The Experts below are selected from a list of 198 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
A.m. Api - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of the dermal subchronic toxicity of phenoxyethyl isobutyrate in the rat.
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2004Co-Authors: A.m. ApiAbstract:Abstract Phenoxyethyl isobutyrate (PEIB) is a fragrance and food ingredient that has been granted GRAS status and approved by the FDA for food use. The present studies investigated the dermal absorption parameters and subchronic toxicity of PEIB. For the absorption, distribution and elimination study, Sprague–Dawley rats received a dermal Application of 2-[ring U 14C]-PEIB under occlusion for 6 h. PEIB was diluted in diethyl phthalate (DEP) to administer, a total Application Volume of 2 ml/kg, concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50% (≅10, 100 and 1000 mg PEIB/kgBW). Approximately 61–69% of the applied dose was recovered from the dressing and skin surface washing procedure performed after 6-h exposure. By 72 h post dose, systemic elimination of radioactivity was ≅18 to 19% of the absorbed dose via the urine with small amounts also found in the feces ( 1000 mg/kgBW/day.
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Evaluation of the dermal subchronic toxicity of diphenyl ether in the rat.
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2003Co-Authors: A.m. Api, R.a. FordAbstract:Diphenyl ether (DPE) was investigated to determine the dermal absorption parameters and subchronic toxicity of this fragrance ingredient. For the absorption, distribution and elimination study, Sprague–Dawley rats received a dermal Application of [14C]DPE under a semi-occlusive dressing for 6 h. DPE was diluted in diethyl phthalate (DEP) to administer a total Application Volume of 2 ml/kg and concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50% (≅10, 100 and 1000 mg DPE/kg body weight). Approximately 17.7% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine, with small amounts also found in the feces (1.18–3.79%). At 72 h post-dosing, approximately 0.2% of the applied dose was retained in the body with low levels also measured in the liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract (≅ 0.04, 0.02 and 0.3%, respectively). The 13-week subchronic toxicity study was performed with groups of 12 Sprague–Dawley rats/sex/dose that received semi-occluded daily dermal Applications of DPE for 6 h/day. All groups were dosed at a constant 2 ml/kg body weight Volume of DPE in the DEP vehicle at concentrations to administer 0, 100, 300 or 1000 mg DPE/kg body weight/day. At the high dose level, there was a slight reduction in body weight gain in males (13%), increase in albumin (5–6%) and phosphate (10–15%) levels in both sexes, a reduction of cholesterol in females (14%), an increase in kidney (17%) and brain (8%) weights in males, and an increase in liver weight (18–19%) in both sexes. No histopathological lesions were seen in any organ examined. At 300 mg/kg body weight/day, the only notable findings were an increase in liver weight (10%) in both sexes and a slight increase in albumin (5%) in females. In addition, skin irritation reactions at the site of Application were observed in all DPE dose groups. The systemic no-observed-effect level (NOEL) in this study is 100 mg/kg body weight/day. Owing to mitigating factors, the systemic findings were judged to lack biological significance and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 1000 mg/kg body weight/day.
James W. Arbogast - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the relative influences of product Volume delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry time and efficacy of alcohol based hand rubs
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Sarah L. Edmonds, David J. Shumaker, David R Macinga, Heinzpeter Werner, Rachel A Leslie, Albert E Parker, James W. ArbogastAbstract:Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) range in alcohol concentration from 60-95% and are available in a variety of delivery formats, such as rinses, gels, and foams. Recent studies suggest that some ABHR foams dry too slowly, thereby encouraging the use of inadequate Volumes. This study investigates the influence of product Volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration on dry-time and antimicrobial efficacy of ABHR foams, gels and rinses. ABHR dry-times were measured using volunteers to determine the influences of product Volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration. ABHR efficacies were evaluated according to the European Standard for Hygienic Hand Disinfection (EN 1500) using 3-mL Application Volumes rubbed for 30 s, and additionally, using Volumes of the products determined to rub dry in 30 s. Volumes of six ABHR determined to rub dry in 30 s ranged from 1.7 mL to 2.1 mL, and the rate of drying varied significantly between products. ABHR dry-times increased linearly with Application Volume and decreased linearly with increasing alcohol concentration, but were not significantly influenced by product format. An ABHR foam (70% EtOH), rinse (80% EtOH), and gel (90% EtOH) each met EN 1500 efficacy requirements when tested at a Volume of 3 mL, but failed when tested at Volumes that dried in 30 s. Application Volume is the primary driver of ABHR dry-time and efficacy, whereas delivery format does not significantly influence either. Although products with greater alcohol concentration dry more quickly, Volumes required to meet EN 1500 can take longer than 30 s to dry, even when alcohol concentration is as high as 90%. Future studies are needed to better understand Application Volumes actually used by healthcare workers in practice, and to understand the clinical efficacy of ABHR at such Volumes.
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quest for a realistic in vivo test method for antimicrobial hand rub agents introduction of a low Volume hand contamination procedure
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011Co-Authors: David R Macinga, Sarah L. Edmonds, Christopher M Beausoleil, Esther Campbell, Gayle Mulberry, Ann R Brady, James W. ArbogastAbstract:A novel method has been developed for the evaluation of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) that employs a hand contamination procedure that more closely simulates the in-use conditions of ABHR. Hands of human subjects were contaminated with 0.2 ml of a concentrated suspension of Serratia marcescens (ATCC 14756) to achieve baseline contamination between 8 and 9 log10 CFU/hand while allowing product to be applied to dry hands with minimal soil load. Evaluation of 1.5 ml of an ABHR gel containing 62% ethanol produced log10 reductions of 2.66 ± 0.96, 2.40 ± 0.50, 2.41 ± 0.61, and 2.33 ± 0.49 (means ± standard deviations) after 1, 3, 7, and 10 successive contamination/product Application cycles. In a study comparing this low-Volume contamination (LVC) method to ASTM E1174, product dry times were more realistic and log10 reductions achieved by the ABHR were significantly greater when LVC was employed (P < 0.05). These results indicate that a novel low-Volume hand contamination procedure, which more closely represents ABHR use conditions, provides more realistic estimates of in-use ABHR efficacies. Based on the LVC method, log10 reductions produced by ABHR were strongly dependent on the test product Application Volume (P < 0.0001) but were not influenced by the alcohol concentration when it was within the range of 62 to 85% (P = 0.378).
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ABHR efficacy revisited: influence of alcohol level and product Application Volume
BMC Proceedings, 2011Co-Authors: Macinga, E Campbell, Sarah L. Edmonds, J Rutter, David J. Shumaker, James W. ArbogastAbstract:Recent studies suggest that both alcohol level and product Application Volume significantly influence the efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR). The objective of this study was to re-examine the influence of these variables using test methods which more closely represent the use conditions of ABHR.
Jesús A. Gil-ribes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessing the optimal liquid Volume to be sprayed on isolated olive trees according to their canopy Volumes.
The Science of the total environment, 2016Co-Authors: Antonio Miranda-fuentes, Emilio Gil, J. Llorens, Antonio Rodríguez-lizana, A. Cuenca, Gregorio L. Blanco-roldán, Jesús A. Gil-ribesAbstract:The Application of pesticides to traditional and intensive olive orchards in Southern Spain has led to environmental problems. More specifically, the lack of an accurate, useful criterion to regulate the spray Volume in relation to canopy characteristics has led to spray drift and runoff, which are threats to local ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal relationship between canopy Volume and the spray Application Volume, called specific spray Volume, CV, through laboratory and field trials. In the laboratory trial, 6 specific spray Volumes (0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.20Lm(-3)) were tested in a specially designed structure containing small, live olive trees in order to simulate an intensive plantation system. The model aimed to evaluate the coverage of pesticide Application on water sensitive paper (WSP) collectors. In the field trial, the three laboratory specific spray Volumes that gave the best coverage values were tested on live, intensively managed trees, whose crown Volume was manually measured. Food dye E-102 was used to determine the spray deposition on artificial targets (10×10cm absorbent paper pieces), and WSP was used to evaluate spray coverage. The spray penetration and deposit homogeneity inside the canopy were also evaluated. Weather conditions during the field trial were monitored with a weather station. The results of the laboratory trial showed that the three best specific spray Volumes were 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12Lm(-3), resulting in mean coverage values of approximately 30%. The ANOVA of the field trial results showed that the 0.12Lm(-3) was the optimal specific spray Volume for isolated olive trees. This specific spray Volume gave the highest mean deposits, the best efficiency (as measured by the greatest normalized deposit), the most favourable penetration and homogeneity, and the highest coverage values.
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Influence of liquid-Volume and airflow rates on spray Application quality and homogeneity in super-intensive olive tree canopies.
The Science of the total environment, 2015Co-Authors: Antonio Miranda-fuentes, Emilio Gil, Antonio Rodríguez-lizana, Juan Agüera-vega, Jesús A. Gil-ribesAbstract:Olive is a key crop in Europe, especially in countries around the Mediterranean Basin. Optimising the parameters of a spray is essential for sustainable pesticide use, especially in high-input systems, such as the super-intensive hedgerow system. Parameters may be optimised by adjusting the applied Volume and airflow rate of sprays, in addition to the liquid to air proportion and the relationship between air velocity and airflow rate. Two spray experiments using a commercial airblast sprayer were conducted in a super-intensive orchard to study how varying the liquid Volume rate (testing Volumes of 182, 619, and 1603 l ha(-1)) and Volumetric airflow rate (with flow rates of 11.93, 8.90, and 6.15 m(3) s(-1)) influences the coverage parameters and the amount and distribution of deposits in different zones of the canopy.. Our results showed that an increase in the Application Volume raised the mean deposit and percentage coverage, but decreased the Application efficiency, spray penetration, and deposit homogeneity. Furthermore, we found that the Volumetric airflow rate had a lower influence on the studied parameters than the liquid Volume; however, an increase in the airflow rate improved the Application efficiency and homogeneity to a certain threshold, after which the spray quality decreased. This decrease was observed in the high-flow treatment. Our results demonstrate that intermediate liquid Volume rates and Volumetric airflow rates are required for the optimal spraying of pesticides on super-intensive olive crops, and would reduce current pollution levels.
R.a. Ford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of the dermal subchronic toxicity of diphenyl ether in the rat.
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2003Co-Authors: A.m. Api, R.a. FordAbstract:Diphenyl ether (DPE) was investigated to determine the dermal absorption parameters and subchronic toxicity of this fragrance ingredient. For the absorption, distribution and elimination study, Sprague–Dawley rats received a dermal Application of [14C]DPE under a semi-occlusive dressing for 6 h. DPE was diluted in diethyl phthalate (DEP) to administer a total Application Volume of 2 ml/kg and concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50% (≅10, 100 and 1000 mg DPE/kg body weight). Approximately 17.7% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine, with small amounts also found in the feces (1.18–3.79%). At 72 h post-dosing, approximately 0.2% of the applied dose was retained in the body with low levels also measured in the liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract (≅ 0.04, 0.02 and 0.3%, respectively). The 13-week subchronic toxicity study was performed with groups of 12 Sprague–Dawley rats/sex/dose that received semi-occluded daily dermal Applications of DPE for 6 h/day. All groups were dosed at a constant 2 ml/kg body weight Volume of DPE in the DEP vehicle at concentrations to administer 0, 100, 300 or 1000 mg DPE/kg body weight/day. At the high dose level, there was a slight reduction in body weight gain in males (13%), increase in albumin (5–6%) and phosphate (10–15%) levels in both sexes, a reduction of cholesterol in females (14%), an increase in kidney (17%) and brain (8%) weights in males, and an increase in liver weight (18–19%) in both sexes. No histopathological lesions were seen in any organ examined. At 300 mg/kg body weight/day, the only notable findings were an increase in liver weight (10%) in both sexes and a slight increase in albumin (5%) in females. In addition, skin irritation reactions at the site of Application were observed in all DPE dose groups. The systemic no-observed-effect level (NOEL) in this study is 100 mg/kg body weight/day. Owing to mitigating factors, the systemic findings were judged to lack biological significance and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 1000 mg/kg body weight/day.
David R Macinga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the relative influences of product Volume delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry time and efficacy of alcohol based hand rubs
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Sarah L. Edmonds, David J. Shumaker, David R Macinga, Heinzpeter Werner, Rachel A Leslie, Albert E Parker, James W. ArbogastAbstract:Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) range in alcohol concentration from 60-95% and are available in a variety of delivery formats, such as rinses, gels, and foams. Recent studies suggest that some ABHR foams dry too slowly, thereby encouraging the use of inadequate Volumes. This study investigates the influence of product Volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration on dry-time and antimicrobial efficacy of ABHR foams, gels and rinses. ABHR dry-times were measured using volunteers to determine the influences of product Volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration. ABHR efficacies were evaluated according to the European Standard for Hygienic Hand Disinfection (EN 1500) using 3-mL Application Volumes rubbed for 30 s, and additionally, using Volumes of the products determined to rub dry in 30 s. Volumes of six ABHR determined to rub dry in 30 s ranged from 1.7 mL to 2.1 mL, and the rate of drying varied significantly between products. ABHR dry-times increased linearly with Application Volume and decreased linearly with increasing alcohol concentration, but were not significantly influenced by product format. An ABHR foam (70% EtOH), rinse (80% EtOH), and gel (90% EtOH) each met EN 1500 efficacy requirements when tested at a Volume of 3 mL, but failed when tested at Volumes that dried in 30 s. Application Volume is the primary driver of ABHR dry-time and efficacy, whereas delivery format does not significantly influence either. Although products with greater alcohol concentration dry more quickly, Volumes required to meet EN 1500 can take longer than 30 s to dry, even when alcohol concentration is as high as 90%. Future studies are needed to better understand Application Volumes actually used by healthcare workers in practice, and to understand the clinical efficacy of ABHR at such Volumes.
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quest for a realistic in vivo test method for antimicrobial hand rub agents introduction of a low Volume hand contamination procedure
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011Co-Authors: David R Macinga, Sarah L. Edmonds, Christopher M Beausoleil, Esther Campbell, Gayle Mulberry, Ann R Brady, James W. ArbogastAbstract:A novel method has been developed for the evaluation of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) that employs a hand contamination procedure that more closely simulates the in-use conditions of ABHR. Hands of human subjects were contaminated with 0.2 ml of a concentrated suspension of Serratia marcescens (ATCC 14756) to achieve baseline contamination between 8 and 9 log10 CFU/hand while allowing product to be applied to dry hands with minimal soil load. Evaluation of 1.5 ml of an ABHR gel containing 62% ethanol produced log10 reductions of 2.66 ± 0.96, 2.40 ± 0.50, 2.41 ± 0.61, and 2.33 ± 0.49 (means ± standard deviations) after 1, 3, 7, and 10 successive contamination/product Application cycles. In a study comparing this low-Volume contamination (LVC) method to ASTM E1174, product dry times were more realistic and log10 reductions achieved by the ABHR were significantly greater when LVC was employed (P < 0.05). These results indicate that a novel low-Volume hand contamination procedure, which more closely represents ABHR use conditions, provides more realistic estimates of in-use ABHR efficacies. Based on the LVC method, log10 reductions produced by ABHR were strongly dependent on the test product Application Volume (P < 0.0001) but were not influenced by the alcohol concentration when it was within the range of 62 to 85% (P = 0.378).