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Yvonne Bombard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the responsibility to recontact research participants after reinterpretation of genetic and genomic research results
American Journal of Human Genetics, 2019Co-Authors: Yvonne Bombard, Nanibaa A Garrison, Sara Fitzgeraldbutt, Leila JamalAbstract:The evidence base supporting genetic and genomic sequence-variant interpretations is continuously evolving. An inherent consequence is that a variant’s clinical significance might be reinterpreted over time as new evidence emerges regarding its pathogenicity or lack thereof. This raises ethical, legal, and financial issues as to whether there is a responsibility to recontact research participants to provide updates on reinterpretations of variants after the initial analysis. There has been discussion concerning the extent of this obligation in the context of both research and clinical care. Although clinical recommendations have begun to emerge, guidance is lacking on the responsibilities of researchers to inform participants of reinterpreted results. To respond, an American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) workgroup developed this position statement, which was approved by the ASHG Board in November 2018. The workgroup included representatives from the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the Canadian College of Medical Genetics, and the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors. The final statement includes twelve position statements that were endorsed or supported by the following organizations: Genetic Alliance, European Society of Human Genetics, Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors, American Association of Anthropological Genetics, Executive Committee of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Canadian College of Medical Genetics, Human Genetics Society of Australasia, and National Society of Genetic Counselors.
Leila Jamal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the responsibility to recontact research participants after reinterpretation of genetic and genomic research results
American Journal of Human Genetics, 2019Co-Authors: Yvonne Bombard, Nanibaa A Garrison, Sara Fitzgeraldbutt, Leila JamalAbstract:The evidence base supporting genetic and genomic sequence-variant interpretations is continuously evolving. An inherent consequence is that a variant’s clinical significance might be reinterpreted over time as new evidence emerges regarding its pathogenicity or lack thereof. This raises ethical, legal, and financial issues as to whether there is a responsibility to recontact research participants to provide updates on reinterpretations of variants after the initial analysis. There has been discussion concerning the extent of this obligation in the context of both research and clinical care. Although clinical recommendations have begun to emerge, guidance is lacking on the responsibilities of researchers to inform participants of reinterpreted results. To respond, an American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) workgroup developed this position statement, which was approved by the ASHG Board in November 2018. The workgroup included representatives from the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the Canadian College of Medical Genetics, and the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors. The final statement includes twelve position statements that were endorsed or supported by the following organizations: Genetic Alliance, European Society of Human Genetics, Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors, American Association of Anthropological Genetics, Executive Committee of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Canadian College of Medical Genetics, Human Genetics Society of Australasia, and National Society of Genetic Counselors.
Nanibaa A Garrison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the responsibility to recontact research participants after reinterpretation of genetic and genomic research results
American Journal of Human Genetics, 2019Co-Authors: Yvonne Bombard, Nanibaa A Garrison, Sara Fitzgeraldbutt, Leila JamalAbstract:The evidence base supporting genetic and genomic sequence-variant interpretations is continuously evolving. An inherent consequence is that a variant’s clinical significance might be reinterpreted over time as new evidence emerges regarding its pathogenicity or lack thereof. This raises ethical, legal, and financial issues as to whether there is a responsibility to recontact research participants to provide updates on reinterpretations of variants after the initial analysis. There has been discussion concerning the extent of this obligation in the context of both research and clinical care. Although clinical recommendations have begun to emerge, guidance is lacking on the responsibilities of researchers to inform participants of reinterpreted results. To respond, an American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) workgroup developed this position statement, which was approved by the ASHG Board in November 2018. The workgroup included representatives from the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the Canadian College of Medical Genetics, and the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors. The final statement includes twelve position statements that were endorsed or supported by the following organizations: Genetic Alliance, European Society of Human Genetics, Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors, American Association of Anthropological Genetics, Executive Committee of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Canadian College of Medical Genetics, Human Genetics Society of Australasia, and National Society of Genetic Counselors.
Theodore G Schurr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Insights in Biology and Medicine Ethical Dimensions of Population Genetic Research in the Caucasus THE CAUCASUS AS THE FOCUS OF GENETIC RESEARCH
2017Co-Authors: Theodore G Schurr, Ramaz ShengeliaAbstract:ABSTRACT The emergence and establishment of Anthropological Genetics as an interdisciplinary science is primarily, associated with the development of new genomic technologies. Precision genetic testing on the one hand, and the rapidly increasing number of genetic investigations on the other, have created a set of bioethical dilemmas for genetic and epidemiology research. Such research deals with persons who have the right to the protection of their personal information and confi dentiality, and also concerns collective (village, region, ethnic group, state) consciousness, ethnic identity, and traditional culture, i.e., so called "ethnic pride". In this regard, taking into consideration the results of ongoing fi eld research, we make some recommendations for better management of relationships with individuals and communities and the preparation of questionnaires and informed consent forms that will facilitate similar research projects, especially in such an ethnically, linguistically and culturally diverse region such as the Caucasus
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the origins of native americans evidence from Anthropological Genetics
American Journal of Human Genetics, 1998Co-Authors: Theodore G SchurrAbstract:Some 100 years after the initiation of the Jesup North Pacific Expeditions by Franz Boas to determine the population relationships across the Bering Strait, researchers in the field of biological anthropology continue to investigate the primary issues raised by these first studies of Native American origins—namely, the timing and process of New World colonization and the geographic location(s) from which ancestral Asian populations emerged. The Origins of Native Americans synthesizes much of the existing Anthropological genetic data from New World populations, in an attempt to get closer to answering these longstanding and intriguing questions. Overall, this book provides a reasonably thorough review of most studies examining the genetic diversity of and evolutionary relationships among Native Americans, as well as their affinities with Asian and Siberian peoples. It focuses on five important aspects of the process of the peopling of the New World, including the genetic variation, demography, population structure, morphological variation, and health and disease of Native Americans past and present. In addition, the book devotes a fair amount of space to describing the postcontact hybridization of Native American groups with peoples of European and African ancestry, as well as to the implications that this trend has for attempts to reconstruct their population histories. The author also raises important concerns about the factors that shaped biological variation among Native Americans, issues that are sometimes omitted in discussions of the “waves” of ancestral Asian migrations into the Americas that occurred 15,000–30,000 years ago.Two other features of this book add to its distinctive view of Native American origins. First, the author has been involved in studies of human biological variation for >20 years and has used many of the methods for analyzing morphological and genetic variation in human populations that are described in the text. As a consequence, the book takes a historical perspective on the methodological approaches used in studies of Native American origins and discusses the shifting understanding of population relationships that has resulted from these technological innovations. In addition, the use of the populations amongst whom the author has conducted field research as case studies adds an on-the-ground Anthropological perspective to the patterns of genetic variation in Siberian and Native American groups which is sometimes lacking in similar publications dealing with these issues.As much as this book contributes to the debate over Native American origins, it has a few minor shortcomings that will need to be supplemented by additional reading. First, since the book has a strong North and Central American focus with respect to Native American genetic variation, the reader will need to refer to other publications describing genetic data from South American Indian populations for comparative purposes. In addition, while giving an overview of the most recent molecular studies of Native American and aboriginal Siberians, the coverage of the mtDNA, Y-chromosome, and microsatellite data for these populations is not comprehensive. This is unfortunate because many of the same populations have also been analyzed for nuclear-genetic and morphological variation, and the wealth of molecular data that have accumulated during the past several years could have been compared in some very interesting ways with those of the classical Anthropological genetic studies. Furthermore, the discussion of the phylogenetic methods used to ascertain genetic relationships among native populations from molecular data could have been expanded a bit, although the explication of the other analytical tools used to determine these kinds of genetic relationships is quite good, particularly the treatment of the statistic methods. Nevertheless, The Origins of Native Americans is an engaging, thoughtful, and sometimes contentious account of the population history of aboriginal groups from Siberia and the Americas based on Anthropological genetic data.
Michael H Crawford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dna fingerprinting in Anthropological Genetics past present future
Investigative Genetics, 2013Co-Authors: Michael H Crawford, Kristine G BeatyAbstract:In 1985, Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the variable-number tandem repeat method used to identify individuals and giving researchers the first DNA fingerprints. These initial methods were used in Anthropological Genetics, a field that uses a comparative approach to answer questions about human history, including the discernment of the origin of Native American populations and the discrimination of clan affiliation from individuals in Siberia. The technological and methodological advances since this time have led to the use of many more markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Y chromosomal and autosomal short tandem repeats, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and direct sequencing not only to identify individuals, but to examine frequencies and distributions of markers (or “prints”) of entire populations. In the field of Anthropological Genetics these markers have been used to reconstruct evolutionary history and answer questions concerning human origins and diaspora, migration, and the effects of admixture and adaptation to different environments, as well as susceptibility and resistance to disease. This review discusses the evolution of DNA markers since their application by Sir Alec Jeffreys and their applications in Anthropological Genetics.
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Anthropological Genetics foundations of Anthropological Genetics
2006Co-Authors: Michael H CrawfordAbstract:What is Anthropological Genetics? Anthropological Genetics is a synthetic discipline that applies the methods and theories of Genetics to evolutionary questions posed by anthropologists. These Anthropological questions concern the processes of human evolution, the human diaspora out of Africa, the resulting patterns of human variation, and bio-cultural involvement in complex diseases. How does Anthropological Genetics differ from its kin discipline, human Genetics? Both fields examine various aspects of human Genetics but from different perspectives. With the synthetic volume of 1973 (Methods and Theories of Anthropological Genetics), it became evident that the questions posed by the practitioners of Anthropological Genetics and human Genetics tended to be somewhat different. I compared and contrasted these two fields in the introduction to the special issue of Human Biology (2000) on Anthropological Genetics in the twenty-first century (see Table 1.1). What distinguishes Anthropological Genetics from human Genetics is its emphasis on smaller, reproductively isolated, non-Western populations, plus a broader, biocultural perspective on evolution and on complex disease etiology and transmission. Judging from the contents of the American Journal of Human Genetics (premiere journal in the field of human Genetics) there is a greater emphasis on the causes and processes associated with disease, and the examination of these processes in affected phenotypes (probands) and their families. Anthropological geneticists tend to focus more on normal variation in non-Western reproductively isolated human populations (Crawford, 2000).
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Anthropological Genetics theory methods and applications
2006Co-Authors: Michael H CrawfordAbstract:Preface 1. Foundations of Anthropological Genetics M. H. Crawford Part I. Theory: 2. Partitioning of genetic variation in human populations and the concept of race Lorena Madrigal and Guido Barbujani 3. Natural experiments in human gene mapping: the intersection of Anthropological Genetics and genetic epidemiology Joe Terwilliger and Joe Lee Part II. Methods: 4. Importance of field research in Anthropological Genetics: methods, experiences and results M. H. Crawford 5. The confluence of Anthropological Genetics and Anthropological demography James H. Mielke and Alan Fix 6. Molecular markers in Anthropological Genetics studies Rohina Rubicz, Phil Melton and M. H. Crawford 7. The use of quantitative traits in Anthropological genetic studies of population structure and history John Relethford 8. Ancient DNA and its application to the reconstruction of human evolution and history Dennis O'Rourke Part III. Applications of Anthropological Genetics: General Applications: 9. Applications of molecular Genetics to forensic sciences Moses Schanfield 10. Emerging technologies: the bright future of fluorescence Ric Devor 11. Mapping genes influencing human quantitative trait variation John Blangero, Jeff T. Williams, Laura Almasy and Sarah Williams-Blangero Part IV. The Human Diaspora: 12. Human origins within and out of Africa Sarah A. Tishkoff and Mary Katherine Gonder 13. The peopling of Europe Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni and Chris Tyler-Smith 14. Peopling of Oceania Elizabeth Matisoo Smith 15. The prehistoric colonization of the Americas Francisco Salzano Part V. Conclusion: 16. Anthropological Genetics: present and future Henry Harpending.
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Anthropological Genetics in the 21st century introduction
Human Biology, 2000Co-Authors: Michael H CrawfordAbstract:This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41465808.
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the origins of native americans evidence from Anthropological Genetics
1998Co-Authors: Michael H CrawfordAbstract:Who are the Native Americans? When and how did they colonize the New World? What proportion of the biological variation in contemporary Amerindian populations was 'made in America' and what was brought from Siberia? This book is a unique synthesis of the genetic, archaeological and demographic evidence concerning the native peoples of the Americas, using case studies from contemporary Amerindian and Siberian indigenous groups to unravel the mysteries. It culminates in an examination of the devastating collision between European and Native American cultures following contact, and the legacy of increased incidence of chronic diseases that still accompanies the acculturation of native peoples today. This compelling account will be required reading for all those interested in the anthropology of Native Americans, past, present and future.