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Michael Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Safety signals and human Anxiety: A fear-potentiated startle study
Anxiety, 1994Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Williams A. Falls, Michael DavisAbstract:The effect of a safety signal on the magnitude of Anticipatory Anxiety was investigated using the fear-potentiated startle reflex paradigm in humans. The amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex was measured during the anticipation of unpleasant electric chocks (“threat”) and during “safe” conditions. Threat and safe conditions were signaled by three different colored lights. Two lights signaled safe conditions (safe 1, safe 2) and the other light signaled the threat condition (threat). In phase I, the lights alternated, each presentation consisting of one colored light. In phase II, the lights were presented alone or in the two combinations of safe 1 (or safe 2) + threat and safe 1 + safe 2. In both phases, the contingency between the lights and the shock was explained to the subjects. It was emphasized that no shock could be administered when the safe 1 and threat light were simultaneously presented in phase II. Subjects' belief and understanding of the instructions were verified. In Phase I, startle was increased in the threat-alone compared to the safe-alone condition, reflecting increased Anticipatory Anxiety in the threat-alone condition. In phase II, startle in the safe + threat condition was smaller than in the threat-alone condition, but was larger than in the safe + threat. These results were interpreted as suggesting that the threat signal was still able to elicit Anticipatory Anxiety despite the fact that it was no longer associated with a threat. Anxiety 1:13–21 (1994). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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measuring the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety using the fear potentiated startle reflex
Psychophysiology, 1993Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Scott W Woods, Kathleen R Merikangas, Michael DavisAbstract:The time course of the facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 20 normal volunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 10 s of 45-s threat conditions but not during 50-s no-threat conditions, each condition being signaled by a different light. Consistent with previous data, overall eyeblink startle levels were higher during the threat than during the no-threat conditions. However, the magnitude of this fear-potentiated startle effect became progressively larger in the threat condition the longer the light was on and then abruptly decreased with the onset of the light signaling the no-threat condition. These effects of the threat of shock on startle were interpreted in terms of Anticipatory Anxiety. Other interpretations, such as changes in selective or generalized attention, were also discussed. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety in humans.
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Measuring the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety using the fear‐potentiated startle reflex
Psychophysiology, 1993Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Scott W Woods, Kathleen R Merikangas, Michael DavisAbstract:The time course of the facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 20 normal volunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 10 s of 45-s threat conditions but not during 50-s no-threat conditions, each condition being signaled by a different light. Consistent with previous data, overall eyeblink startle levels were higher during the threat than during the no-threat conditions. However, the magnitude of this fear-potentiated startle effect became progressively larger in the threat condition the longer the light was on and then abruptly decreased with the onset of the light signaling the no-threat condition. These effects of the threat of shock on startle were interpreted in terms of Anticipatory Anxiety. Other interpretations, such as changes in selective or generalized attention, were also discussed. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety in humans.
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fear potentiated startle in humans effects of Anticipatory Anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex
Psychophysiology, 1991Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Scott W Woods, Kathleen R Merikangas, Michael DavisAbstract:The effects of fear/Anticipatory Anxiety on the acoustic startle reflex were investigated in humans using a paradigm involving anticipation of electric shocks. The eyeblink component of the startle reflex, elicited by an abrupt auditory stimulus, was measured in 9 normal volunteers during either the anticipation of electric shocks (Anticipatory Anxiety) or periods in which no shocks were anticipated (safe period). The eyeblink was consistently higher in amplitude, and shorter in latency, during periods when the subjects anticipated shocks, compared to the safe periods. This effect could not be attributed solely to a reduction in habituation and was statistically significant before the subjects actually received any shock (a single 30 mA stimulation on the median nerve). These results indicate that Anticipatory Anxiety can be measured objectively in humans using the fear-potentiated startle reflex in a paradigm not actually requiring any shock. Because a great deal is known about the neuroanatomical and pharmacological mechanisms of fear-potentiated startle in laboratory animals, this test procedure may be especially useful in humans to investigate the neurobiological substrates of Anxiety disorders and their pharmacological treatments.
Bryon Adinoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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brain activation and subjective Anxiety during an Anticipatory Anxiety task is related to clinical outcome during prazosin treatment for alcohol use disorder
NeuroImage: Clinical, 2020Co-Authors: Claire E Wilcox, Bryon Adinoff, Joshua Clifford, Josef Ling, Katie Witkiewitz, Andrew R Mayer, Kylar M Boggs, Matthew Eck, Michael P BogenschutzAbstract:Abstract Background : Higher levels of Anxiety, negative affect, and impaired emotion regulation are associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and contribute to relapse and worse treatment outcomes. Prazosin, while typically used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other Anxiety disorders, has shown promise for treating AUD. In order to better understand these underlying neural processes in individuals with AUD, our aims in this study were to measure brain activation during an Anticipatory Anxiety task before treatment to determine whether observed patterns supported previous work. We then aimed to measure the effects of prazosin on patients with AUD and explore whether greater baseline Anticipatory Anxiety (as measured by subjective and neural measures) predicts better treatment outcomes. Methods : Thirty-four individuals seeking treatment for AUD participated in a six-week placebo-controlled study of prazosin and underwent an Anticipatory Anxiety task during fMRI scans at baseline and three weeks. Alcohol use over six weeks was measured. Results : Greater levels of subjective Anxiety and deactivation in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) were observed during high-threat stimuli compared to low-threat stimuli. Compared to placebo, prazosin reduced subjective Anxiety to high-threat stimuli but there were no observed significant effects of prazosin on brain activation during the task. However, AUD patients with greater vmPFC deactivation during high threat relative to low threat and patients with low baseline Anticipatory Anxiety during the task had worse clinical outcomes on prazosin. Conclusions : Deactivation in PCC and vmPFC to high-threat stimuli replicated previous work and shows promise for further study as a marker for AUD. Although prazosin did not affect brain activation in the regions of interest during the Anticipatory Anxiety task, subjective levels of Anxiety and brain activation in vmPFC predicted treatment outcomes in individuals with AUD undergoing treatment with prazosin, highlighting individuals more likely to benefit from prazosin than others.
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Interaction between early life stress and alcohol dependence on neural stress reactivity
Addiction biology, 2014Co-Authors: Hongyu Yang, Jeffrey S. Spence, Michael D. Devous, Richard W. Briggs, Hong Xiao, Uma Rao, Carol S. North, Bryon AdinoffAbstract:Stress response biologic systems are altered in alcohol-dependent individuals. Early life stress (ELS) is associated with a heightened risk of alcohol dependence, presumably because of stress-induced neuroplastic changes. This study was designed to assess the contribution of ELS to a stress-induced neural response in alcohol-dependent participants. Fifteen alcohol-dependent men abstinent for 3-5 weeks and 15 age- and race-matched healthy controls were studied. Anticipatory Anxiety was induced by a conditioned stimulus paired with an uncertain physically painful unconditioned stressor. Neural response was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. ELS was assessed with the Childhood Adversity Interview. There was a significant interaction between ELS and group on blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) amplitude during Anticipatory Anxiety in the right amygdala and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, posterior putamen and insula. Higher ELS scores were associated with decreased BOLD amplitude during Anticipatory Anxiety in alcohol-dependent, but not control, participants. These findings suggest that ELS interacts with alcohol dependence to induce a muted cortico-striatal response to high threat stimuli. Allostatic changes due to both ELS and excessive alcohol use may jointly induce persistent changes in the neural response to acute stressors.
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Striatal-limbic activation is associated with intensity of Anticipatory Anxiety.
Psychiatry research, 2012Co-Authors: Hongyu Yang, Jeffrey S. Spence, Michael D. Devous, Richard W. Briggs, Aman Goyal, Hong Xiao, Hardik Yadav, Bryon AdinoffAbstract:Anxiety experienced in anticipation of impending aversive events induces striatal-limbic activation. However, previous functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) studies of Anticipatory Anxiety have utilized post-test measures of Anxiety, making a direct association between neural activation and distress problematic. This paradigm was designed to assess the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response to an aversive conditioned stimulus while simultaneously measuring subjective Anxiety. Fifteen male healthy subjects (45.5±8.5 years old) were studied. A high-threat conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with either an unpredictable, highly aversive (painful) or non-aversive (non-painful) unconditioned stimulus and compared to a low-threat CS paired with a predictable, non-aversive stimulus. Neural response was assessed with fMRI, and subjective Anxiety (1-4) was recorded upon the presentation of each CS. High subjective ratings of real-time Anticipatory Anxiety (2-4), relative to low Anticipatory Anxiety (1), elicited increased activation in the bilateral striatum, bilateral orbital frontal cortex, left anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and decreased activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The amplitude of BOLD signal change generally paralleled the subjective rating of Anxiety. Real-time measures of Anticipatory Anxiety confirm previous reports, using post-test measures of Anxiety, of striatal-limbic activation during Anticipatory Anxiety while simultaneously demonstrating an increase in BOLD response in parallel with heightened Anxiety.
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Striatal–limbic activation is associated with intensity of Anticipatory Anxiety
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2012Co-Authors: Hongyu Yang, Jeffrey S. Spence, Michael D. Devous, Richard W. Briggs, Aman Goyal, Hong Xiao, Hardik Yadav, Bryon AdinoffAbstract:Anxiety experienced in anticipation of impending aversive events induces striatal-limbic activation. However, previous functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) studies of Anticipatory Anxiety have utilized post-test measures of Anxiety, making a direct association between neural activation and distress problematic. This paradigm was designed to assess the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response to an aversive conditioned stimulus while simultaneously measuring subjective Anxiety. Fifteen male healthy subjects (45.5±8.5 years old) were studied. A high-threat conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with either an unpredictable, highly aversive (painful) or non-aversive (non-painful) unconditioned stimulus and compared to a low-threat CS paired with a predictable, non-aversive stimulus. Neural response was assessed with fMRI, and subjective Anxiety (1-4) was recorded upon the presentation of each CS. High subjective ratings of real-time Anticipatory Anxiety (2-4), relative to low Anticipatory Anxiety (1), elicited increased activation in the bilateral striatum, bilateral orbital frontal cortex, left anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and decreased activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The amplitude of BOLD signal change generally paralleled the subjective rating of Anxiety. Real-time measures of Anticipatory Anxiety confirm previous reports, using post-test measures of Anxiety, of striatal-limbic activation during Anticipatory Anxiety while simultaneously demonstrating an increase in BOLD response in parallel with heightened Anxiety.
Thomas Straube - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Activity alterations in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala during threat anticipation in generalized Anxiety disorder.
Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Christine Buff, Leonie Brinkmann, Maximilian Bruchmann, Michael P.i. Becker, Sara V. Tupak, Martin J. Herrmann, Thomas StraubeAbstract:Sustained Anticipatory Anxiety is central to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). During Anticipatory Anxiety, phasic threat responding appears to be mediated by the amygdala, while sustained threat responding seems related to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Although sustained Anticipatory Anxiety in GAD patients was proposed to be associated with BNST activity alterations, firm evidence is lacking. We aimed to explore temporal characteristics of BNST and amygdala activity during threat anticipation in GAD patients. Nineteen GAD patients and nineteen healthy controls (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a temporally unpredictable threat anticipation paradigm. We defined phasic and a systematic variation of sustained response models for blood oxygen level-dependent responses during threat anticipation, to disentangle temporally dissociable involvement of the BNST and the amygdala. GAD patients relative to HC responded with increased phasic amygdala activity to onset of threat anticipation and with elevated sustained BNST activity that was delayed relative to the onset of threat anticipation. Both the amygdala and the BNST displayed altered responses during threat anticipation in GAD patients, albeit with different time courses. The results for the BNST activation hint towards its role in sustained threat responding, and contribute to a deeper understanding of pathological sustained Anticipatory Anxiety in GAD.
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Brain activation during Anticipatory Anxiety in social Anxiety disorder
Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Stephanie Boehme, Viktoria Ritter, Susan Tefikow, Ulrich Stangier, Bernhard Strauss, Wolfgang H. R. Miltner, Thomas StraubeAbstract:Exaggerated Anticipatory Anxiety during expectation of performance-related situations is an important feature of the psychopathology of social Anxiety disorder (SAD). The neural basis of Anticipatory Anxiety in SAD has not been investigated in controlled studies. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates during the anticipation of public and evaluated speaking vs a control condition in 17 SAD patients and 17 healthy control subjects. FMRI results show increased activation of the insula and decreased activation of the ventral striatum in SAD patients, compared to control subjects during anticipation of a speech vs the control condition. In addition, an activation of the amygdala in SAD patients during the first half of the anticipation phase in the speech condition was observed. Finally, the amount of Anticipatory Anxiety of SAD patients was negatively correlated to the activation of the ventral striatum. This suggests an association between incentive function, motivation and Anticipatory Anxiety when SAD patients expect a performance situation.
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Dynamic activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during Anticipatory Anxiety.
NeuroImage, 2008Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Stephanie Schmidt, Thomas Weiss, Wolfgang H. R. MiltnerAbstract:Based on theoretical models, we investigated the dynamics of brain activation during Anticipatory Anxiety using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a combined parametric/correlational design. Subjects (16 females) anticipated the application of electrical shocks of varying intensity resulting in four different threat levels. The parametric analysis revealed an inverted U-function of activation in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) depending on the level of threat. Furthermore, the correlation analysis showed that the association between Anxiety and brain activation in the pregenual ACC was, as a tendency, positive during moderate threat but clearly negative during strong threat. Moreover, during strong threat, a positive correlation between Anxiety and activation was observed in the dorsal ACC, somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, and hippocampus. These findings suggest threat dependent dynamics of brain activation in the ACC; with increased attentional avoidance during moderate threat and a switch to hypervigilant action readiness in the most anxious subjects during strong threat.
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Waiting for spiders: brain activation during Anticipatory Anxiety in spider phobics.
NeuroImage, 2007Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Wolfgang H. R. MiltnerAbstract:Anticipatory Anxiety during expectation of phobogenic stimuli is an integral part of abnormal behaviour in phobics. The neural basis of Anticipatory Anxiety in specific phobia is unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we explored brain activation in subjects with spider phobia and in non-phobic subjects, while participants anticipated the presentation of either neutral or phobogenic visual stimuli. Subjective ratings indicated that anticipation of phobia-related stimuli was associated with increased Anxiety in phobics but not in healthy subjects. FMRI results showed increased activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, thalamus, and visual areas in phobics compared to controls during anticipation of phobia-relevant versus anticipation of neutral stimulation. Furthermore, for this contrast, we found also increased activation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). This particular finding supports models, which propose, based on animal experiments, a critical involvement of the BNST in Anticipatory Anxiety. Finally, correlation analysis revealed that subjective Anxiety of phobics correlated significantly with activation in rostral and dorsal ACC and the anterior medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, activation in different ACC regions and the medial prefrontal cortex seems to be specifically associated with the severity of experienced Anticipatory Anxiety in subjects with spider phobia.
Christian Grillon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Safety signals and human Anxiety: A fear-potentiated startle study
Anxiety, 1994Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Williams A. Falls, Michael DavisAbstract:The effect of a safety signal on the magnitude of Anticipatory Anxiety was investigated using the fear-potentiated startle reflex paradigm in humans. The amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex was measured during the anticipation of unpleasant electric chocks (“threat”) and during “safe” conditions. Threat and safe conditions were signaled by three different colored lights. Two lights signaled safe conditions (safe 1, safe 2) and the other light signaled the threat condition (threat). In phase I, the lights alternated, each presentation consisting of one colored light. In phase II, the lights were presented alone or in the two combinations of safe 1 (or safe 2) + threat and safe 1 + safe 2. In both phases, the contingency between the lights and the shock was explained to the subjects. It was emphasized that no shock could be administered when the safe 1 and threat light were simultaneously presented in phase II. Subjects' belief and understanding of the instructions were verified. In Phase I, startle was increased in the threat-alone compared to the safe-alone condition, reflecting increased Anticipatory Anxiety in the threat-alone condition. In phase II, startle in the safe + threat condition was smaller than in the threat-alone condition, but was larger than in the safe + threat. These results were interpreted as suggesting that the threat signal was still able to elicit Anticipatory Anxiety despite the fact that it was no longer associated with a threat. Anxiety 1:13–21 (1994). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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measuring the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety using the fear potentiated startle reflex
Psychophysiology, 1993Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Scott W Woods, Kathleen R Merikangas, Michael DavisAbstract:The time course of the facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 20 normal volunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 10 s of 45-s threat conditions but not during 50-s no-threat conditions, each condition being signaled by a different light. Consistent with previous data, overall eyeblink startle levels were higher during the threat than during the no-threat conditions. However, the magnitude of this fear-potentiated startle effect became progressively larger in the threat condition the longer the light was on and then abruptly decreased with the onset of the light signaling the no-threat condition. These effects of the threat of shock on startle were interpreted in terms of Anticipatory Anxiety. Other interpretations, such as changes in selective or generalized attention, were also discussed. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety in humans.
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Measuring the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety using the fear‐potentiated startle reflex
Psychophysiology, 1993Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Scott W Woods, Kathleen R Merikangas, Michael DavisAbstract:The time course of the facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 20 normal volunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 10 s of 45-s threat conditions but not during 50-s no-threat conditions, each condition being signaled by a different light. Consistent with previous data, overall eyeblink startle levels were higher during the threat than during the no-threat conditions. However, the magnitude of this fear-potentiated startle effect became progressively larger in the threat condition the longer the light was on and then abruptly decreased with the onset of the light signaling the no-threat condition. These effects of the threat of shock on startle were interpreted in terms of Anticipatory Anxiety. Other interpretations, such as changes in selective or generalized attention, were also discussed. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of Anticipatory Anxiety in humans.
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fear potentiated startle in humans effects of Anticipatory Anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex
Psychophysiology, 1991Co-Authors: Christian Grillon, Rezvan Ameli, Scott W Woods, Kathleen R Merikangas, Michael DavisAbstract:The effects of fear/Anticipatory Anxiety on the acoustic startle reflex were investigated in humans using a paradigm involving anticipation of electric shocks. The eyeblink component of the startle reflex, elicited by an abrupt auditory stimulus, was measured in 9 normal volunteers during either the anticipation of electric shocks (Anticipatory Anxiety) or periods in which no shocks were anticipated (safe period). The eyeblink was consistently higher in amplitude, and shorter in latency, during periods when the subjects anticipated shocks, compared to the safe periods. This effect could not be attributed solely to a reduction in habituation and was statistically significant before the subjects actually received any shock (a single 30 mA stimulation on the median nerve). These results indicate that Anticipatory Anxiety can be measured objectively in humans using the fear-potentiated startle reflex in a paradigm not actually requiring any shock. Because a great deal is known about the neuroanatomical and pharmacological mechanisms of fear-potentiated startle in laboratory animals, this test procedure may be especially useful in humans to investigate the neurobiological substrates of Anxiety disorders and their pharmacological treatments.
Nancy L. Kocovski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Self-Compassion Induction Reduces Anticipatory Anxiety Among Socially Anxious Students
Mindfulness, 2017Co-Authors: Elena M. Harwood, Nancy L. KocovskiAbstract:Self-compassion has been consistently linked to psychological well-being. This current study explored whether (a) inducing self-compassion would result in reduced state Anxiety for a speech task and (b) whether this effect would be greater for individuals with high social Anxiety, compared to those with low social Anxiety. Undergraduate students (N = 118; high social Anxiety n = 56; low social Anxiety n = 62) were randomly assigned to a self-compassion writing or a control writing condition. Anticipatory Anxiety (related to an upcoming speech) was measured. Only the participants with high social Anxiety displayed lower levels of Anticipatory Anxiety in the self-compassion condition compared to the control condition. These results support the use of self-compassion practices for social Anxiety.
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Letting go of yesterday: Effect of distraction on post-event processing and Anticipatory Anxiety in a socially anxious sample.
Cognitive behaviour therapy, 2015Co-Authors: Rebecca A. Blackie, Nancy L. KocovskiAbstract:AbstractAccording to cognitive models, post-event processing (PEP) is a key factor in the maintenance of social Anxiety. Given that decreasing PEP can be challenging for socially anxious individuals, it is important to identify potentially useful strategies. Although distraction may help to decrease PEP, the findings have been equivocal. The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether a brief distraction period immediately following a speech would lead to less PEP the next day. The secondary aim was to examine the effect of distraction following an initial speech on Anticipatory Anxiety for a second speech, via reductions in PEP. Participants (N = 77 undergraduates with elevated social Anxiety; 67.53% female) delivered a speech and were randomly assigned to a distraction, rumination, or control condition. The following day, participants reported levels of PEP in relation to the first speech, as well as Anxiety regarding a second, upcoming speech. As expected, those in the distraction condition re...