The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christine M. Woodcock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Integrated pest management: The push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including Animal Husbandry
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Ahmed Hassanali, Hans Herren, John Anthony Pickett, Zeyaur R. Khan, Christine M. WoodcockAbstract:This paper describes the 'push-pull' or 'stimulo-deterrent diversionary' strategy in relation to current and potential examples from our own experiences. The push-pull effect is established by exploiting semiochemicals to repel insect pests from the crop ('push') and to attract them into trap crops ('pull'). The systems exemplified here have been developed for subsistence farming in Africa and delivery of the semiochemicals is entirely by companion cropping, i.e. intercropping for the push and trap cropping for the pull. The main target was a series of lepidopterous pests attacking maize and other cereals. Although the area given to the cereal crop itself is reduced under the push-pull system, higher yields are produced per unit area. An important spin-off from the project is that the companion crops are valuable forage for farm Animals. Leguminous intercrops also provide advantages with regard to plant nutrition and some of the trap crops help with water retention and in reducing land erosion. A major benefit is that certain intercrop plants provide dramatic control of the African witchweed (striga). Animal Husbandry forms an essential part of intensive subsistence agriculture in Africa and developments using analogous push-pull control strategies for insect pests of cattle are exemplified.
Ahmed Hassanali - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Integrated pest management: The push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including Animal Husbandry
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Ahmed Hassanali, Hans Herren, John Anthony Pickett, Zeyaur R. Khan, Christine M. WoodcockAbstract:This paper describes the 'push-pull' or 'stimulo-deterrent diversionary' strategy in relation to current and potential examples from our own experiences. The push-pull effect is established by exploiting semiochemicals to repel insect pests from the crop ('push') and to attract them into trap crops ('pull'). The systems exemplified here have been developed for subsistence farming in Africa and delivery of the semiochemicals is entirely by companion cropping, i.e. intercropping for the push and trap cropping for the pull. The main target was a series of lepidopterous pests attacking maize and other cereals. Although the area given to the cereal crop itself is reduced under the push-pull system, higher yields are produced per unit area. An important spin-off from the project is that the companion crops are valuable forage for farm Animals. Leguminous intercrops also provide advantages with regard to plant nutrition and some of the trap crops help with water retention and in reducing land erosion. A major benefit is that certain intercrop plants provide dramatic control of the African witchweed (striga). Animal Husbandry forms an essential part of intensive subsistence agriculture in Africa and developments using analogous push-pull control strategies for insect pests of cattle are exemplified.
Umberto Albarella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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livestock changes at the beginning and end of the roman period in britain issues of acculturation adaptation and improvement
European Journal of Archaeology, 2017Co-Authors: Mauro Rizzetto, Pam Crabtree, Umberto AlbarellaAbstract:This article reviews aspects of the development of Animal Husbandry in Roman Britain, focusing in particular on the Iron Age/Roman and Roman/early medieval transitions. By analysing the two chronological extremes of the period of Roman influence in Britain we try to identify the core characteristics of Romano-British Husbandry by using case studies, in particular from south-eastern Britain, investigated from the perspective of the butchery and morphometric evidence they provide. Our aim is to demonstrate the great dynamism of Romano-British Animal Husbandry, with substantial changes in livestock management occurring at the beginning, the end, and during the period under study. It is suggested that such changes are the product of interactions between different cultural and social traditions, which can be associated with indigenous and external influences, but also numerous other causes, ranging from ethnic origins to environmental, geographic, political, and economic factors.
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the development of Animal Husbandry from the late iron age to the end of the roman period a case study from south east britain
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2008Co-Authors: Umberto Albarella, Cluny Johnstone, Kim VickersAbstract:In this paper zooarchaeological evidence from Iron Age and Roman sites in South-East Britain is presented and the results are applied to the continuing debate over culture contact and change following the Roman invasion. Evidence from Heybridge in Essex indicates that there were two stages of livestock development. These may reflect the import of new breeding stock into Britain. Differences between the rate of livestock development at this rural site and the nearby urban centre of Colchester indicate differing mechanisms of Animal supply between the two sites. The appearance of very large cattle in Late Roman contexts at Boreham in Essex suggests that improvement of Animals continued throughout the Roman occupation and was not merely an initial response to new economic and administrative demands. The biometrical evidence from these three sites is compared with evidence from elsewhere in Europe and the development of livestock during the Roman Period is shown to be complex and varied. The impetus and ideology behind the changes in Animal Husbandry following the Roman invasion in Britain are explored.
Michael P Richards - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Animal Husbandry and colonial adaptive behavior isotopic insights from the la belle shipwreck fauna
Historical Archaeology, 2018Co-Authors: Eric Guiry, Bradford M Jones, Susan D Defrance, James E Bruseth, Jeffrey J Durst, Michael P RichardsAbstract:Changing social and economic practices had an important role for human adaptive strategies in colonial contexts and sometimes had profound consequences for emerging societies. This study uses insights from stable-isotope analyses, as well as other historical and archaeological evidence, to investigate the social and economic roles of French Animal Husbandry as an adaptive strategy for the settlers taking part in La Salle’s famous expedition (1684–1688) to colonize the mouth of the Mississippi River. Stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope analyses of pig bones and other faunal remains from the shipwreck, La Belle, and associated Fort Saint Louis on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico are used to evaluate specific historical accounts of colonists’ Animal-Husbandry practices and show that a large swine population was sustained primarily on meat from local hunting activities. In this context it is argued that, although the substantial efforts involved in raising pigs mainly on other Animal products seemingly makes little economic sense, there are social explanations for what initially appears to be irrational behavior. This study provides an example of how stable-isotope analyses of Animal-Husbandry practices can contribute to understanding social processes through historical archaeology.
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isotopic perspectives δ13c δ15n δ34s of diet social complexity and Animal Husbandry during the proto shang period ca 2000 1600 bc of china
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin T Fuller, Dong Wei, Lei Shi, Xiaozheng Zhang, Michael P RichardsAbstract:OBJECTIVES To examine dietary patterns and Animal Husbandry practices and assess the links between human diet and sex, age, burial direction/position, and social status (as inferred by type of grave goods) during the transformative Proto-Shang (ca. 2000-1600 BC) period of China. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ(13) C), nitrogen (δ(15) N), and sulfur (δ(34) S) were analyzed from human (n = 83) and Animal (n = 36) bone collagen at the site of Nancheng in Hebei Province, China. RESULTS The Proto-Shang population consumed a predominately C4 diet (δ(13) C = -6.8 ± 0.4‰; δ(15) N = 9.4 ± 0.6‰), but a single individual (M70) had a mixed C3 /C4 diet (δ(13) C = -14.9‰; δ(15) N = 10.1‰). The δ(34) S measurement of M70 (8.8‰) is similar to the local Animals (8.2 ± 2.6‰) and the other members of the population (7.0 ± 0.8‰) suggesting this individual may not have been a migrant even though the burial direction (north-south) and position (flexed) was different than the majority of the graves in the cemetery. DISCUSSION From comparison with the faunal bone collagen stable isotope results, the Nancheng population ate millets with varying levels of Animal protein consumption focused primarily on pigs and possibly cattle and dogs, but sheep/goats, and deer were not eaten in significant amounts. Analysis of the isotopic results in relation to other contemporary sites such as Liuzhuang and Xinzhai show strikingly similar patterns, suggesting that the sheep/goats were likely raised mainly for their secondary products (e.g., wool). No link between diet and sex was found at the population level, but when the data were sorted by age and sex, the older males (>40 years old) were found to have significantly lower δ(13) C values (-6.6 ± 0.3‰; n = 18) compared to the younger males (<40 years old) (-7.3 ± 0.5‰; n = 8). Further, no significant correlations between diet and burial direction/position or social status (based on the type of grave goods) were found at Nancheng, possibly indicating that the dietary social stratification of the later Shang and Zhou Dynasties had yet to be established in Chinese society at this time. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:433-445, 2016.. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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tracing historical Animal Husbandry meat trade and food provisioning a multi isotopic approach to the analysis of shipwreck faunal remains from the william salthouse port phillip australia
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2015Co-Authors: Eric J Guiry, Mark Staniforth, Olaf Nehlich, Vaughan Grimes, Colin Smith, Bernice Harpley, Stephane Noel, Michael P RichardsAbstract:Abstract Salted meats were an important foodstuff throughout recent centuries, not only as a protein source during long distance voyages but also in New World colonies. They were often used in conjunction with locally husbanded Animals in areas where it was possible to raise European livestock. Isotope analysis can potentially be used to determine the sources and relative contributions of imported vs. local meats. This paper explores the stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope values of bone collagen from barreled salt pork and beef products (n = 18) recovered from the wrecksite of the William Salthouse , a British ship that sank in 1841 while undertaking the first ever attempt at trade between Canada and Australia. Results show a pronounced heterogeneity in Animal life histories and highlight a need for a better understanding of variation in Animal Husbandry practices in major livestock production centers during the historical period.
Gary L Darmstadt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Household Animal and Human Medicine Use and Animal Husbandry Practices in Rural Bangladesh: Risk Factors for Emerging Zoonotic Disease and Antibiotic Resistance
Zoonoses and Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: Amira A Roess, Nabeel A Ali, Afsana Akhter, Dilara Afroz, H. R. Seraji, Nasim A Begum, Shams El Arifeen, R. Shah, Peter John Winch, Gary L DarmstadtAbstract:Animal antimicrobial use and Husbandry practices increase risk of emerging zoonotic disease and antibiotic resistance. We surveyed 700 households to elicit information on human and Animal medicine use and Husbandry practices. Households that owned livestock (n = 265/459, 57.7%) reported using Animal treatments 630 times during the previous 6 months; 57.6% obtained medicines, including antibiotics, from drug sellers. Government Animal healthcare providers were rarely visited (9.7%), and respondents more often sought Animal health care from pharmacies and village doctors (70.6% and 11.9%, respectively), citing the latter two as less costly and more successful based on past performance. Animal Husbandry practices that could promote the transmission of microbes from Animals to humans included the following: the proximity of chickens to humans (50.1% of households reported that the chickens slept in the bedroom); the shared use of natural bodies of water for human and Animal bathing (78.3%); the use of livestock waste as fertilizer (60.9%); and gender roles that dictate that females are the primary caretakers of poultry and children (62.8%). In the absence of an effective Animal healthcare system, villagers must depend on informal healthcare providers for treatment of their Animals. Suboptimal use of antimicrobials coupled with unhygienic Animal Husbandry practices is an important risk factor for emerging zoonotic disease and resistant pathogens.
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Animal Husbandry practices in rural Bangladesh: potential risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance and emerging diseases.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2013Co-Authors: Amira A Roess, Nabeel A Ali, Afsana Akhter, Dilara Afroz, Shams El Arifeen, Gary L Darmstadt, Peter John Winch, Abdullah H BaquiAbstract:Antimicrobial drug administration to household livestock may put humans and Animals at risk for acquisition of antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogens. To describe Animal Husbandry practices, including Animal healthcare-seeking and antimicrobial drug use in rural Bangladesh, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants, including female household members (n = 79), village doctors (n = 10), and pharmaceutical representatives, veterinarians, and government officials (n = 27), and performed observations at Animal health clinics (n = 3). Prevalent Animal Husbandry practices that may put persons at risk for acquisition of pathogens included shared housing and water for Animals and humans, antimicrobial drug use for humans and Animals, and crowding. Household members reported seeking human and Animal healthcare from unlicensed village doctors rather than formal-sector healthcare providers and cited cost and convenience as reasons. Five times more per household was spent on Animal than on human healthcare. Strengthening Animal and human disease surveillance systems should be continued. Interventions are recommended to provide vulnerable populations with a means of protecting their livelihood and health.