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Wanchai Maleewong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two Ocular Angiostrongyliasis Cases in Thailand with Molecular Identification of Causative Parasite Species.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2020Co-Authors: Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Pewpan M. Intapan, Thuss Sanguansak, Siriraksa Visaetsilpanonta, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Human Angiostrongyliasis is an important foodborne helminthic zoonosis caused by the nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus. We describe two parasitologically confirmed cases of ocular Angiostrongyliasis, presenting at a tertiary care hospital in Thailand between 2012 and 2018. Parasites were surgically recovered from patients' eyes and morphologically identified as Angiostrongylus species. DNA analysis allowed identification of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify all or part of the small nuclear ribosomal subunit, the second internal transcribed spacer region, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. The sequences subsequently obtained were highly similar to those of A. cantonensis (97-100%). This is the first molecular confirmation that A. cantonensis is a causative agent of human Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand.
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Development of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human Angiostrongyliasis
Parasitology, 2019Co-Authors: Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Pewpan M. Intapan, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Rutchanee Rodpai, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Cerebral Angiostrongyliasis is a central nervous system disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis and can produce eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans. Sero-immunological techniques, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting, are most commonly used for the diagnosis of human Angiostrongyliasis. However, diagnosis in remote areas remains problematic because sophisticated equipment and specialized skills are required. To overcome, we have developed the immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit for rapid serological diagnosis of Angiostrongyliasis through the detection of anti-A. cantonensis-specific antibodies in human serum. A recombinant A. cantonensis galectin-2 (rAcGal2) from young adult female worms was used as an antigen for the ICT kit development. Diagnostic values were evaluated and compared using the ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the ICT kit were 87.0, 96.5, 94.6 and 91.4%, respectively, and those of the ELISA were 91.0, 97.2, 95.8 and 94.0%, respectively. The concordance of the ICT kit was 93.9%. We, thus, determined that the ICT kit is sensitive and specific and provides reliable diagnostic results. It is rapid and simple to perform and can be utilized for both point-of-care diagnosis in the bedside laboratory and epidemiological surveys in endemic regions where access to diagnostic equipment is limited.
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Application of Recombinant Angiostrongylus cantonensis Galectin-2 Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Angiostrongyliasis by Immunoblotting.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2019Co-Authors: Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Pewpan M. Intapan, Chaisiri Wongkham, Oranuch Sanpool, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Angiostrongyliasis is a foodborne disease caused by a zoonotic nematode, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which produces eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis (EOM) in humans. Definitive diagnosis is rarely possible because worms are almost never recovered from patients. Human disease can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms and serological tests. Presently, diagnosis is performed by serological detection of antibodies against specific somatic antigens (molecular mass 29-31 kDa) extracted from female worms. The life cycle of A. cantonensis must be maintained in the laboratory to provide a source of this diagnostic antigen. Here, we cloned and expressed recombinant A. cantonensis galectin-2 (rAcGal2) corresponding to a 31-kDa antigenic peptide. Recombinant protein was purified and used in immunoblot tests, which showed reactions with human serum panels consisting of six confirmed Angiostrongyliasis and 24 clinically diagnosed cases of EOM-associated with Angiostrongyliasis, 160 samples from patients with other parasitic infections, and 30 samples from normal healthy subjects. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.0%, 93.3%, 95.3%, 75.7%, and 98.9%, respectively. The test was nonreactive with sera of human gnathostomiasis and cysticercosis, two diseases that could present similar neurological symptoms. Recombinant AcGal2 has potential as a diagnostic antigen and could replace native parasite antigens in further development of an Angiostrongyliasis serodiagnostic test kit.
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A comparative study of neuroimaging features between human neuro-gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis
Neurological Sciences, 2012Co-Authors: Jaturat Kanpittaya, Pewpan M. Intapan, Verajit Chotmongkol, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Piyarat Khotsri, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Gnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis are human parasites that can cause neurological symptoms. The human diseases produced by these parasites can usually be differentiated by clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to report neuroimaging abnormalities detected with computed tomography (CT) and MR in patients with gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis. We enrolled 15 and 12 patients with serologically proven gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis, respectively, who had brain or spinal imaging done. The neuro-gnathostomiasis group had significantly more patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and myelitis patterns. The Angiostrongyliasis group had no specific findings and most patients had normal CT brain images. The variety of neuroimaging findings is shown here. This study emphasizes that neuroimaging studies may be useful to differentiate gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis particularly in patients with indistinct clinical presentations.
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eosinophilic meningitis associated with Angiostrongyliasis clinical features laboratory investigations and specific diagnostic igg and igg subclass antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid
Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2007Co-Authors: Suvicha Kittimongkolma, Jaturat Kanpittaya, Pewpan M. Intapan, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Kosol Laemviteevanich, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Eosinophilic meningitis (EOM) associated Angiostrongyliasis mostly induced by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is a common disease with worldwide prevalence. Heavy infections can lead to chronic disabling disease and even death. This study was conducted to shed light on the overall specific IgG antibody response as well as the specific IgG antibody subclass responses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with EOM. Fifteen patients with EOM associated with Angiostrongyliasis were included in the study. Sera were screened by immunoblotting for the presence of IgG antibody to the 29 kDaA. cantonensis antigenic polypeptide. CSF was examined by ELISA for the presence of specific IgG and IgG subclass antibodies. Patients presented with headache (100%), neck stiffness (20%), fever (40%), nausea (87%), vomiting (73%), paresthesia (7%), and muscle weakness (7%). Seven of 15 (47%) patients showed peripheral blood eosinophilia and all patients presented with eosinophils in CSF. A sensitivity of 80 % was obtained by combining the diagnostic values of immunoblotting in sera and IgG and IgG subclasses-based ELISA in CSF. The combination of a history of eating raw or semi-cooked infected foods, clinical features, complete blood count, differential cell counts, CSF profiles, and serum and CSF antibodies to A. cantonensis can be used to increase the sensitivity for the diagnosis of human Angiostrongyliasis.
Pewpan M. Intapan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two Ocular Angiostrongyliasis Cases in Thailand with Molecular Identification of Causative Parasite Species.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2020Co-Authors: Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Pewpan M. Intapan, Thuss Sanguansak, Siriraksa Visaetsilpanonta, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Human Angiostrongyliasis is an important foodborne helminthic zoonosis caused by the nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus. We describe two parasitologically confirmed cases of ocular Angiostrongyliasis, presenting at a tertiary care hospital in Thailand between 2012 and 2018. Parasites were surgically recovered from patients' eyes and morphologically identified as Angiostrongylus species. DNA analysis allowed identification of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify all or part of the small nuclear ribosomal subunit, the second internal transcribed spacer region, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. The sequences subsequently obtained were highly similar to those of A. cantonensis (97-100%). This is the first molecular confirmation that A. cantonensis is a causative agent of human Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand.
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Development of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human Angiostrongyliasis
Parasitology, 2019Co-Authors: Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Pewpan M. Intapan, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Rutchanee Rodpai, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Cerebral Angiostrongyliasis is a central nervous system disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis and can produce eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans. Sero-immunological techniques, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting, are most commonly used for the diagnosis of human Angiostrongyliasis. However, diagnosis in remote areas remains problematic because sophisticated equipment and specialized skills are required. To overcome, we have developed the immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit for rapid serological diagnosis of Angiostrongyliasis through the detection of anti-A. cantonensis-specific antibodies in human serum. A recombinant A. cantonensis galectin-2 (rAcGal2) from young adult female worms was used as an antigen for the ICT kit development. Diagnostic values were evaluated and compared using the ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the ICT kit were 87.0, 96.5, 94.6 and 91.4%, respectively, and those of the ELISA were 91.0, 97.2, 95.8 and 94.0%, respectively. The concordance of the ICT kit was 93.9%. We, thus, determined that the ICT kit is sensitive and specific and provides reliable diagnostic results. It is rapid and simple to perform and can be utilized for both point-of-care diagnosis in the bedside laboratory and epidemiological surveys in endemic regions where access to diagnostic equipment is limited.
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Application of Recombinant Angiostrongylus cantonensis Galectin-2 Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Angiostrongyliasis by Immunoblotting.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2019Co-Authors: Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Pewpan M. Intapan, Chaisiri Wongkham, Oranuch Sanpool, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Angiostrongyliasis is a foodborne disease caused by a zoonotic nematode, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which produces eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis (EOM) in humans. Definitive diagnosis is rarely possible because worms are almost never recovered from patients. Human disease can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms and serological tests. Presently, diagnosis is performed by serological detection of antibodies against specific somatic antigens (molecular mass 29-31 kDa) extracted from female worms. The life cycle of A. cantonensis must be maintained in the laboratory to provide a source of this diagnostic antigen. Here, we cloned and expressed recombinant A. cantonensis galectin-2 (rAcGal2) corresponding to a 31-kDa antigenic peptide. Recombinant protein was purified and used in immunoblot tests, which showed reactions with human serum panels consisting of six confirmed Angiostrongyliasis and 24 clinically diagnosed cases of EOM-associated with Angiostrongyliasis, 160 samples from patients with other parasitic infections, and 30 samples from normal healthy subjects. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.0%, 93.3%, 95.3%, 75.7%, and 98.9%, respectively. The test was nonreactive with sera of human gnathostomiasis and cysticercosis, two diseases that could present similar neurological symptoms. Recombinant AcGal2 has potential as a diagnostic antigen and could replace native parasite antigens in further development of an Angiostrongyliasis serodiagnostic test kit.
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A comparative study of neuroimaging features between human neuro-gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis
Neurological Sciences, 2012Co-Authors: Jaturat Kanpittaya, Pewpan M. Intapan, Verajit Chotmongkol, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Piyarat Khotsri, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:Gnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis are human parasites that can cause neurological symptoms. The human diseases produced by these parasites can usually be differentiated by clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to report neuroimaging abnormalities detected with computed tomography (CT) and MR in patients with gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis. We enrolled 15 and 12 patients with serologically proven gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis, respectively, who had brain or spinal imaging done. The neuro-gnathostomiasis group had significantly more patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and myelitis patterns. The Angiostrongyliasis group had no specific findings and most patients had normal CT brain images. The variety of neuroimaging findings is shown here. This study emphasizes that neuroimaging studies may be useful to differentiate gnathostomiasis and Angiostrongyliasis particularly in patients with indistinct clinical presentations.
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clinical factors predictive of encephalitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009Co-Authors: Ken Takahashi, Tsutomu Hoshuyama, Vichai Senthong, Don Wilson, Pewpan M. Intapan, Somsak Tiamkao, Panita Limpawattana, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Suthipun JitpimolmardAbstract:Angiostrongylus cantonensis is mainly caused eosinophilic meningitis in humans, whereas a minority of patients develop encephalitic Angiostrongyliasis (EA). EA is an extremely fatal condition, and the clinical factors pre- dictive of EA have never been reported. A comparison study was conducted in a hospital situated in an endemic area of Thailand. We enrolled 14 and 80 Angiostrongyliasis patients who developed encephalitis and meningitis, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the clinical variables predictive of encephalitis. Age (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.42), duration of headache (adjusted OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.55), and fever > 38.0°C (adjusted OR, 37.05; 95% CI, 1.59-862.35) were identified as statistically significant factors for EA pre- diction. Elderly patients with Angiostrongyliasis experiencing fever and prolonged headaches were at the highest risk of developing EA.
Susan I. Jarvi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Angiostrongyliasis or Rat Lungworm Disease: a Perspective From Hawai'i
Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Susan I. Jarvi, Kathleen Howe, Patricia MacomberAbstract:Purpose of Review Angiostrongyliasis is contracted by the ingestion of or exposure to the zoonotic parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis , which requires two hosts to complete its life cycle. Rats are known to be the definitive hosts and mollusks are intermediate hosts. It is the intermediate host, or infected paratenic hosts that can pass the infective stage of the disease to humans and other susceptible animals. The purpose of this review is to examine the growing threat of A. cantonensis and its consequences, with particular emphasis on Hawai'i. Recent Findings The increase in disease cases appears to correlate with the migration of the mollusk Parmarion martensi (semi-slug) in Hawai'i. The semi-slug is a very effective host because it carries a heavy burden of the parasite. Rats in Hawai'i also carry heavy parasite burdens. Human diagnosis is difficult due to varied incubation times, multitude of symptoms which can mimic other illnesses, and lack of a low-risk effective diagnostic. Treatment varies with the severity of the symptoms. Summary The introduction and proliferation of the invasive species A. cantonensis , along with a most efficient intermediate host P. martensi , has resulted in an increase in Angiostrongyliasis in Hawai'i. In Hawai'i, consumption of local produce is encouraged and the use of rainwater harvesting is a necessity for many on Hawai'i Island, both of which elevate the risk of acquiring Angiostrongyliasis. A better understanding of how to best reduce the risk of infection is needed through comprehensive research and community education.
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Angiostrongyliasis (Rat Lungworm Disease): Viewpoints from Hawai‘i Island
ACS chemical neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Kathleen Howe, Susan I. JarviAbstract:Hawai‘i, particularly east Hawai‘i Island, is the epicenter for Angiostrongyliasis in the United States. Case numbers have been increasing and appear to parallel the introduction and spread of the semislug (Parmarion martensi) to east Hawai‘i. The infective larvae in rainwater catchment as a source for household and agricultural water may also play a role. The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as well as the potential introduction of the semislug P. martensi should be a concern to the mainland United States. The State of Hawai‘i should recognize the seriousness of this growing problem and thus collaborate to fund studies to address the growing challenges surrounding Angiostrongyliasis.
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Angiostrongyliasis rat lungworm disease viewpoints from hawai i island
ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Kathleen Howe, Susan I. JarviAbstract:Hawai‘i, particularly east Hawai‘i Island, is the epicenter for Angiostrongyliasis in the United States. Case numbers have been increasing and appear to parallel the introduction and spread of the semislug (Parmarion martensi) to east Hawai‘i. The infective larvae in rainwater catchment as a source for household and agricultural water may also play a role. The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as well as the potential introduction of the semislug P. martensi should be a concern to the mainland United States. The State of Hawai‘i should recognize the seriousness of this growing problem and thus collaborate to fund studies to address the growing challenges surrounding Angiostrongyliasis.
Kathleen Howe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Angiostrongyliasis or Rat Lungworm Disease: a Perspective From Hawai'i
Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Susan I. Jarvi, Kathleen Howe, Patricia MacomberAbstract:Purpose of Review Angiostrongyliasis is contracted by the ingestion of or exposure to the zoonotic parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis , which requires two hosts to complete its life cycle. Rats are known to be the definitive hosts and mollusks are intermediate hosts. It is the intermediate host, or infected paratenic hosts that can pass the infective stage of the disease to humans and other susceptible animals. The purpose of this review is to examine the growing threat of A. cantonensis and its consequences, with particular emphasis on Hawai'i. Recent Findings The increase in disease cases appears to correlate with the migration of the mollusk Parmarion martensi (semi-slug) in Hawai'i. The semi-slug is a very effective host because it carries a heavy burden of the parasite. Rats in Hawai'i also carry heavy parasite burdens. Human diagnosis is difficult due to varied incubation times, multitude of symptoms which can mimic other illnesses, and lack of a low-risk effective diagnostic. Treatment varies with the severity of the symptoms. Summary The introduction and proliferation of the invasive species A. cantonensis , along with a most efficient intermediate host P. martensi , has resulted in an increase in Angiostrongyliasis in Hawai'i. In Hawai'i, consumption of local produce is encouraged and the use of rainwater harvesting is a necessity for many on Hawai'i Island, both of which elevate the risk of acquiring Angiostrongyliasis. A better understanding of how to best reduce the risk of infection is needed through comprehensive research and community education.
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Angiostrongyliasis (Rat Lungworm Disease): Viewpoints from Hawai‘i Island
ACS chemical neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Kathleen Howe, Susan I. JarviAbstract:Hawai‘i, particularly east Hawai‘i Island, is the epicenter for Angiostrongyliasis in the United States. Case numbers have been increasing and appear to parallel the introduction and spread of the semislug (Parmarion martensi) to east Hawai‘i. The infective larvae in rainwater catchment as a source for household and agricultural water may also play a role. The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as well as the potential introduction of the semislug P. martensi should be a concern to the mainland United States. The State of Hawai‘i should recognize the seriousness of this growing problem and thus collaborate to fund studies to address the growing challenges surrounding Angiostrongyliasis.
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Angiostrongyliasis rat lungworm disease viewpoints from hawai i island
ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Kathleen Howe, Susan I. JarviAbstract:Hawai‘i, particularly east Hawai‘i Island, is the epicenter for Angiostrongyliasis in the United States. Case numbers have been increasing and appear to parallel the introduction and spread of the semislug (Parmarion martensi) to east Hawai‘i. The infective larvae in rainwater catchment as a source for household and agricultural water may also play a role. The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as well as the potential introduction of the semislug P. martensi should be a concern to the mainland United States. The State of Hawai‘i should recognize the seriousness of this growing problem and thus collaborate to fund studies to address the growing challenges surrounding Angiostrongyliasis.
Xiao-nong Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human Angiostrongyliasis Outbreak in Dali, China
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Yi Zhang, Shao-rong Chen, Li-bo Wang, Wen Fang, Feng Chen, Jin-yong Jiang, Xiao-nong ZhouAbstract:Background Several Angiostrongyliasis outbreaks have been reported in recent years but the disease continues to be neglected in public health circles. We describe an outbreak in Dali, southwest China in order to highlight some key problems for the control of this helminth infection. Methodology/Principal Findings All available medical records of suspected Angiostrongyliasis patients visiting hospitals in Dali in the period 1 October 2007–31 March 2008 were reviewed, and tentative diagnoses of varying strengths were reached according to given sets of criteria. Snails collected from local markets, restaurants and natural habitats were also screened for the presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. A total of 33 patients met criteria for infection, and 11 among them were classified as clinically confirmed. An additional eight patients were identified through a surveillance system put in operation in response to the outbreak. The epidemic lasted for 8 months with its peak in February 2008. Of the 33 patients, 97.0% complained of severe headache. 84.8% patients had high eosinophil cell counts either in the peripheral blood or in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Three-quarters of the patients were treated with a combination of albendazole and corticosteroids, resulting in significantly improved overall conditions. Twenty-two patients reported the consumption of raw or undercooked snails prior to the onset of the symptoms, and approximately 1.0% of the Pomacea canaliculata snails on sale were found to be infected with A. cantonensis. The snails were also found in certain habitats around Dali but no parasites were detected in these populations. Conclusions/Significance The import and sale of infected P. canaliculata is the likely trigger for this Angiostrongyliasis outbreak. Awareness of Angiostrongyliasis must be raised, and standardized diagnosis and treatment are needed in order to provide clinicians with a guide to address this disease. Health education campaigns could limit the risk, and a hospital-based surveillance system should be established in order to detect future outbreaks.
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invasive snails and an emerging infectious disease results from the first national survey on angiostrongylus cantonensis in china
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Shan Lv, Yi Zhang, Peter Steinmann, Ling Hu, Kun Yang, Zhao Chen, Liying Wang, Jurg Utzinger, Xiao-nong ZhouAbstract:BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic meningitis (Angiostrongyliasis) caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis is emerging in mainland China. However, the distribution of A. cantonensis and its intermediate host snails, and the role of two invasive snail species in the emergence of Angiostrongyliasis, are not well understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A national survey pertaining to A. cantonensis was carried out using a grid sampling approach (spatial resolution: 40x40 km). One village per grid cell was randomly selected from a 5% random sample of grid cells located in areas where the presence of the intermediate host snail Pomacea canaliculata had been predicted based on a degree-day model. Potential intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis were collected in the field, restaurants, markets and snail farms, and examined for infection. The infection prevalence among intermediate host snails was estimated, and the prevalence of A. cantonensis within P. canaliculata was displayed on a map, and predicted for non-sampled locations. It was confirmed that P. canaliculata and Achatina fulica were the predominant intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis in China, and these snails were found to be well established in 11 and six provinces, respectively. Infected snails of either species were found in seven provinces, closely matching the endemic area of A. cantonensis. Infected snails were also found in markets and restaurants. Two clusters of A. cantonensis-infected P. canaliculata were predicted in Fujian and Guangxi provinces. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The first national survey in China revealed a wide distribution of A. cantonensis and two invasive snail species, indicating that a considerable number of people are at risk of Angiostrongyliasis. Health education, rigorous food inspection and surveillance are all needed to prevent recurrent Angiostrongyliasis outbreaks
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Emerging Angiostrongyliasis in Mainland China.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Yi Zhang, Peter Steinmann, Xiao-nong ZhouAbstract:Our review of Angiostrongyliasis in China found that the disease is emerging as a result of changes in food consumption habits and long-distance transportation of food. Enhanced understanding of Angiostrongyliasis epidemiology, increased public awareness about the risks associated with eating raw food, and enhanced food safety measures are needed.