The Experts below are selected from a list of 2172 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Simon Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Property rights and the management of Animal Genetic Resources: how to secure access to drylands Resources for multiple users
    2020
    Co-Authors: Simon Anderson, Roberta Centose
    Abstract:

    "Genetic erosion in Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is of concern where livelihoods of the poor are affected and option values for society are being lost. The poor often live in marginal areas and their livestock maintain adaptive characteristics. However, processes leading to Genetic erosion do not precipitate adaptation through natural selection. This paper explores how local property rights systems in poor communities for AnGR are organized. The dynamism and dialectical aspects of these systems are considered and the impact of their breakdown assessed in terms of AnGR diversity. The conservation of AnGR option values through livestock husbandry by the poor is a hitherto unrecognized and unrewarded service to society." Author's Abstract

  • property rights and the management of Animal Genetic Resources
    World Development, 2007
    Co-Authors: Simon Anderson, Roberta Centonze
    Abstract:

    Summary Genetic erosion in Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is of concern where livelihoods of the poor are affected and option values for society are being lost. The poor often live in marginal areas and their livestock maintain adaptive characteristics. However, processes leading to Genetic erosion do not precipitate adaptation through natural selection. This paper explores how local property rights systems in poor communities for AnGR are organized. The dynamism and dialectical aspects of these systems are considered and the impact of their breakdown is assessed in terms of AnGR diversity. The conservation of AnGR option values through livestock husbandry by the poor is a hitherto unrecognized and unrewarded service to society.

  • economic analysis of Animal Genetic Resources and the use of rural appraisal methods lessons from southeast mexico
    International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 2004
    Co-Authors: A G Drucker, Simon Anderson
    Abstract:

    Livestock diversity provides Genetic alternatives that facilitate sustainable agricultural development. Despite this, Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) are being depleted at alarming rates. Subsidises available to production systems based on imported breeds are of several orders of magnitude greater than the costs of local breed conservation. Economic arguments for the conservation and sustainable use of threatened AnGR can be an effective means of establishing support for the development of appropriate enabling environments. Despite the importance of the economics of AnGR conservation, the subject has received limited attention. Reasons include: methodological difficulties inherent in valuing Genetic Resources; limited knowledge about appropriate analytical techniques; and lack of data regarding local breeds. As recent advances in economic valuation have eased methodological/analytical constraints, the issue of data availability has become critical. Data related to livestock keepers' preferences for differ...

  • Animal Genetic Resources and sustainable livelihoods
    Ecological Economics, 2003
    Co-Authors: Simon Anderson
    Abstract:

    Abstract Many of the world's poor depend directly upon Genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity for their livelihoods. In many regions Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) are a vital component of this biodiversity. An estimated 1.96 billion people rely on livestock to supply part, or their entire daily needs. Complex, diverse and risk-prone peasant livelihood systems need AnGR that are capable of performing the functions required of them in these systems—AnGR that are flexible, resistant and diverse. In order to assess the importance of AnGR, as distinct from livestock per se, for sustaining and improving the livelihoods of the poor, the factors that differentiate between species and breeds in terms of the functions that Animals fulfil in livelihoods and household economies need to be better understood. Central to this is the need to understand the functions of livestock as household assets, the full set of purposes the poor have in investing Resources in livestock keeping, and the Genetic traits that are important for the fulfilment of these purposes. If AnGR conservation is to make a contribution to improving the livelihoods of poor livestock keepers, the relative importance of AnGR from the livestock keepers’ perspective should be appraised. Then ways of maintaining and enhancing AnGR best suited to improving the livelihoods of the poor and ensuring equitable access to these Resources can be addressed.

  • the economic valuation of farm Animal Genetic Resources a survey of available methods
    Ecological Economics, 2001
    Co-Authors: A G Drucker, Veronica Gomez, Simon Anderson
    Abstract:

    Abstract Genetic erosion of domestic Animal diversity has placed 30% of the world's breeds at risk of extinction, often as a result of government policy/programmes. Conservation and sustainable development of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) require a broad focus that includes the many ‘adaptive’ breeds that survive well in the low external input agriculture typical of developing countries. Environmental economic valuation methodologies have an important role to play in supporting decisions regarding which breeds should be conserved and how this should be done. However, AnGR, in general, and valuation methods in particular, have received very little attention. This paper provides a survey of the methods available for the valuation of AnGR and the steps that must be taken in order to test some of the more promising methodologies in practice.

Irene Hoffmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Climate change and the characterization, breeding and conservation of Animal Genetic Resources.
    Animal genetics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Irene Hoffmann
    Abstract:

    Livestock production both contributes to and is affected by climate change. In addition to the physiological effects of higher temperatures on individual Animals, the consequences of climate change are likely to include increased risk that geographically restricted rare breed populations will be badly affected by disturbances. Indirect effects may be felt via ecosystem changes that alter the distribution of Animal diseases or affect the supply of feed. Breeding goals may have to be adjusted to account for higher temperatures, lower quality diets and greater disease challenge. Species and breeds that are well adapted to such conditions may become more widely used. Climate change mitigation strategies, in combination with ever increasing demand for food, may also have an impact on breed and species utilization, driving a shift towards monogastrics and breeds that are efficient converters of feed into meat, milk and eggs. This may lead to the neglect of the adaptation potential of local breeds in developing countries. Given the potential for significant future changes in production conditions and in the objectives of livestock production, it is essential that the value provided by Animal Genetic diversity is secured. This requires better characterization of breeds, production environments and associated knowledge; the compilation of more complete breed inventories; improved mechanisms to monitor and respond to threats to Genetic diversity; more effective in situ and ex situ conservation measures; Genetic improvement programmes targeting adaptive traits in high-output and performance traits in locally adapted breeds; increased support for developing countries in their management of Animal Genetic Resources; and wider access to Genetic Resources and associated knowledge.

  • Animal Genetic Resources diversity and ecosystem services
    Global Food Security, 2018
    Co-Authors: Gregoire Leroy, P Boettcher, R Baumung, Badi Besbes, Tatiana From, Irene Hoffmann
    Abstract:

    Abstract Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) are a component of agricultural biodiversity making a large contribution to ecosystem services, resulting from their complex interaction with their respective environments. This review investigates how AnGR diversity, which includes more than 7000 distinct local and 1000 transboundary livestock breeds of around 40 species plus domesticated honeybees and other pollinators, influences, through livestock production systems and practices, the generation of a diversity of provisioning, regulating and maintenance, as well as cultural ecosystem services. The main use of domestic Animals is for their provisional services of food production, with a large contribution from commercial breeds in industrial production systems in developed and emerging countries. However, in rural areas of developing countries, local livestock breeds often play a crucial role in food security, nutrition and health. Less intensive systems, located especially in harsh climate conditions, offer more diverse ecosystem services, including important regulating and maintenance services, with indirect use or non-use values, while permitting the use of land not suitable for crop production. Breeds used in such systems have often developed specific adaptive features for those environments. The identification and integration of traits relevant for ecosystem services within breeding programmes represent however a particular challenge, especially in low-input systems. The keepers of the livestock that offer these services are often marginalised and isolated from markets and excluded from decision making processes, however. It is therefore important to recognize the existence and value of these ecosystem services to better understand the trade-offs and synergies associated with their maintenance, and to account for them in policy and legal frameworks at national and international levels including providing appropriate incentives to the communities contributing to the generation of those services.

  • factors and determinants of Animal Genetic Resources management activities across the world
    Livestock Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Gregoire Leroy, P Boettcher, Irene Hoffmann, Dafydd Pilling, R Baumung, Badi Besbes, B D Scherf
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper investigates the factors affecting the implementation of various management activities related to the characterization, use and conservation of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) across countries. The 128 official country reports provided for The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture were analysed based on a multivariate approach. These reports investigated topics related the national level of AnGR diversity, the extent of characterization activities, use and breeding programmes and conservation activities, as well as capacities in AnGR management and the use of biotechnologies related to livestock breeding. A large part of the variability (34.7%) of the dataset could be explained by one synthetic variable, which could be interpreted as the general extent of AnGR related activities, and indicate that country efforts on AnGR are directed relatively homogenously towards the various activities and species considered. This variable differentiated mainly OECD and BRICS countries from less developed ones. OECD and BRICS countries also appeared to be differentiated with respect to the use of some specific biotechnologies such as cloning, Genetic modification and transplantation of gonadal tissues. With regards to economic and development indicators, the first synthetic variable showed large correlation with the number of researchers in agricultural sciences per inhabitant ( r =0.643) and national GDP (r=0.516). Capacities in research therefore appeared to be one of the main enabling forces for activities related to AnGR and the implementation of the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for AnGR.

  • the global plan of action for Animal Genetic Resources the road to common understanding and agreement
    Livestock Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Irene Hoffmann, David Boerma, B D Scherf
    Abstract:

    Abstract The first International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, took place from 3 to 7 September, 2007, in Interlaken, Switzerland. The main achievement of the Conference was the adoption of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources, the first ever international framework for the promotion of the wise management of Animal Genetic Resources for food and agriculture, endorsed by governments. The article describes the technical and intergovernmental processes developing the Global Plan of Action. The adoption of the Global Plan of Action has created unprecedented momentum for promoting the sustainable use, development and conservation of the world's livestock diversity. The international community is now facing the challenge to ensure that the Global Plan of Action is effectively implemented.

  • The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources — The road to common understanding and agreement
    Livestock Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Irene Hoffmann, David Boerma, B D Scherf
    Abstract:

    Abstract The first International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, took place from 3 to 7 September, 2007, in Interlaken, Switzerland. The main achievement of the Conference was the adoption of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources, the first ever international framework for the promotion of the wise management of Animal Genetic Resources for food and agriculture, endorsed by governments. The article describes the technical and intergovernmental processes developing the Global Plan of Action. The adoption of the Global Plan of Action has created unprecedented momentum for promoting the sustainable use, development and conservation of the world's livestock diversity. The international community is now facing the challenge to ensure that the Global Plan of Action is effectively implemented.

Roberta Centonze - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • property rights and the management of Animal Genetic Resources
    World Development, 2007
    Co-Authors: Simon Anderson, Roberta Centonze
    Abstract:

    Summary Genetic erosion in Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is of concern where livelihoods of the poor are affected and option values for society are being lost. The poor often live in marginal areas and their livestock maintain adaptive characteristics. However, processes leading to Genetic erosion do not precipitate adaptation through natural selection. This paper explores how local property rights systems in poor communities for AnGR are organized. The dynamism and dialectical aspects of these systems are considered and the impact of their breakdown is assessed in terms of AnGR diversity. The conservation of AnGR option values through livestock husbandry by the poor is a hitherto unrecognized and unrewarded service to society.

C B A Wollny - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the need to conserve farm Animal Genetic Resources in africa should policy makers be concerned
    Ecological Economics, 2003
    Co-Authors: C B A Wollny
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper outlines key factors contributing to the erosion of Animal Genetic Resources and discusses strategic options for policy makers. The ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1993 represents an international consensus to conserve biodiversity including that of farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR). In Africa, conservation of agricultural biodiversity is inbuilt into the low input–low output production strategies of smallholder farming systems. These systems are often associated with poverty in rural areas and numerous development projects have thus sought to alleviate such poverty by promoting crossbreeding or modern reproductive technologies. However, uncontrolled crossbreeding has been and remains a threat to the conservation of local farm Animal populations. Objectives for the conservation of a local farm Animal population and opportunities to utilise its diversity to meet present and future market demands, to serve as an insurance against environmental changes such as changes in production, socio-economic, and cultural conditions can be identified for research and development. To improve food security and to alleviate poverty through the conservation of FAnGR in Africa, utilisation of local farm Animal populations depends on the ability of communities to decide on and implement appropriate breeding strategies. It is for this reason that enabling policies are required.

  • the need to conserve farm Animal Genetic Resources through community based management in africa should policy makers be concerned
    2001
    Co-Authors: C B A Wollny
    Abstract:

    This paper outlines some key factors contributing to the erosion of Animal Genetic Resources and discusses strategic options for livestock sector policy makers to counter such erosion in their respective countries. The ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1993 represents an international consensus to conserve biodiversity including that of farm Animal and plant Genetic Resources, which are prerequisites for food security and the improvement of agricultural productivity. In Africa, conservation of agricultural biodiversity is inbuilt into the low input - low output production strategies of smallholder farming systems. These systems are often associated with poverty in rural areas and numerous development projects have thus sought to alleviate such poverty by promoting and subsidising crossbreeding or modern reproductive technologies. However, uncontrolled crossbreeding has been and remains a serious threat to the conservation of local farm Animal populations. The primary policy goal for conservation of biodiversity should focus on the diversity between and within indigenous populations of farm Animals. This includes, for example, the close monitoring of crossbreeding activities with exotic breeds. The Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of local breeds is a prerequisite for this purpose. Economic valuation of biodiversity in general, of breeds within given production systems and an analysis of the social welfare implications of farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR) diversity conservation although relatively complex to carry out are also important for informed policy making. Despite the difficulties involved, objectives for the conservation of a local farm Animal population and opportunities to utilise its diversity to meet present and future market demands, to serve as an insurance against environmental changes such as changes in production, socio-economic, historic and cultural conditions can be identified for research and development. To improve food security through the conservation of Animal Genetic Resources in Africa, utilisation of local farm Animal Genetic Resources depends on the ability of communities to decide on and implement appropriate breeding strategies. This cannot be realised without enabling policies. It is for this reason policy makers need to be concerned and should take action now.

Michelangelo Temmerman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Intellectual Property and Biodiversity. Rights to Animal Genetic Resources
    2011
    Co-Authors: Michelangelo Temmerman
    Abstract:

    Acknowledgments. List of Abbreviations. Introduction. Chapter 1 Rights to AnGR. Chapter 2 Patenting AnGR: A Comparison between the United States, Europe and Canada. Chapter 3 Patenting AnGR: Impact on Ownership Traditions in Agriculture. Chapter 4 Patenting AnGR: Issues of Animal Welfare. Chapter 5 AnGR, Intellectual Property and Biodiversity: The Positive Angle. Chapter 6 Patenting AnGR Animal Genetic Resources and International Regulation. Concluding Remarks. Glossary. Bibliography. Table of Cases. Table of Legislation. Index.

  • Rights to Animal Genetic Resources - basic facts and debates
    2011
    Co-Authors: S. Biber-klemm, Michelangelo Temmerman
    Abstract:

    At the background of the inquiry into the creation of rights to Animal Genetic Resources lie different strands of thinking and various lines of arguments. These are fueled by three major developments in the AnGR sector:  the increasing volume in trade in Animal products; the scientific progress in Animal breeding with the advances in Genetic engineering; and the so-called erosion of Animal Genetic Resources. This paper discusses the interface of AnGRFA, international trade and property rights and gives an overview of the ongoing processes, the present debates and involved institutions. It concludes that in order to balance the increasing enclosure of innovation in AnGRFA, an appropriate set of measures is needed to conserve, maintain and sustainably use diversity in AnGRFA and to promote equitable and fair market access for smallhoers from the South. It is therefore proposed to set out from a  “toolbox approach”, the task being to find an ideal combination of tools to serve the defined end.

  • rights to Animal Genetic Resources for food and agriculture
    2010
    Co-Authors: S Biberklemm, Michelangelo Temmerman
    Abstract:

    The World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, which has previously deepened the studies on the question of rights to plant Genetic Resources and traditional knowledge in the international trading system, took up these issues. One year after the adoption of the Animal Genetic Resources Global Plan of Action by the International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (AnGRFA), it gathered a pool of experts to discuss the interface of AnGRFA, international trade and property rights. The result of this exchange is at the centre of this report.

  • rights to Animal Genetic Resources for food and agriculture notes from an interdisciplinary workshop
    2010
    Co-Authors: S Biberklemm, Michelangelo Temmerman
    Abstract:

    At the background of the inquiry into the creation of rights to Animal Genetic Resources lie different strands of thinking and various lines of arguments. These are fueled by three major developments in the AnGR sector: the increasing volume in trade in Animal products; the scientific progress in Animal breeding with the advances in Genetic engineering; and the so- called erosion of Animal Genetic Resources. The World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, which has previously deepened the studies on the question of rights to plant Genetic Resources and traditional knowledge in the international trading system, took up these issues. One year after the adoption of the Animal Genetic Resources Global Plan of Action by the International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (AnGRFA), it gathered a pool of experts to discuss the interface of AnGRFA, international trade and property rights. The result of this exchange is at the centre of this report.