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Thomas J Sims - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phosphorus leaching in soils amended with Animal Manures generated from modified diets
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2016Co-Authors: Gurpal S Toor, Thomas J SimsAbstract:: New dietary modifications for dairy (reducing P content in feed) and poultry (addition of feed additives such as phytase) aim to reduce P excretion in Manures. Our objective was to investigate if dietary changes were effective at reducing P leaching loss on land application of Manures. We used 54 undisturbed lysimeters (30 cm diameter, 50 cm deep) collected from three typical mid-Atlantic soils. Lysimeters received 85 kg total P ha from fertilizer (superphosphate), dairy Manures generated from low- or high-P diets, or broiler litters generated from normal diet or reduced P- and phytase-amended diets. Lysimeters were irrigated with 50 mm of water each week for 9 wk. The major forms of P in the leachate were dissolved (dissolved unreactive > dissolved reactive P [DRP]) rather than particulate (total particulate P). The higher P solubility (100%) in superphosphate resulted in greater leaching of DRP, whereas the lower P solubility (<30%) in dairy Manures or broiler litters resulted in lower DRP leaching from soils. Preferential flow in two soils caused greater DRP leaching; this effect was more pronounced in the superphosphate-amended than in the manure/litter-amended lysimeters. The dairy and poultry dietary modification was effective at reducing the amount of P in Manures and litters. However, the application of treatments at similar P rate (85 kg ha) resulted in the addition of a higher amount of manure (54-66%) in lysimeters that received low-P dairy manure-amended and phytase-amended broiler litter, which then controlled P leaching from soils.
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comparison of phosphorus forms in wet and dried Animal Manures by solution phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and enzymatic hydrolysis
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007Co-Authors: Zhongqi He, Wayne C Honeycutt, Barbara J Cademenun, Gurpal S Toor, Annmarie Fortuna, Thomas J SimsAbstract:Both enzymatic hydrolysis and solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize P compounds in Animal Manures. In this study, we comparatively investigated P forms in 0.25 M NaOH/0.05 M EDTA extracts of dairy and poultry Manures by the two methods. For the dairy manure, enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the majority of extracted P was inorganic P (56%), with 10% phytate-like P, 9% simple monoester P, 6% polynucleotidelike P, and 18% non-hydrolyzable P. Similar results were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, which showed that inorganic P was the major P fraction (64–73%), followed by 6% phytic acid, 14 to 22% other monoesters, and 7% phosphodiesters. In the poultry manure, enzymatic hydrolysis showed that inorganic P was the largest fraction (71%), followed by 15% phytate-like P and 1% other monoesters, and 3% polynucleotide-like P. NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate was 51 to 63% of extracted P, phytic acid 24 to 33%, other phosphomonoesters 6 to 12%, and phospholipids and DNA 2% each. Drying process increased orthophosphate (8.4% of total P) in dairy manure, but decreased orthophosphate (13.3% of total P) in poultry manure, suggesting that drying treatment caused the hydrolysis of some organic P to orthophosphate in dairy manure, but less recovery of orthophosphate in poultry manure. Comparison of these data indicates that the distribution patterns of major P forms in Animal manure determined by the two methods were similar. Researchers can utilize the method that best fits their specific research goals or use both methods to obtain a full spectrum of manure P characterization.
Benjamin L Turner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phosphorus compounds in sequential extracts of Animal Manures chemical speciation and a novel fractionation procedure
Environmental Science & Technology, 2004Co-Authors: Benjamin L Turner, April B LeytemAbstract:Pollution of water bodies by phosphorus in runoff from soil amended with Animal Manures is one of the greatest threats to water quality in developed countries. The environmental fate of manure phosphorus is determined in part by its chemical composition, yet extraction procedures to assess this are poorly developed and provide no structural information. We used solution 31 P NMR spectroscopy to quantify phosphorus compounds in sequential extracts of three contrasting Manures (broiler litter, beef-cattle manure, swine manure ► . Using a procedure originally developed for soils, but commonly applied to Manures, phosphorus was extracted sequentially with deionized water, 0.5 M NaHCO 3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 0.5 M HCI. Water and NaHCO 3 extracted readilysoluble compounds, including phosphate, phospholipids, DNA, and simple phosphate monoesters, which are mobile in soil and biologically available. In contrast, NaOH and HCI extracted poorly soluble compounds, including phytic acid (myoinositol hexakisphosphate ► . The latter is immobile in soil and of limited biological availability. Based on these results, we developed a simplified two-step fractionation procedure involving extraction of readily soluble phosphorus in 0.5 M NaHCO 3 followed by extraction of stable phosphorus in a solution containing 0.5 M NaOH and 50 mM EDTA. This revised procedure separates manure phosphorus into structurally defined fractions with environmental relevance and will facilitate research on this important aspect of environmental science.
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optimizing phosphorus characterization in Animal Manures by solution phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004Co-Authors: Benjamin L TurnerAbstract:A procedure involving alkaline extraction and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was developed and optimized for the characterization of P in Animal Manures (broiler, swine, beef cattle). Inclusion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the alkaline extraction solution recovered between 82 and 97% of the total P from the three Manures, which represented a significant improvement on recovery in NaOH alone. Low concentrations of paramagnetic ions in all manure extracts meant that relatively long delay times (>5 s) were required for quantitative analysis by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. The Manures contained inorganic orthophosphate, orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters, and inorganic polyphosphates, but results were markedly influenced by the concentration of NaOH in the extractant, which affected both spectral resolution and the apparent P composition of the extracts. For example, extraction of swine manure and broiler litter with 0.5 M NaOH + 50 mM EDTA produced remarkable spectral resolution that allowed accurate quantification of the four signals from phytic acid, the major organic P compound in these Manures. In contrast, more dilute NaOH concentrations produced considerable line broadening that obscured individual signals in the orthophosphate monoester region of the spectra. Spectral resolution of cattle manure extracts was relatively unaffected by NaOH concentration. Improvements in spectral resolution of more concentrated NaOH extracts were, however, compromised by the disappearance of phospholipids and inorganic polyphosphates, notably in swine and cattle manure extracts, which indicated either degradation or a change in solubility. The optimum extraction conditions will therefore vary depending on the manure type and the objectives of the study. Phytic acid can be accurately quantified in swine manure and broiler litter by extraction with 0.5 M NaOH + 50 mM EDTA, while a more dilute NaOH concentration should be used for complete P characterization or comparison among different manure types.
Gurpal S Toor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phosphorus leaching in soils amended with Animal Manures generated from modified diets
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2016Co-Authors: Gurpal S Toor, Thomas J SimsAbstract:: New dietary modifications for dairy (reducing P content in feed) and poultry (addition of feed additives such as phytase) aim to reduce P excretion in Manures. Our objective was to investigate if dietary changes were effective at reducing P leaching loss on land application of Manures. We used 54 undisturbed lysimeters (30 cm diameter, 50 cm deep) collected from three typical mid-Atlantic soils. Lysimeters received 85 kg total P ha from fertilizer (superphosphate), dairy Manures generated from low- or high-P diets, or broiler litters generated from normal diet or reduced P- and phytase-amended diets. Lysimeters were irrigated with 50 mm of water each week for 9 wk. The major forms of P in the leachate were dissolved (dissolved unreactive > dissolved reactive P [DRP]) rather than particulate (total particulate P). The higher P solubility (100%) in superphosphate resulted in greater leaching of DRP, whereas the lower P solubility (<30%) in dairy Manures or broiler litters resulted in lower DRP leaching from soils. Preferential flow in two soils caused greater DRP leaching; this effect was more pronounced in the superphosphate-amended than in the manure/litter-amended lysimeters. The dairy and poultry dietary modification was effective at reducing the amount of P in Manures and litters. However, the application of treatments at similar P rate (85 kg ha) resulted in the addition of a higher amount of manure (54-66%) in lysimeters that received low-P dairy manure-amended and phytase-amended broiler litter, which then controlled P leaching from soils.
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changes in heavy metal contents in Animal feeds and Manures in an intensive Animal production region of china
Journal of Environmental Sciences-china, 2013Co-Authors: Hui Wang, Yuanhua Dong, Gurpal S Toor, Yunya Yang, Xumei ZhangAbstract:Abstract The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 Animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in Animal feeds were 15.9–2041.8 and undetected–392.1 mg/kg respectively, while Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in all feeds were below 10 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cr in Animal Manures were 8.4–1726, 39.5–11379, and 1.0–1602 mg/kg respectively, while As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were
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comparison of phosphorus forms in wet and dried Animal Manures by solution phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and enzymatic hydrolysis
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007Co-Authors: Zhongqi He, Wayne C Honeycutt, Barbara J Cademenun, Gurpal S Toor, Annmarie Fortuna, Thomas J SimsAbstract:Both enzymatic hydrolysis and solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize P compounds in Animal Manures. In this study, we comparatively investigated P forms in 0.25 M NaOH/0.05 M EDTA extracts of dairy and poultry Manures by the two methods. For the dairy manure, enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the majority of extracted P was inorganic P (56%), with 10% phytate-like P, 9% simple monoester P, 6% polynucleotidelike P, and 18% non-hydrolyzable P. Similar results were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, which showed that inorganic P was the major P fraction (64–73%), followed by 6% phytic acid, 14 to 22% other monoesters, and 7% phosphodiesters. In the poultry manure, enzymatic hydrolysis showed that inorganic P was the largest fraction (71%), followed by 15% phytate-like P and 1% other monoesters, and 3% polynucleotide-like P. NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate was 51 to 63% of extracted P, phytic acid 24 to 33%, other phosphomonoesters 6 to 12%, and phospholipids and DNA 2% each. Drying process increased orthophosphate (8.4% of total P) in dairy manure, but decreased orthophosphate (13.3% of total P) in poultry manure, suggesting that drying treatment caused the hydrolysis of some organic P to orthophosphate in dairy manure, but less recovery of orthophosphate in poultry manure. Comparison of these data indicates that the distribution patterns of major P forms in Animal manure determined by the two methods were similar. Researchers can utilize the method that best fits their specific research goals or use both methods to obtain a full spectrum of manure P characterization.
Bao Mei Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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arsenic uptake by two vegetables grown in two soils amended with as bearing Animal Manures
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009Co-Authors: Guo-liang Li, Zhao Huan He, Chang Min Zhou, Zhi Dang, Bao Mei YangAbstract:Organoarsenicals are widely used as growth promoters in Animal feed, resulting in unabsorbed arsenic (As) left in Animal Manures. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and As uptake of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor Linn, a crop with an axial root system) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, a crop with a fibrous root system) grown in a paddy soil (PS) and a lateritic red soil (LRS) amended with 2% and 4% (w/w) As-bearing chicken manure and pig manure, respectively. Soils without any fertilizers were the controls. The biomass, As contents and total As uptake of the shoots, As transfer factors (TFs) from roots to shoots and the root/shoot (R/S) ratios of water spinach were significantly higher than those of amaranth (p < 0.0015). The biomass, total As uptake and R/S ratios showed significant difference for soil types (p < 0.0031). Manure amendments increased the biomass of both vegetables, reduced the As contents in amaranth but increased those in water spinach. The As contents were negatively correlated with the biomass in amaranth, but positive correlation was observed for water spinach. The total As uptake by amaranth was decreased in PS and insignificantly affected in LRS by manure application, but that by water spinach was significantly increased in both soils. We suggest that the higher As uptake by water spinach might be related to its root structure and R/S ratio. Heavy application of As-bearing Animal Manures should be avoided in water spinach.
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Arsenic uptake by two vegetables grown in two soils amended with As-bearing Animal Manures
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009Co-Authors: Li Xian Yao, Zhao Huan He, Chang Min Zhou, Guo-liang Li, Zhi Dang, Bao Mei YangAbstract:Organoarsenicals are widely used as growth promoters in Animal feed, resulting in unabsorbed arsenic (As) left in Animal Manures. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and As uptake of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor Linn, a crop with an axial root system) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, a crop with a fibrous root system) grown in a paddy soil (PS) and a lateritic red soil (LRS) amended with 2% and 4% (w/w) As-bearing chicken manure and pig manure, respectively. Soils without any fertilizers were the controls. The biomass, As contents and total As uptake of the shoots, As transfer factors (TFs) from roots to shoots and the root/shoot (R/S) ratios of water spinach were significantly higher than those of amaranth (p < 0.0015). The biomass, total As uptake and R/S ratios showed significant difference for soil types (p < 0.0031). Manure amendments increased the biomass of both vegetables, reduced the As contents in amaranth but increased those in water spinach. The As contents were negatively correlated with the biomass in amaranth, but positive correlation was observed for water spinach. The total As uptake by amaranth was decreased in PS and insignificantly affected in LRS by manure application, but that by water spinach was significantly increased in both soils. We suggest that the higher As uptake by water spinach might be related to its root structure and R/S ratio. Heavy application of As-bearing Animal Manures should be avoided in water spinach. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Arsenic uptake by two vegetables grown in two soils amended with As-bearing Animal Manures.
Journal of hazardous materials, 2008Co-Authors: Guo-liang Li, Zhao Huan He, Chang Min Zhou, Zhi Dang, Bao Mei YangAbstract:Organoarsenicals are widely used as growth promoters in Animal feed, resulting in unabsorbed arsenic (As) left in Animal Manures. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and As uptake of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor Linn, a crop with an axial root system) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, a crop with a fibrous root system) grown in a paddy soil (PS) and a lateritic red soil (LRS) amended with 2% and 4% (w/w) As-bearing chicken manure and pig manure, respectively. Soils without any fertilizers were the controls. The biomass, As contents and total As uptake of the shoots, As transfer factors (TFs) from roots to shoots and the root/shoot (R/S) ratios of water spinach were significantly higher than those of amaranth (p
Zhongqi He - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of phosphorus forms in wet and dried Animal Manures by solution phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and enzymatic hydrolysis
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007Co-Authors: Zhongqi He, Wayne C Honeycutt, Barbara J Cademenun, Gurpal S Toor, Annmarie Fortuna, Thomas J SimsAbstract:Both enzymatic hydrolysis and solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize P compounds in Animal Manures. In this study, we comparatively investigated P forms in 0.25 M NaOH/0.05 M EDTA extracts of dairy and poultry Manures by the two methods. For the dairy manure, enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the majority of extracted P was inorganic P (56%), with 10% phytate-like P, 9% simple monoester P, 6% polynucleotidelike P, and 18% non-hydrolyzable P. Similar results were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, which showed that inorganic P was the major P fraction (64–73%), followed by 6% phytic acid, 14 to 22% other monoesters, and 7% phosphodiesters. In the poultry manure, enzymatic hydrolysis showed that inorganic P was the largest fraction (71%), followed by 15% phytate-like P and 1% other monoesters, and 3% polynucleotide-like P. NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate was 51 to 63% of extracted P, phytic acid 24 to 33%, other phosphomonoesters 6 to 12%, and phospholipids and DNA 2% each. Drying process increased orthophosphate (8.4% of total P) in dairy manure, but decreased orthophosphate (13.3% of total P) in poultry manure, suggesting that drying treatment caused the hydrolysis of some organic P to orthophosphate in dairy manure, but less recovery of orthophosphate in poultry manure. Comparison of these data indicates that the distribution patterns of major P forms in Animal manure determined by the two methods were similar. Researchers can utilize the method that best fits their specific research goals or use both methods to obtain a full spectrum of manure P characterization.
