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Marco Piccolino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel Animal Electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about “Animal Electricity” (and metallic Electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological Electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about Animal Electricity rather than a different “galvanic” force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his “pile” (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak Electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw vo...
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel Animal Electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "Animal Electricity" (and metallic Electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological Electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about Animal Electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak Electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his Animal Electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic Animal Electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of galvanism and Animal Electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored Animal Electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish Electricity but was not willing to generalize to other Animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned “violent” experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on Animals and Animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, becaus...
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of galvanism and Animal Electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored Animal Electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish Electricity but was not willing to generalize to other Animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned "violent" experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on Animals and Animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, because of certain negative findings and phenomenological differences, he remained skeptical about the intrinsic Animal force being qualitatively identical to true Electricity. Hence, he referred to a "galvanic force," not Animal Electricity, in his letters and publications, a theoretical position he would abandon with Volta's help early in the new century.
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the shocking history of electric fishes from ancient epochs to the birth of modern neurophysiology
2011Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco PiccolinoAbstract:PART I: INTRODUCTION 1- The Allure of Electric Fishes: Humboldt's Obsession PART II: ANCIENT CULTURES 2- The Shocking Catfish of the Nile 3- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 1. Wonders of Nature Between Science and Myth 4- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 2. From Therapeutic Shocks to Theories of the Discharge 5- Byzantine and Islamic Writings PART III: MIDDLE AGES TO THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD 6- Torpedoes: From the Scholastics through the Renaissance 7- Rediscovering The Torporific Catfishes 8- The "Eels" of South America 9- From the Occult to Mechanical Theories of the Discharge PART IV: THE EMERGENCE OF FISH Electricity 10- The Electrical World of Benjamin Franklin 11- Animal Spirits and Physiology 12- First Steps Toward Fish Electricity 13- The Dutch, the Eel, and Electricity PART V: THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND THE COVETED SPARK 14- Edward Bancroft's Guiana Eels and London Connections 15- John Walsh's Scientific Journey 16- The Royal Society and Interdisciplinary Science 17- Out of the Guianas: The American Philosophical Society and the Eel 18- Alexander Garden: A Linnaean in South Carolina and Captain Banker's Eels 19- Sparks in Darkness and the Eel's Electrical Sense 20- Public Knowledge: Newspapers, Magazines, and "Shocking" Poetry PART VI: FROM FISH TO NERVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BACK 21- Galvani's Animal Electricity 22- Electric Fishes in Volta's Path to the Battery 23- Galvanism Contra "Voltaism": Electric Fishes and the "Unsolvable" Dilemma 24- Electric Fishes in the Nineteenth Century 25- The Changing Neurohysiological Setting 26- Understanding the Shock Mechanisms: A Twentieth Century Odyssey EPILOGUE APPENDIX I: Names with Birth and Death Dates REFERENCES
Stanley Finger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel Animal Electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about “Animal Electricity” (and metallic Electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological Electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about Animal Electricity rather than a different “galvanic” force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his “pile” (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak Electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw vo...
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel Animal Electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "Animal Electricity" (and metallic Electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological Electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about Animal Electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak Electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his Animal Electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic Animal Electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of galvanism and Animal Electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored Animal Electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish Electricity but was not willing to generalize to other Animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned “violent” experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on Animals and Animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, becaus...
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of galvanism and Animal Electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored Animal Electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish Electricity but was not willing to generalize to other Animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned "violent" experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on Animals and Animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, because of certain negative findings and phenomenological differences, he remained skeptical about the intrinsic Animal force being qualitatively identical to true Electricity. Hence, he referred to a "galvanic force," not Animal Electricity, in his letters and publications, a theoretical position he would abandon with Volta's help early in the new century.
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the shocking history of electric fishes from ancient epochs to the birth of modern neurophysiology
2011Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco PiccolinoAbstract:PART I: INTRODUCTION 1- The Allure of Electric Fishes: Humboldt's Obsession PART II: ANCIENT CULTURES 2- The Shocking Catfish of the Nile 3- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 1. Wonders of Nature Between Science and Myth 4- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 2. From Therapeutic Shocks to Theories of the Discharge 5- Byzantine and Islamic Writings PART III: MIDDLE AGES TO THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD 6- Torpedoes: From the Scholastics through the Renaissance 7- Rediscovering The Torporific Catfishes 8- The "Eels" of South America 9- From the Occult to Mechanical Theories of the Discharge PART IV: THE EMERGENCE OF FISH Electricity 10- The Electrical World of Benjamin Franklin 11- Animal Spirits and Physiology 12- First Steps Toward Fish Electricity 13- The Dutch, the Eel, and Electricity PART V: THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND THE COVETED SPARK 14- Edward Bancroft's Guiana Eels and London Connections 15- John Walsh's Scientific Journey 16- The Royal Society and Interdisciplinary Science 17- Out of the Guianas: The American Philosophical Society and the Eel 18- Alexander Garden: A Linnaean in South Carolina and Captain Banker's Eels 19- Sparks in Darkness and the Eel's Electrical Sense 20- Public Knowledge: Newspapers, Magazines, and "Shocking" Poetry PART VI: FROM FISH TO NERVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BACK 21- Galvani's Animal Electricity 22- Electric Fishes in Volta's Path to the Battery 23- Galvanism Contra "Voltaism": Electric Fishes and the "Unsolvable" Dilemma 24- Electric Fishes in the Nineteenth Century 25- The Changing Neurohysiological Setting 26- Understanding the Shock Mechanisms: A Twentieth Century Odyssey EPILOGUE APPENDIX I: Names with Birth and Death Dates REFERENCES
Frank W Stahnisch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel Animal Electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "Animal Electricity" (and metallic Electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological Electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about Animal Electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak Electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his Animal Electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic Animal Electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel Animal Electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about “Animal Electricity” (and metallic Electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological Electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about Animal Electricity rather than a different “galvanic” force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his “pile” (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak Electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw vo...
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of galvanism and Animal Electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored Animal Electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish Electricity but was not willing to generalize to other Animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned “violent” experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on Animals and Animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, becaus...
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alexander von humboldt galvanism Animal Electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of galvanism and Animal Electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored Animal Electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish Electricity but was not willing to generalize to other Animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned "violent" experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on Animals and Animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, because of certain negative findings and phenomenological differences, he remained skeptical about the intrinsic Animal force being qualitatively identical to true Electricity. Hence, he referred to a "galvanic force," not Animal Electricity, in his letters and publications, a theoretical position he would abandon with Volta's help early in the new century.
Helmut Kettenmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt and the concept of Animal Electricity
Trends in Neurosciences, 1997Co-Authors: Helmut KettenmannAbstract:More than two hundred years ago, Alexander von Humboldt helped to establish Galvani's view that muscle and nerve tissue are electrically excitable. His 1797 publication was a landmark for establishing the concept of Animal Electricity. Almost half a century later, von Humboldt became the mentor of the young du Bois-Reymond. With the help of von Humboldt's promotion, du Bois-Reymond demonstrated convincingly that Animal tissue has the intrinsic capacity to generate electrical activity, and thus laid the ground for modern electrophysiology.
D B Geselowitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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introduction to some laws concerning the distribution of electric currents in volume conductors with applications to experiments on Animal Electricity
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004Co-Authors: D B GeselowitzAbstract:Muscle and nerve cells are electrically active and give rise to currents and potentials in the surrounding tissues, which are conductors of Electricity. The study of the relation of these bioelectric sources to currents they produce in the surrounding tissue is called the volume conductor problem. The basic physics of the volume conductor were worked out by Helmholtz. The Helmholtz paper is still extensively cited. Just who was Helmholtz and exactly what did he contribute so many years ago? What events and circumstances molded the life of such an individual? An attempt is made to answer these questions.