The Experts below are selected from a list of 3078 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Rozi Mohamed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparison of eight complete chloroplast genomes of the endangered Aquilaria tree species (Thymelaeaceae) and their phylogenetic relationships.
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Muhammad Syahmi Hishamuddin, Shiou Yih Lee, Shairul Izan Ramlee, Dhilia Udie Lamasudin, Rozi MohamedAbstract:Aquilaria tree species are naturally distributed in the Indomalesian region and are protected against over-exploitation. They produce a fragrant non-timber product of high economic value, agarwood. Ambiguous species delimitation and limited genetic information within Aquilaria are among the impediments to conservation efforts. In this study, we conducted comparative analysis on eight Aquilaria species complete chloroplast (cp) genomes, of which seven were newly sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform followed by de novo assembly. Aquilaria cp genomes possess a typical quadripartite structure including gene order and genomic structure. The length of each of the cp genome is about 174 kbp and encoded between 89 and 92 proteins, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs, with 27 duplicated in the IR (inverted repeat) region. Besides, 832 repeats (forward, reverse, palindrome and complement repeats) and nine highly variable regions were also identified. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the topology structure of Aquilaria cp genomes were well presented with strong support values based on the cp genomes data set and matches their geographic distribution pattern. In summary, the complete cp genomes will facilitate development of species-specific molecular tools to discriminate Aquilaria species and resolve the evolutionary relationships of members of the Thymelaeaceae family.
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Genome Size, Molecular Phylogeny, and Evolutionary History of the Tribe Aquilarieae (Thymelaeaceae), the Natural Source of Agarwood
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Azman H. Farah, Shiou Yih Lee, Zhihui Gao, Tze Leong Yao, Maria Madon, Rozi MohamedAbstract:The tribe Aquilarieae of the family Thymelaeaceae consists of two genera, Aquilaria and Gyrinops, with a total of 30 species, distributed from northeast India, through southeast Asia and the south of China, to Papua New Guinea. They are an important botanical resource for fragrant agarwood, a prized product derived from injured or infected stems of these species. The aim of this study was to estimate the genome size of selected Aquilaria species and comprehend the evolutionary history of Aquilarieae speciation through molecular phylogeny. Five non-coding chloroplast DNA regions and a nuclear region were sequenced from 12 Aquilaria and three Gyrinops species. Phylogenetic trees constructed using combined chloroplast DNA sequences revealed relationships of the studied 15 members in Aquilarieae, while nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences showed a paraphyletic relationship between Aquilaria species from Indochina and Malesian. We exposed, for the first time, the estimated divergence time for Aquilarieae speciation, which was speculated to happen during the Miocene Epoch. The ancestral split and biogeographic pattern of studied species were discussed. Results showed no large variation in the 2C-values for the five Aquilaria species (1.35–2.23 pg). Further investigation into the genome size may provide additional information regarding ancestral traits and its evolution history
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Pharmacological properties of agarwood tea derived from Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) leaves: An emerging contemporary herbal drink
Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Aimi Zafirah Adam, Shiou Yih Lee, Rozi MohamedAbstract:Abstract Agarwood tea is made from the leaves of Aquilaria , a protected tree species of the tropical forest. Trees in this genus produce agarwood, a highly-prized resin-impregnated wood formed in the main stem. The last decade has seen a steady expansion in Aquilaria plantation establishment. The popular plantation species are Aquilaria crassna , A. malaccensis , and A. sinensis . Farmers capitalized on the leaves of their planted Aquilaria tree by producing a tea drink, and thus the name ‘agarwood tea’. The leaves contain various chemical constituents including 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, phenolic acids, steroids, fatty acids, benzophenones, xanthonoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkanes that may be related to beneficial pharmacological properties. Such properties include analgesic, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihistaminic, lipid-lowering, laxative, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and hepatoprotective. Here, we summarize the various active ingredients found in Aquilaria leaves and their pharmacological properties, thus serving as a reference material for their usage as herbal drinks.
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Rapid species identification of highly degraded agarwood products from Aquilaria using real-time PCR
Conservation Genetics Resources, 2016Co-Authors: Shiou Yih Lee, Rozi MohamedAbstract:Aquilaria species are well known for their expensive agarwood, which is utilized as it is, or used as ingredients in many consumer products. Species validation in agarwood products is important because agarwood price is source-species-dependent. The best approach to establish species identity depends on DNA, as conventional methods (i.e. through morphology) are unable to tell apart products from different Aquilaria sources. However, genomic DNA from processed agarwood is often under poor condition. To overcome this challenge, we adopted real-time PCR technology coupled with species-specific primers derived from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the chloroplast DNA matK and trnL-trnF sequences. We targeted three commercial Aquilaria species: Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria malaccensis, and Aquilaria sinensis. Dissociation curves and melting points from real-time analysis were found to be distinct across the species tested. In this study, we demonstrate that the real-time PCR-based technique using species-specific primers is capable of differentiating the three major commercial species, i.e. A. crassna, A. malaccensis, and A. sinensis, even when using highly degraded agarwood products as starting material.
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The Origin and Domestication of Aquilaria , an Important Agarwood-Producing Genus
Tropical Forestry, 2016Co-Authors: Shiou Yih Lee, Rozi MohamedAbstract:The Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) tree is a well-known important agarwood-producing genus, which is endemic to the Indomalesia region. The genus is currently protected under CITES regulation and the IUCN Red List due to its heavy declination in the natural population in various sourcing countries. Derived from its precious non-wood fragrant products, the genus was given different names throughout the history until it was finalized in 1783. To date, there are 21 recognized Aquilaria species recorded, of which 13 are reportedly fragrant resin producers, and the status of the remaining eight Aquilaria species is yet to be investigated. Aquilaria is heavily exploited in the wild due to the destructive agarwood harvesting technique that requires hacking of the wood parts to induce agarwood production. Various conservation efforts have been carried out to avoid further destruction toward its gene pool. This includes introducing the species for cultivation and planting the trees in large plantations or home gardens, which further provide a sustainable agarwood production in the industry and indirectly contribute to the local economy. At present, an accurate classification of Aquilaria species is yet to be achieved; misidentification happens frequently, either genuinely because of lack of information and training or intentionally for business gains. In conclusion, a proper taxonomy and classification system are essential for conserving Aquilaria species genetic diversity and for identifying species origin of agarwood products aimed at international trade control.
A C Newton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria ii the impact of gaharu harvesting in indonesia
Biological Conservation, 2001Co-Authors: Tonny Soehartono, A C NewtonAbstract:Abstract Aquilaria spp. are the main source of gaharu, one of the most valuable non-timber products harvested from tropical forests. In order to assess the impact of gaharu harvesting on populations of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, the activities of gaharu collectors were assessed by accompanying them on collecting expeditions. Gaharu harvesting generally involved felling the tree, with 31–92% of trees encountered being felled. The quantity of gaharu obtained from each felling was extremely low, mean values ranging from 0.10–0.18 kg tree −1 to 0.19–2.13 kg tree −1 for high and low grade gaharu respectively. A combination of these values with gaharu trade figures for the early 1990s enabled the number of Aquilaria spp. trees harvested annually in Indonesia to be estimated. Values ranged from less than 30,000 to more than 100,000 trees felled, depending on the year. Field assessments of two populations of Aquilaria spp. were used to parameterize a matrix model, which was used to predict the impact of different harvesting regimes on population dynamics of the species. Values of the dominant latent root ( λ ) were 1.22 and 1.20 for A. malaccensis in West Kalimantan and A microcarpa in East Kalimantan respectively, indicating that both populations are self-sustaining in the absence of harvesting. Analysis of λ under different harvesting scenarios indicated that for A. malaccensis, population expansion will continue if harvesting is set at a minimum diameter at breast height (dbh) of above 10 cm, but for A. microcarpa , a population decline will occur if trees with a dbh of less than 30 cm are harvested. Given current harvesting practices, it is, therefore, unlikely that gaharu is being sustainably harvested at present. These results suggest that the gaharu trade may have had a substantial impact on the population size of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, and their implications are discussed in the context of setting harvest quotas for regulation of trade, as required by CITES.
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conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria i status and distribution in indonesia
Biological Conservation, 2000Co-Authors: Tonny Soehartono, A C NewtonAbstract:Abstract Tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria Lam. are the principal source of gaharu, one of the most valuable forest products traded internationally. Although these species are the focus of increasing conservation concern, information on their status and distribution is lacking. Information from herbarium accessions, a national forest inventory (NFI), field surveys and gaharu traders was used to assess the distribution of Aquilaria species in Indonesia, indicating population concentrations in Sumatra and eastern Kalimantan. Analysis of NFI data indicated that population densities are relatively low, with values generally
Shiou Yih Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparison of eight complete chloroplast genomes of the endangered Aquilaria tree species (Thymelaeaceae) and their phylogenetic relationships.
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Muhammad Syahmi Hishamuddin, Shiou Yih Lee, Shairul Izan Ramlee, Dhilia Udie Lamasudin, Rozi MohamedAbstract:Aquilaria tree species are naturally distributed in the Indomalesian region and are protected against over-exploitation. They produce a fragrant non-timber product of high economic value, agarwood. Ambiguous species delimitation and limited genetic information within Aquilaria are among the impediments to conservation efforts. In this study, we conducted comparative analysis on eight Aquilaria species complete chloroplast (cp) genomes, of which seven were newly sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform followed by de novo assembly. Aquilaria cp genomes possess a typical quadripartite structure including gene order and genomic structure. The length of each of the cp genome is about 174 kbp and encoded between 89 and 92 proteins, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs, with 27 duplicated in the IR (inverted repeat) region. Besides, 832 repeats (forward, reverse, palindrome and complement repeats) and nine highly variable regions were also identified. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the topology structure of Aquilaria cp genomes were well presented with strong support values based on the cp genomes data set and matches their geographic distribution pattern. In summary, the complete cp genomes will facilitate development of species-specific molecular tools to discriminate Aquilaria species and resolve the evolutionary relationships of members of the Thymelaeaceae family.
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Genome Size, Molecular Phylogeny, and Evolutionary History of the Tribe Aquilarieae (Thymelaeaceae), the Natural Source of Agarwood
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Azman H. Farah, Shiou Yih Lee, Zhihui Gao, Tze Leong Yao, Maria Madon, Rozi MohamedAbstract:The tribe Aquilarieae of the family Thymelaeaceae consists of two genera, Aquilaria and Gyrinops, with a total of 30 species, distributed from northeast India, through southeast Asia and the south of China, to Papua New Guinea. They are an important botanical resource for fragrant agarwood, a prized product derived from injured or infected stems of these species. The aim of this study was to estimate the genome size of selected Aquilaria species and comprehend the evolutionary history of Aquilarieae speciation through molecular phylogeny. Five non-coding chloroplast DNA regions and a nuclear region were sequenced from 12 Aquilaria and three Gyrinops species. Phylogenetic trees constructed using combined chloroplast DNA sequences revealed relationships of the studied 15 members in Aquilarieae, while nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences showed a paraphyletic relationship between Aquilaria species from Indochina and Malesian. We exposed, for the first time, the estimated divergence time for Aquilarieae speciation, which was speculated to happen during the Miocene Epoch. The ancestral split and biogeographic pattern of studied species were discussed. Results showed no large variation in the 2C-values for the five Aquilaria species (1.35–2.23 pg). Further investigation into the genome size may provide additional information regarding ancestral traits and its evolution history
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Pharmacological properties of agarwood tea derived from Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) leaves: An emerging contemporary herbal drink
Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Aimi Zafirah Adam, Shiou Yih Lee, Rozi MohamedAbstract:Abstract Agarwood tea is made from the leaves of Aquilaria , a protected tree species of the tropical forest. Trees in this genus produce agarwood, a highly-prized resin-impregnated wood formed in the main stem. The last decade has seen a steady expansion in Aquilaria plantation establishment. The popular plantation species are Aquilaria crassna , A. malaccensis , and A. sinensis . Farmers capitalized on the leaves of their planted Aquilaria tree by producing a tea drink, and thus the name ‘agarwood tea’. The leaves contain various chemical constituents including 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, phenolic acids, steroids, fatty acids, benzophenones, xanthonoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkanes that may be related to beneficial pharmacological properties. Such properties include analgesic, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihistaminic, lipid-lowering, laxative, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and hepatoprotective. Here, we summarize the various active ingredients found in Aquilaria leaves and their pharmacological properties, thus serving as a reference material for their usage as herbal drinks.
-
Rapid species identification of highly degraded agarwood products from Aquilaria using real-time PCR
Conservation Genetics Resources, 2016Co-Authors: Shiou Yih Lee, Rozi MohamedAbstract:Aquilaria species are well known for their expensive agarwood, which is utilized as it is, or used as ingredients in many consumer products. Species validation in agarwood products is important because agarwood price is source-species-dependent. The best approach to establish species identity depends on DNA, as conventional methods (i.e. through morphology) are unable to tell apart products from different Aquilaria sources. However, genomic DNA from processed agarwood is often under poor condition. To overcome this challenge, we adopted real-time PCR technology coupled with species-specific primers derived from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the chloroplast DNA matK and trnL-trnF sequences. We targeted three commercial Aquilaria species: Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria malaccensis, and Aquilaria sinensis. Dissociation curves and melting points from real-time analysis were found to be distinct across the species tested. In this study, we demonstrate that the real-time PCR-based technique using species-specific primers is capable of differentiating the three major commercial species, i.e. A. crassna, A. malaccensis, and A. sinensis, even when using highly degraded agarwood products as starting material.
-
The Origin and Domestication of Aquilaria , an Important Agarwood-Producing Genus
Tropical Forestry, 2016Co-Authors: Shiou Yih Lee, Rozi MohamedAbstract:The Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) tree is a well-known important agarwood-producing genus, which is endemic to the Indomalesia region. The genus is currently protected under CITES regulation and the IUCN Red List due to its heavy declination in the natural population in various sourcing countries. Derived from its precious non-wood fragrant products, the genus was given different names throughout the history until it was finalized in 1783. To date, there are 21 recognized Aquilaria species recorded, of which 13 are reportedly fragrant resin producers, and the status of the remaining eight Aquilaria species is yet to be investigated. Aquilaria is heavily exploited in the wild due to the destructive agarwood harvesting technique that requires hacking of the wood parts to induce agarwood production. Various conservation efforts have been carried out to avoid further destruction toward its gene pool. This includes introducing the species for cultivation and planting the trees in large plantations or home gardens, which further provide a sustainable agarwood production in the industry and indirectly contribute to the local economy. At present, an accurate classification of Aquilaria species is yet to be achieved; misidentification happens frequently, either genuinely because of lack of information and training or intentionally for business gains. In conclusion, a proper taxonomy and classification system are essential for conserving Aquilaria species genetic diversity and for identifying species origin of agarwood products aimed at international trade control.
Tonny Soehartono - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria ii the impact of gaharu harvesting in indonesia
Biological Conservation, 2001Co-Authors: Tonny Soehartono, A C NewtonAbstract:Abstract Aquilaria spp. are the main source of gaharu, one of the most valuable non-timber products harvested from tropical forests. In order to assess the impact of gaharu harvesting on populations of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, the activities of gaharu collectors were assessed by accompanying them on collecting expeditions. Gaharu harvesting generally involved felling the tree, with 31–92% of trees encountered being felled. The quantity of gaharu obtained from each felling was extremely low, mean values ranging from 0.10–0.18 kg tree −1 to 0.19–2.13 kg tree −1 for high and low grade gaharu respectively. A combination of these values with gaharu trade figures for the early 1990s enabled the number of Aquilaria spp. trees harvested annually in Indonesia to be estimated. Values ranged from less than 30,000 to more than 100,000 trees felled, depending on the year. Field assessments of two populations of Aquilaria spp. were used to parameterize a matrix model, which was used to predict the impact of different harvesting regimes on population dynamics of the species. Values of the dominant latent root ( λ ) were 1.22 and 1.20 for A. malaccensis in West Kalimantan and A microcarpa in East Kalimantan respectively, indicating that both populations are self-sustaining in the absence of harvesting. Analysis of λ under different harvesting scenarios indicated that for A. malaccensis, population expansion will continue if harvesting is set at a minimum diameter at breast height (dbh) of above 10 cm, but for A. microcarpa , a population decline will occur if trees with a dbh of less than 30 cm are harvested. Given current harvesting practices, it is, therefore, unlikely that gaharu is being sustainably harvested at present. These results suggest that the gaharu trade may have had a substantial impact on the population size of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, and their implications are discussed in the context of setting harvest quotas for regulation of trade, as required by CITES.
-
conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria i status and distribution in indonesia
Biological Conservation, 2000Co-Authors: Tonny Soehartono, A C NewtonAbstract:Abstract Tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria Lam. are the principal source of gaharu, one of the most valuable forest products traded internationally. Although these species are the focus of increasing conservation concern, information on their status and distribution is lacking. Information from herbarium accessions, a national forest inventory (NFI), field surveys and gaharu traders was used to assess the distribution of Aquilaria species in Indonesia, indicating population concentrations in Sumatra and eastern Kalimantan. Analysis of NFI data indicated that population densities are relatively low, with values generally
Wang Jianrong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study on standardized cultivation techniques of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Sprengel in Hainan.
Medicinal Plant, 2010Co-Authors: Yan Xiaoxia, Wang Zhunian, Wang JianrongAbstract:The standardized cultivation techniques of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Sprengel in Hainan were introduced in this study,including selecting and breeding,transplanting,field management,diseases and insects prevention,heartwood formation,harvesting and processing,and so on,so as to provide reference for the efficient cultivation of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Sprengel.