 2-week period. Enteric signs were similar to those observed in previous cases in Taiwan. A 3-day course of benzimidazole is the anthelminthic drug of choice. However, clinicians must be aware of possible relapse, potentially caused by failure of the adulticidal drug to kill developing larvae before full patency is reached (3,8,9). Differentiation of larvae and eggs of anthroponotic and zoonotic Ancylostoma spp. is difficult. Definitive diagnosis relies on detailed morphologic identification of adult worms or molecular identification of adults, eggs, or larvae in stool specimens. Thus, human infection in travelers returning from parasite-endemic regions is likely to be misdiagnosed as an anthroponotic hookworm species. Clinically, the presence of hookworm ova and an unusually high number of CLCs and eosinophils in stool should alert clinicians to the possibility of an infection with A. ceylanicum hookworm. A. ceylanicum hookworm is reported primarily in tropical climates; the possibility of spread in temperate countries remains low because development of filariforme larva requires high temperatures and a moist environment. However, recent climate changes, coupled with poor sanitary conditions, could promote emergence of tropical species, and recently, rare cases of autochthonous hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans have been reported in Europe (10). This report highlights the risk for zoonotic Ancylostomiasis in travelers visiting countries to which A. ceylanicum hookworm is endemic among animals. It also emphasizes the usefulness of copromolecular techniques for species-specific diagnosis.
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liver phosphatases in mice treated with lead during murine Ancylostomiasis
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2005Co-Authors: B D J Satyalatha, V V VardhaniAbstract:Both infective larvae and pollutants disturb the homeostasis of female Swiss albino mice, causing Ancylostomiasis and severe immunophysiological changes. In our experimental design, mice in group A were fed 0.01 mg of lead nitrate before infection with 500 larvae of Ancylostoma caninum, mice in group B were infected with larvae without previous lead treatment, and group C received lead nitrate treatment alone. Control animals in group D were neither treated with lead nitrate nor infected with larvae. While all three experimental groups showed disturbances in liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP), group C receiving lead nitrate treatment alone and group A receiving lead nitrate with infection showed increased levels of ACP and decreased levels of ALP.
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effect of lead and Ancylostomiasis on phosphatases of heart in swiss albino mice
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2002Co-Authors: B Satya D J Latha, V V VardhaniAbstract:Administration of 0.01 and 0.1 mg of lead nitrate for 4 and 7 days and infection of Ancylostoma caninum larvae orally altered the activation of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the hearts of mice when compared to infected animals and controls. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly in all drug-treated + infected mice. The level of acid phosphatase decreased significantly in mice exposed to chronic doses of lead. The altered levels of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase suggest that administration of lead could cause toxicity in the heart, disturbing the cellular metabolism; infection alone could not cause any significant changes in enzymes of heart.