Animal Wastes

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Chad T. Jafvert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Hormone loads exported by a tile-drained agroecosystem receiving Animal Wastes
    Hydrological Processes, 2013
    Co-Authors: Heather E. Gall, Stephen A. Sassman, Byron Jenkinson, Chad T. Jafvert
    Abstract:

    Little is known regarding hormone export from tile-drained agricultural fields despite the widespread presence of tile drains in the Midwestern United States. By intensively measuring water flow rates and hormone concentrations in four subsurface tile drains and three receiving ditches at a working Midwest farm, hormone fluxes and loads from the tile-drained fields were quantified. Before and during the 17-month study period (January 2009 – May 2010), the associated farm fields received various Animal waste applications (beef, dairy, poultry, sheep, and swine). Hormones monitored included the estrogens17β- and 17α-estradiol, estrone, and estriol; the natural androgens testosterone, and androstenedione; and the synthetic androgens 17β- and 17α-trenbolone, and trendione. Hormone loads measured in the ditches for three drainage areas during the entire 17-month study period were in ranges of 16–58 mg/ha for total estrogens, 6.8–19 mg/ha for natural androgens, and 4.2–44 mg/ha for synthetic androgens. Because higher hormone concentrations generally occurred during discrete periods of increased flow, high flow rates often were associated with a disproportionately high hormone flux. For example, 80% of total estrogens and natural androgens exported into the ditches occurred during only 9–26% of the study period, coinciding with the most significant storm events. In addition, hormone fluxes were highest during storm events that occurred shortly after Animal waste applications. Therefore, to effectively reduce hormone loads exported to downstream aquatic ecosystems in the absence of any application reduction, the short periods during which high-flow events occur must be targeted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • Hormone Discharges from a Midwest Tile-Drained Agroecosystem Receiving Animal Wastes
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Heather E. Gall, Stephen A. Sassman, Chad T. Jafvert
    Abstract:

    Manure is increasingly being viewed as a threat to aquatic ecosystems due to the introduction of natural and synthetic hormones from land application to agricultural fields. In the Midwestern United States, where most agricultural fields are tile-drained, there is little known about hormone release from fields receiving Animal Wastes. To this end, seven sampling stations (four in subsurface tile drains and three in the receiving ditch network) were installed at a Midwest farm where various types of Animal Wastes (beef, dairy, and poultry lagoon effluent, dairy solids, and subsurface injection of swine manure) are applied to agricultural fields. Water flow was continuously monitored and samples were collected for hormone analysis during storm events and baseline flow for a 15 month study period. The compounds analyzed included the natural hormones 17α- and 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, and androstenedione and the synthetic androgens 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione. Hormones were dete...

  • hormone discharges from a midwest tile drained agroecosystem receiving Animal Wastes
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Heather E. Gall, Stephen A. Sassman, Linda S Lee, Chad T. Jafvert
    Abstract:

    Manure is increasingly being viewed as a threat to aquatic ecosystems due to the introduction of natural and synthetic hormones from land application to agricultural fields. In the Midwestern United States, where most agricultural fields are tile-drained, there is little known about hormone release from fields receiving Animal Wastes. To this end, seven sampling stations (four in subsurface tile drains and three in the receiving ditch network) were installed at a Midwest farm where various types of Animal Wastes (beef, dairy, and poultry lagoon effluent, dairy solids, and subsurface injection of swine manure) are applied to agricultural fields. Water flow was continuously monitored and samples were collected for hormone analysis during storm events and baseline flow for a 15 month study period. The compounds analyzed included the natural hormones 17α- and 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, and androstenedione and the synthetic androgens 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione. Hormones were detected in at least 64% of the samples collected at each station, with estrone being detected the most frequently and estriol the least. Testosterone and androstendione were detected more frequently than synthetic androgens, which were detected in fewer than 15% of samples. Hormone concentrations in subsurface tile drains increased during effluent irrigation and storm events. Hormones also appeared to persist over the winter, with increased concentrations coinciding with early thaws and snowmelt from fields amended with manure solids. The highest concentration of synthetic androgens (168 ng/L) observed coincided with a snowmelt. The highest concentrations of hormones in the ditch waters (87 ng/L for total estrogens and 52 ng/L for natural androgens) were observed in June, which coincides with the early life stage development period of many aquatic species in the Midwest.

Heather E. Gall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Hormone loads exported by a tile-drained agroecosystem receiving Animal Wastes
    Hydrological Processes, 2013
    Co-Authors: Heather E. Gall, Stephen A. Sassman, Byron Jenkinson, Chad T. Jafvert
    Abstract:

    Little is known regarding hormone export from tile-drained agricultural fields despite the widespread presence of tile drains in the Midwestern United States. By intensively measuring water flow rates and hormone concentrations in four subsurface tile drains and three receiving ditches at a working Midwest farm, hormone fluxes and loads from the tile-drained fields were quantified. Before and during the 17-month study period (January 2009 – May 2010), the associated farm fields received various Animal waste applications (beef, dairy, poultry, sheep, and swine). Hormones monitored included the estrogens17β- and 17α-estradiol, estrone, and estriol; the natural androgens testosterone, and androstenedione; and the synthetic androgens 17β- and 17α-trenbolone, and trendione. Hormone loads measured in the ditches for three drainage areas during the entire 17-month study period were in ranges of 16–58 mg/ha for total estrogens, 6.8–19 mg/ha for natural androgens, and 4.2–44 mg/ha for synthetic androgens. Because higher hormone concentrations generally occurred during discrete periods of increased flow, high flow rates often were associated with a disproportionately high hormone flux. For example, 80% of total estrogens and natural androgens exported into the ditches occurred during only 9–26% of the study period, coinciding with the most significant storm events. In addition, hormone fluxes were highest during storm events that occurred shortly after Animal waste applications. Therefore, to effectively reduce hormone loads exported to downstream aquatic ecosystems in the absence of any application reduction, the short periods during which high-flow events occur must be targeted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • Hormone Discharges from a Midwest Tile-Drained Agroecosystem Receiving Animal Wastes
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Heather E. Gall, Stephen A. Sassman, Chad T. Jafvert
    Abstract:

    Manure is increasingly being viewed as a threat to aquatic ecosystems due to the introduction of natural and synthetic hormones from land application to agricultural fields. In the Midwestern United States, where most agricultural fields are tile-drained, there is little known about hormone release from fields receiving Animal Wastes. To this end, seven sampling stations (four in subsurface tile drains and three in the receiving ditch network) were installed at a Midwest farm where various types of Animal Wastes (beef, dairy, and poultry lagoon effluent, dairy solids, and subsurface injection of swine manure) are applied to agricultural fields. Water flow was continuously monitored and samples were collected for hormone analysis during storm events and baseline flow for a 15 month study period. The compounds analyzed included the natural hormones 17α- and 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, and androstenedione and the synthetic androgens 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione. Hormones were dete...

  • hormone discharges from a midwest tile drained agroecosystem receiving Animal Wastes
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Heather E. Gall, Stephen A. Sassman, Linda S Lee, Chad T. Jafvert
    Abstract:

    Manure is increasingly being viewed as a threat to aquatic ecosystems due to the introduction of natural and synthetic hormones from land application to agricultural fields. In the Midwestern United States, where most agricultural fields are tile-drained, there is little known about hormone release from fields receiving Animal Wastes. To this end, seven sampling stations (four in subsurface tile drains and three in the receiving ditch network) were installed at a Midwest farm where various types of Animal Wastes (beef, dairy, and poultry lagoon effluent, dairy solids, and subsurface injection of swine manure) are applied to agricultural fields. Water flow was continuously monitored and samples were collected for hormone analysis during storm events and baseline flow for a 15 month study period. The compounds analyzed included the natural hormones 17α- and 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, and androstenedione and the synthetic androgens 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione. Hormones were detected in at least 64% of the samples collected at each station, with estrone being detected the most frequently and estriol the least. Testosterone and androstendione were detected more frequently than synthetic androgens, which were detected in fewer than 15% of samples. Hormone concentrations in subsurface tile drains increased during effluent irrigation and storm events. Hormones also appeared to persist over the winter, with increased concentrations coinciding with early thaws and snowmelt from fields amended with manure solids. The highest concentration of synthetic androgens (168 ng/L) observed coincided with a snowmelt. The highest concentrations of hormones in the ditch waters (87 ng/L for total estrogens and 52 ng/L for natural androgens) were observed in June, which coincides with the early life stage development period of many aquatic species in the Midwest.

Gabriel Negreanu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Solutions for energy recovery of Animal waste from leather industry
    Energy Conversion and Management, 2017
    Co-Authors: Gheorghe Lazaroiu, Lucian Mihaescu, Raluca Mocanu, Alexandru Cernat, Constantin Pana, Niculae Negurescu, Gabriel Negreanu
    Abstract:

    Secondary products from food and leather industries are regarded as Animal Wastes. Conversion of these Animal Wastes into fuels represents an energy recovery solution not only because of their good combustion properties, but also from the viewpoint of supply stability. A tannery factory usually processes 60–70 t/month of crude leathers, resulting in 12–15 t/month of waste. Fats, which can be used as the input fuel for diesel engines (in crude state or as biodiesel), represent 10% of this Animal waste, while the rest are proteins that can be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. Herein, we analyse two approaches to the use of Animal waste from tanneries: as fuel for diesel engines and for biogas generation for heat production. Diesel fuelling and fuelling by Animal Wastes are compared in terms of the engine performance and pollutant emissions. The effects of Animal waste usage on the pollutant emissions level, exhaust gas temperature, indicated mean effective pressure, maximum pressure, and engine efficiency are analysed. The energy recovery technologies for Animal waste, which are analysed in this work, can be easily implemented and can simultaneously solve the problem posed by Animal Wastes by using them as an alternative to fossil fuels. Animal fats can be considered an excellent alternative fuel for diesel engines without major constructive modifications.

U Turker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • status and potential of biogas energy from Animal Wastes in turkey
    Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012
    Co-Authors: Onurbas A Avcioglu, U Turker
    Abstract:

    Biogas is a potentially important energy source that can be used for the production of heat, electricity and fuel. It can be produced at wastewater treatment plants, landfills, food and other industrial operations throughout the world. There is largely untapped potential in agricultural operations where Animal waste is often land applied or otherwise disposal of without conversion to energy. According to the last agricultural census (2009) in Turkey; there are a total of 3,076,650 agricultural enterprises and approximately 70% of these enterprises are running livestock farming. 10,811,165 of total Animal is cattle, 26,877,793 of total Animal is small ruminant and 234,082,206 is poultry. The amount of wet waste of these Animals is about 120,887,280t. These Wastes could be a major problem for enterprises and cannot be utilized properly. The best way to utilize waste is to produce biogas. In this study, biogas amount which will be obtained from Animal waste was calculated for all provinces by using the number of livestock Animals and also considering various criteria such as the rate of dry matter and availability. Animal origin waste map of Turkey was also produced with these calculated values. The biogas energy potential of Turkey was found to be 2,177,553,000m3 (2.18Gm3) by using the Animal numbers in the last agricultural census (2009). The total biogas potential is originated from 68% cattle, 5% small ruminant and 27% poultry. Biogas energy equivalence of Turkey is approximately 49PJ (1170.4ktoe). When the prepared waste map is examined; provinces that have more than 1GJ of biogas energy potential are found to be; Bolu, Balikesir, Izmir, Sakarya, Konya, Manisa, Erzurum, Afyon, Kars and Ankara respectively.

Jean-marie Paillat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a multi modelling approach to help agricultural stakeholders design Animal Wastes management strategies in the reunion island
    Complexity and integrated resources management. Transactions of the 2nd Biennial Meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Soc, 2005
    Co-Authors: Jean-michel Medoc, Rémy Courdier, Francois Guerrin, Jean-marie Paillat
    Abstract:

    Recent concentration of indoor livestock farming in the Highlands of the Reunion Island generates environmental risks. Livestock effluent management is often difficult due to the lack of suitable spreading areas close to the farms. However, crop farms in the Lowlands are demanding organic matter to maintain soil fertility. This is the case of the locality of Grand-Het where pig and poultry effluents are intensively produced that should be exported towards the coastal zone where large areas of sugar-cane are available. This paper presents how we are supporting Grand-Ilet stakeholders to devise territorial management strategies of their Wastes. To this end, a stepwise approach is being tested. First, the supply of Animal Wastes and the manage ment by farmers are characterized through farm surveys and agronomic expertise. Then, the crop demand is determined by using a GIS considering a large zone surrounding Grand-Ilet onto which several constraints are applied to eliminate unsuitable spreading areas. Comparing supply and demand enables one to draw gen-eral conclusions about the strategic choices to be considered. In the case of Grand-Ilet, distances between livestock farms and crop locations, and amounts of liquid manure to be processed, led one to consider implementing a treatment plant collectively managed by farmers. To devise sustainable management strategies for such a trade-off, we are developing a participatory approach based on several simulation models (spread-sheet, hybrid dynamical system, agent-based). These models, developed in our team, aim at tackling several decision-making issues: (i) Which treatment process should be chosen? (ii) How to supply it with raw Wastes? (iii) How to best organise organic material fluxes amongst farms at the district level? Together with the description of those tools, each step of the approach is exemplified and the way of integrating the use of simulation models within the stakeholders' decision process is outlined. (Resume d'auteur)

  • A multi-modelling approach to help agricultural stakeholders design Animal Wastes management strategies in the Reunion Island
    2004
    Co-Authors: Jean-michel Medoc, Rémy Courdier, Francois Guerrin, Jean-marie Paillat
    Abstract:

    Recent concentration of indoor livestock farming in the Highlands of the Reunion Island generates environmental risks. Livestock effluent management is often difficult due to the lack of suitable spreading areas close to the farms. However, crop farms in the Lowlands are demanding organic matter to maintain soil fertility. This is the case of the locality of Grand-Het where pig and poultry effluents are intensively produced that should be exported towards the coastal zone where large areas of sugar-cane are available. This paper presents how we are supporting Grand-Ilet stakeholders to devise territorial management strategies of their Wastes. To this end, a stepwise approach is being tested. First, the supply of Animal Wastes and the manage ment by farmers are characterized through farm surveys and agronomic expertise. Then, the crop demand is determined by using a GIS considering a large zone surrounding Grand-Ilet onto which several constraints are applied to eliminate unsuitable spreading areas. Comparing supply and demand enables one to draw gen-eral conclusions about the strategic choices to be considered. In the case of Grand-Ilet, distances between livestock farms and crop locations, and amounts of liquid manure to be processed, led one to consider implementing a treatment plant collectively managed by farmers. To devise sustainable management strategies for such a trade-off, we are developing a participatory approach based on several simulation models (spread-sheet, hybrid dynamical system, agent-based). These models, developed in our team, aim at tackling several decision-making issues: (i) Which treatment process should be chosen? (ii) How to supply it with raw Wastes? (iii) How to best organise organic material fluxes amongst farms at the district level? Together with the description of those tools, each step of the approach is exemplified and the way of integrating the use of simulation models within the stakeholders' decision process is outlined.

  • modelling biomass fluxes and fertility transfers Animal Wastes management in reunion island
    Congress on Modelling and Simulation, 2003
    Co-Authors: Francois Guerrin, Jean-marie Paillat
    Abstract:

    The development of agriculture in Reunion Island encounters two problems related to the management of organic material. These are the risk of pollution generated by livestock farming (principally located in the highlands) and the loss of soil fertility (mainly in the lowlands, where sugar cane and vegetable crops are grown). A solution being considered is better organisation of the transfer of organic material from livestock units to crops, either for the individual farm or at the district level. To this end, we first study farmers' practices and then devise and test new management strategies. An interdisciplinary research program enabled us to build models to simulate these strategies with the aim of analysing current practices and aiding decision-making by agricultural stakeholders. Here we describe the problem and summarise our results. These are: (i) farm survey data generalised as conceptual models in the form of a farm classification and sets of management rules; (ii) several simulation models based on various modelling approaches (hybrid dynamical systems, agent-based simulation models); (iii) experimental data on some critical biophysical processes (mineralisation, ammonia volatilisation) in order to assess the environmental impact of waste management strategies. Using these models, either coupled together or in isolation, allows one to address a great diversity of management situations concerning: the operation of liquid or solid manure transfers at the farm level and risk assessment in terms of nitrogen released into the environment; the assessment of mass balance, technical parameters, investment/operating costs and supply policies of pig slurry treatment units using various processes; the transfers of organic material surpluses from livestock farms to recipient crop farms in rural areas; the assessment of environmental measures taking into account the economic behaviour of the farmers. The article ends with a critical discussion and an outline of future research plans.

  • Agent-based simulation of complex systems: application to collective management of Animal Wastes
    Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 2002
    Co-Authors: Rémy Courdier, Francois Guerrin, Fenintsoa Hary Andriamasinoro, Jean-marie Paillat
    Abstract:

    This paper presents the utilization of the multi-agent platform Geamas through the Biomas application for the collective management of Animal Wastes. The complexity of the scenarios under study gives rise to many unpredictable behavioral schemas whose analyses necessitate a simulation approach. In the present article we describe the whole set of concepts in use in multi-agent systems modeling and we demonstrate how these concepts are implemented in the Biomas application. We put the emphasis on the representation of agents, roles and on their operational environment. Simulation outputs of a realistic scenario of negotiation between agents are discussed and we demonstrate the importance of a well-adapted user interface.