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Kevin A. Francesconi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Arsenobetaine in Seawater: Depth Profiles from Selected Sites in the North Atlantic
Environmental science & technology, 2017Co-Authors: Ronald A. Glabonjat, Georg Raber, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy, Kevin A. FrancesconiAbstract:Arsenic occurs in marine waters, typically at concentrations of 1–2 μg As kg–1, primarily as the inorganic species arsenate. Marine animals, however, contain extremely high levels of arsenic (typically 2000–20 000 μg As kg–1 wet mass), most of which is present as Arsenobetaine, an organic form of arsenic that has never been found in seawater. We report a method based on ion-exchange preconcentration and HPLC/mass spectrometry to measure Arsenobetaine in seawater, and apply the method to samples of seawater collected at various depths from seven sites in the North Atlantic. Arsenobetaine was detected in most samples at levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 ng As kg–1, and was found at depths down to 4900 m. Furthermore, we report the presence of 15 additional organoarsenicals in seawater, 14 of which had never been detected in marine waters. The Arsenobetaine depth profile was related, albeit weakly, to that of chlorophyll; this relationship probably reflects Arsenobetaine’s release to water from marine animals as...
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Arsenobetaine in Seawater: Depth Profiles from Selected Sites in the North Atlantic
2017Co-Authors: Ronald A. Glabonjat, Georg Raber, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy, Kevin A. FrancesconiAbstract:Arsenic occurs in marine waters, typically at concentrations of 1–2 μg As kg–1, primarily as the inorganic species arsenate. Marine animals, however, contain extremely high levels of arsenic (typically 2000–20 000 μg As kg–1 wet mass), most of which is present as Arsenobetaine, an organic form of arsenic that has never been found in seawater. We report a method based on ion-exchange preconcentration and HPLC/mass spectrometry to measure Arsenobetaine in seawater, and apply the method to samples of seawater collected at various depths from seven sites in the North Atlantic. Arsenobetaine was detected in most samples at levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 ng As kg–1, and was found at depths down to 4900 m. Furthermore, we report the presence of 15 additional organoarsenicals in seawater, 14 of which had never been detected in marine waters. The Arsenobetaine depth profile was related, albeit weakly, to that of chlorophyll; this relationship probably reflects Arsenobetaine’s release to water from marine animals associated with the euphotic zone rather than its direct biosynthesis by primary producers. Future application of the new method for seawater analysis will shed new light on the biogeochemical cycle of marine arsenic
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simultaneous determination of glycine betaine and Arsenobetaine in biological samples by hplc icpms esms and the application to some marine and freshwater fish samples
Microchemical Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Michael Stiboller, Georg Raber, Kevin A. FrancesconiAbstract:Abstract We describe a HPLC/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of glycine betaine and Arsenobetaine in biological samples. The sample preparation included a water/methanol extraction followed by clean-up of extracts on a strong cation-exchange resin; the HPLC system consisted of a cation-exchange column with an ammonium formate buffer solution as mobile phase. Glycine betaine and Arsenobetaine were quantified in a single chromatographic run by splitting the HPLC flow with an adjustable flow splitter and detecting glycine betaine selectively by electrospray MS in the positive single ion monitoring mode at m/z 118, and Arsenobetaine with the arsenic-selective detector ICPMS at m/z 75. The proposed method was validated for Arsenobetaine by analysis of CRM Dorm-2, and for glycine betaine by spiking the CRM Dorm-2 with a defined amount of glycine betaine. Finally, the developed method was applied to determine glycine betaine/Arsenobetaine ratios in single specimens of four species of marine fish and one species of freshwater fish.
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Simultaneous determination of glycine betaine and Arsenobetaine in biological samples by HPLC/ICPMS/ESMS and the application to some marine and freshwater fish samples
Microchemical Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Michael Stiboller, Georg Raber, Kevin A. FrancesconiAbstract:Abstract We describe a HPLC/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of glycine betaine and Arsenobetaine in biological samples. The sample preparation included a water/methanol extraction followed by clean-up of extracts on a strong cation-exchange resin; the HPLC system consisted of a cation-exchange column with an ammonium formate buffer solution as mobile phase. Glycine betaine and Arsenobetaine were quantified in a single chromatographic run by splitting the HPLC flow with an adjustable flow splitter and detecting glycine betaine selectively by electrospray MS in the positive single ion monitoring mode at m/z 118, and Arsenobetaine with the arsenic-selective detector ICPMS at m/z 75. The proposed method was validated for Arsenobetaine by analysis of CRM Dorm-2, and for glycine betaine by spiking the CRM Dorm-2 with a defined amount of glycine betaine. Finally, the developed method was applied to determine glycine betaine/Arsenobetaine ratios in single specimens of four species of marine fish and one species of freshwater fish.
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Seafood Intake and Urine Concentrations of Total Arsenic, Dimethylarsinate and Arsenobetaine in the US Population
Environmental research, 2010Co-Authors: Ana Navas-acien, Kevin A. Francesconi, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Eliseo GuallarAbstract:Abstract Background Seafood is the main source of organic arsenic exposure (Arsenobetaine, arsenosugars and arsenolipids) in the population. Arsenosugars and arsenolipids are metabolized to several species including dimethylarsinate (DMA). Objective Evaluate the association of seafood intake with spot urine arsenic concentrations in the 2003–2006 National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods We studied 4276 participants ≥6 years. Total arsenic was measured using inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Urine DMA and Arsenobetaine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ICPMS. Results Participants reporting seafood in the past 24-h had higher urine concentrations of total arsenic (median 24.5 vs. 7.3 μg/L), DMA (6.0 vs. 3.5 μg/L), Arsenobetaine (10.2 vs. 0.9 μg/L) and total arsenic minus Arsenobetaine (11.0 vs. 5.5 μg/L). Participants reporting seafood ≥2/wk vs. never during the past year had 2.3 (95% confidence interval 1.9, 2.7), 1.4 (1.2, 1.6), 6.0 (4.6, 7.8) and 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) times higher ( p -trend Conclusion Seafood intake was a major determinant of increased urine concentrations of total arsenic, DMA, Arsenobetaine and total arsenic minus Arsenobetaine in the US population. Epidemiologic studies that use total arsenic, DMA, the sum of inorganic arsenic, methylarsonate and DMA, and total arsenic minus Arsenobetaine as markers of inorganic arsenic exposure and/or metabolism need to address seafood intake.
Toshikazu Kaise - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biotransformation of Arsenobetaine to trimethylarsine oxide by marine microorganisms in a gill of clam Meretrix lusoria
Chemosphere, 1998Co-Authors: Toshikazu Kaise, Teruaki Sakurai, Tohru Saitoh, Chiyo Matsubara, Naoko Takada-oikawa, Ken'ichi HanaokaAbstract:The tetramethylarsonium ion has been found in the gill of the clam Meretrix lusoria. We attempted to confirm the conversion of Arsenobetaine to the tetramethylarsonium ion in a culture with marine microorganisms occurring in the gill of the clam Meretrix lusoria. Arsenobetaine was aerobically incubated with microorganisms. A garlic-like odor was faintly detected after 5 to 8 days incubation. The mass spectrum of the odorous substance was essentially identical with that of synthetic trimethylarsine. Trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) was also detected in the culture medium after 3 weeks incubation. Arsenobetaine was biotransformed to TMAO during the incubation in the culture growth by the marine microorganisms. Tetramethylarsonium ion was not detected in the culture medium even after 72 days incubation.
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Arsenobetaine-decomposing Ability of Marine Microorganisms Occurring in Particles Collected at Depths of 1100 and 3500 Meters
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1997Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Toshikazu Kaise, Norihisa Kai, Yasuhiro Kawasaki, Hideaki Miyasita, Kenji Kakimoto, Shoji TagawaAbstract:The Arsenobetaine-decomposing ability of microorganisms occurring in sinking particles, which play a main role in the vertical transport of organic substances produced in the photic zone, was investigated. The microorganisms in particles collected in the deep sea, 1100 and 3500 m in depth, clearly showed decomposing ability. With the particles from 1100 m, the degradation products were the same as those produced by microorganisms occurring in sources in the photic zone, i.e. trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and inorganic arsenic(V). At 3500 m, the degradation activity was diminished, smalls amount of DMA and TMAO being produced. These results suggest that Arsenobetaine contained in the animals starts to degrade immediately after the death of the animals and their transformation to particles. The degradation of Arsenobetaine to inorganic arsenic in our tentative arsenic cycle in marine ecosystems (inorganic arsenic to inorganic arsenic via the biosynthesis of Arsenobetaine) may apply to the deep sea as well as to the photic zone. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Degradation of Arsenobetaine to inorganic arsenic by bacteria in seawater
Hydrobiologia, 1995Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Shoji Tagawa, Osamu Nakamura, Hiroshi Ohno, Toshikazu KaiseAbstract:The substances suspended in seawater were fractionated by membrane filtration into three fractions. Fraction 1 was collected on a membrane filter of 0.22 µm pore-size, fraction 2 on a 5 µm pore-size and fraction 3 on 0.22 µm pore-size from the filtrate passed through the 5 µm membrane filter. Arsenobetaine was incubated with each of these fractions in two media (ZoBell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts) at 25 °C in the dark under aerobic conditions. The mixture added with fraction 3 was considered to contain only bacteria. In every case, in the inorganic salt medium, inorganic arsenic(V) was derived from Arsenobetaine via trimethylarsine oxide. In the ZoBell medium, Arsenobetaine was not degraded to inorganic arsenic, although trimethylarsine oxide was derived in every case. We conclude that the degradation of Arsenobetaine to trimethylarsine oxide or inorganic arsenic can be accomplished in seawater by bacteria alone.
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Uptake and degradation of Arsenobetaine by the microorganisms occurring in sediments
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1995Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Shoji Tagawa, Kenji Uchida, Toshikazu KaiseAbstract:We have reported the degradation of Arsenobetaine [(CH 3 ) 3 As + CH 2 COO - ] to inorganic arsenic by microorganisms from various marine origins such as sediments. However, there was no information as to the fate of the ingested Arsenobetaine within the body of the microorganisms before excretion. In this study, Arsenobetaine and sediments were added to two culture media (1/5 Zobell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts) and aerobically incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Despite the degradation and complete disappearance of Arsenobetaine from the filtrates of the incubation mixtures, the major arsenic compound from the microorganisms harvested from the mixtures was identified by HPLC as Arsenobetaine throughout the incubation period. The presence of Arsenobetaine was further confirmed by TLC and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS). A minor arsenical also present in the incubated microorganisms, dimethylarsinic acid, was detected.
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Post-mortem formation of inorganic arsenic from Arsenobetaine in a shark under natural conditions
Chemosphere, 1993Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Shoji Tagawa, Tamaki Kogure, Yuko Miura, Toshikazu KaiseAbstract:Abstract The ubiquity of an organic arsenic compound, Arsenobetaine [(CH3)3As+CH2COO−], in marine animals is wellknown. On the other hand, the fate of it is not well known in vivo. The degradation of Arsenobetaine accumulated in a shark to inorganic arsenic was shown to occur in a natural environment. This means that Arsenobetaine bioconverted from inorganic arsenic from sea-water is degraded to original inorganic arsenic.
Masatoshi Morita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Deuterium exchange in Arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinoylacetic acid.
Journal of inorganic biochemistry, 2005Co-Authors: John S. Edmonds, Makoto Nomachi, Masatoshi MoritaAbstract:Abstract Arsenobetaine occurs naturally in almost all marine animals and it is assumed to be the unreactive end-product of a detoxification pathway. To investigate the properties of Arsenobetaine and its likely immediate biogenic precursor, dimethylarsinoylacetic acid, we studied the exchanges of the C-2 methylene protons of these compounds in D 2 O solution and showed them to be pH dependent first-order reactions. For Arsenobetaine, the rate of exchange was highest at high pH values although exchange also occurred at low pH values. For dimethylarsinoylacetic acid, the rate was highest at low pH values although there was also exchange at high pH values. The half-life of the reaction was maximum for Arsenobetaine at pH values of 5–6, and for dimethylarsinoylacetic acid at 6.5–8.5. Mechanisms are suggested for the exchange reactions involved.
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Arsenic Transformations in Short Marine Food Chains studied by HPLC-ICP MS
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1997Co-Authors: J S Edmonds, Yasuyuki Shibata, K. A. Francesconi, R. J. Rippingale, Masatoshi MoritaAbstract:The chemical forms of arsenic in some herbivorous or mainly herbivorous marine animals and, in some cases, the algae on which they feed were determined by HPLC-ICP MS. In most cases Arsenobetaine was present in the animals as well as arsenosugars consumed directly from the algae. However in the case of copepods Gladioferens imparipes fed only on the diatom Chaetoceros concavicornis which had been grown in axenic culture, arseno-betaine was absent. Arsenobetaine was also absent from the muscle of the silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus, although trimethyl-arsine oxide was present. This is the first reported case of the absence of Arsenobetaine in a marine teleost fish and may be related to its fermentative faculty for digesting the macroalgae that it consumes. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Arsenic Compounds in Zoo- and Phyto-plankton of Marine Origin
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Yasuyuki Shibata, Michiko Sekiguchi, Akira Otsuki, Masatoshi MoritaAbstract:Major water-soluble arsenic compounds accumulated in some zoo- and phyto-plankton were identified. Zooplankton were collected at sampling stations in the Sea of Japan by a Norpac net towed from 600 m depth to the surface. Phytoplankton were cultivated under axenic conditions. Water-soluble arsenic compounds were extracted repeatedly from plankton tissues by aqueous methanol. The arsenic compounds in the extracts were analyzed by HPLC–ICP/MS. Among zooplankton analyzed in the present study, two carnivorous species, i.e. Amphipoda (Themistosp.) and Sagittoidea (Sagittasp.), contained Arsenobetaine as the dominant arsenic species. Arsenobetaine was the major species in Euphausiacea (Euphausiasp.), also. The most abundant arsenic compound in the herbivorous Copepoda species (Calanussp.), on the other hand, was an arsenic-containing ribofuranoside with a sulfate ester group, and Arsenobetaine was only a minor component. Phytoplankton contained arsenic-containing ribofuranosides apparently in a species-speific manner. The arsenic compounds in zooplankton seem to reflect their feeding habit; i.e. carnivorous species eating zooplankton or other small animals accumulate Arsenobetaine, while herbivorous ones eating phytoplankton accumulate arsenic-containing ribofuranosides as major arsenic compounds.
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Arsenic compounds in tissues of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1994Co-Authors: J S Edmonds, R.i.t. Prince, Kevin A. Francesconi, Yasuyuki Shibata, Masatoshi MoritaAbstract:Examination of extracts of tissues of a leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) (Reptilia: Dermochelyidae) by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has demonstrated the presence of Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and inorganic arsenate in heart muscle and liver, and Arsenobetaine and inorganic arsenate in pectoral muscle. Although Arsenobetaine was the major form in all tissues, inorganic arsenate and arsenocholine accounted for 50% and 15% respectively of arsenic in aqueous extracts of the liver.
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Detection of Arsenobetaine in human blood
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1994Co-Authors: Yasuyuki Shibata, Jun Yoshinaga, Masatoshi MoritaAbstract:Arsenobetaine was detected and quantified unambiguously in human plasma, serum and red blood cells by the combination of HPLC with ICP MS. Three different column conditions, i.e. two ionpair chromatographies for anionic (LC-1) and cationic (LC-2) compounds and gel-permeation chromatography (LC-3), were employed to confirm the assignment. Arsenobetaine was detected in every sample as a major component of the water-soluble arsenic compounds, with an increasing concentration in plasma < serum < blood cell fractions. It was the sole detectable arsenic compound in LC-1 and LC-2, while a broad peak corresponding to high-molecular-weight compounds was identified in addition to Arsenobetaine in LC-3.
Ken'ichi Hanaoka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biotransformation of Arsenobetaine to trimethylarsine oxide by marine microorganisms in a gill of clam Meretrix lusoria
Chemosphere, 1998Co-Authors: Toshikazu Kaise, Teruaki Sakurai, Tohru Saitoh, Chiyo Matsubara, Naoko Takada-oikawa, Ken'ichi HanaokaAbstract:The tetramethylarsonium ion has been found in the gill of the clam Meretrix lusoria. We attempted to confirm the conversion of Arsenobetaine to the tetramethylarsonium ion in a culture with marine microorganisms occurring in the gill of the clam Meretrix lusoria. Arsenobetaine was aerobically incubated with microorganisms. A garlic-like odor was faintly detected after 5 to 8 days incubation. The mass spectrum of the odorous substance was essentially identical with that of synthetic trimethylarsine. Trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) was also detected in the culture medium after 3 weeks incubation. Arsenobetaine was biotransformed to TMAO during the incubation in the culture growth by the marine microorganisms. Tetramethylarsonium ion was not detected in the culture medium even after 72 days incubation.
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Arsenobetaine-decomposing Ability of Marine Microorganisms Occurring in Particles Collected at Depths of 1100 and 3500 Meters
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1997Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Toshikazu Kaise, Norihisa Kai, Yasuhiro Kawasaki, Hideaki Miyasita, Kenji Kakimoto, Shoji TagawaAbstract:The Arsenobetaine-decomposing ability of microorganisms occurring in sinking particles, which play a main role in the vertical transport of organic substances produced in the photic zone, was investigated. The microorganisms in particles collected in the deep sea, 1100 and 3500 m in depth, clearly showed decomposing ability. With the particles from 1100 m, the degradation products were the same as those produced by microorganisms occurring in sources in the photic zone, i.e. trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and inorganic arsenic(V). At 3500 m, the degradation activity was diminished, smalls amount of DMA and TMAO being produced. These results suggest that Arsenobetaine contained in the animals starts to degrade immediately after the death of the animals and their transformation to particles. The degradation of Arsenobetaine to inorganic arsenic in our tentative arsenic cycle in marine ecosystems (inorganic arsenic to inorganic arsenic via the biosynthesis of Arsenobetaine) may apply to the deep sea as well as to the photic zone. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Degradation of Arsenobetaine to inorganic arsenic by bacteria in seawater
Hydrobiologia, 1995Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Shoji Tagawa, Osamu Nakamura, Hiroshi Ohno, Toshikazu KaiseAbstract:The substances suspended in seawater were fractionated by membrane filtration into three fractions. Fraction 1 was collected on a membrane filter of 0.22 µm pore-size, fraction 2 on a 5 µm pore-size and fraction 3 on 0.22 µm pore-size from the filtrate passed through the 5 µm membrane filter. Arsenobetaine was incubated with each of these fractions in two media (ZoBell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts) at 25 °C in the dark under aerobic conditions. The mixture added with fraction 3 was considered to contain only bacteria. In every case, in the inorganic salt medium, inorganic arsenic(V) was derived from Arsenobetaine via trimethylarsine oxide. In the ZoBell medium, Arsenobetaine was not degraded to inorganic arsenic, although trimethylarsine oxide was derived in every case. We conclude that the degradation of Arsenobetaine to trimethylarsine oxide or inorganic arsenic can be accomplished in seawater by bacteria alone.
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Uptake and degradation of Arsenobetaine by the microorganisms occurring in sediments
Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1995Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Shoji Tagawa, Kenji Uchida, Toshikazu KaiseAbstract:We have reported the degradation of Arsenobetaine [(CH 3 ) 3 As + CH 2 COO - ] to inorganic arsenic by microorganisms from various marine origins such as sediments. However, there was no information as to the fate of the ingested Arsenobetaine within the body of the microorganisms before excretion. In this study, Arsenobetaine and sediments were added to two culture media (1/5 Zobell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts) and aerobically incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Despite the degradation and complete disappearance of Arsenobetaine from the filtrates of the incubation mixtures, the major arsenic compound from the microorganisms harvested from the mixtures was identified by HPLC as Arsenobetaine throughout the incubation period. The presence of Arsenobetaine was further confirmed by TLC and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS). A minor arsenical also present in the incubated microorganisms, dimethylarsinic acid, was detected.
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Post-mortem formation of inorganic arsenic from Arsenobetaine in a shark under natural conditions
Chemosphere, 1993Co-Authors: Ken'ichi Hanaoka, Shoji Tagawa, Tamaki Kogure, Yuko Miura, Toshikazu KaiseAbstract:Abstract The ubiquity of an organic arsenic compound, Arsenobetaine [(CH3)3As+CH2COO−], in marine animals is wellknown. On the other hand, the fate of it is not well known in vivo. The degradation of Arsenobetaine accumulated in a shark to inorganic arsenic was shown to occur in a natural environment. This means that Arsenobetaine bioconverted from inorganic arsenic from sea-water is degraded to original inorganic arsenic.
Marc H.g. Berntssen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accumulation and elimination of dietary Arsenobetaine in two species of fish atlantic salmon salmo salar l and atlantic cod gadus morhua l
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Heidi Amlund, Kevin A. Francesconi, Claudette Bethune, Annekatrine Lundebye, Marc H.g. BerntssenAbstract:Despite the fact that marine fish contain relatively high concentrations of the naturally occurring arsenic compound Arsenobetaine, little is known about the disposition of Arsenobetaine in fish. We investigated the accumulation, distribution, and elimination of dietary Arsenobetaine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), with the focus on muscle, liver, and kidney tissues. The fish were exposed to dietary Arsenobetaine (24.7 +/- 0.6 microg As/g feed) for three months, followed by a three-month depuration period. The two species showed marked differences in the accumulation and elimination of Arsenobetaine. Total arsenic concentrations in Atlantic salmon increased significantly in muscle, liver, and kidney, whereas in Atlantic cod, a significant increase in total arsenic concentration was observed only in muscle. Elimination kinetics in muscle were distinct between the two species, with elimination half-lives from muscle tissue estimated at approximately 77 d in Atlantic cod and 37 d in Atlantic salmon, resulting in an absorption efficiency approximately twofold higher in Atlantic cod (15 +/- 1%) compared to that in Atlantic salmon (8 +/- 1%). The differences in Arsenobetaine disposition studied in Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod contribute to explain the differences in arsenic levels observed among marine fish.
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Disposition of Arsenobetaine in two marine fish species following administration of a single oral dose of [14C]Arsenobetaine.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP, 2006Co-Authors: Heidi Amlund, Kristian Ingebrigtsen, Ketil Hylland, Anders Ruus, Dag Ø. Eriksen, Marc H.g. BerntssenAbstract:The distribution and excretion of Arsenobetaine in fish were investigated using whole body autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. A single dose of synthesised [(14)C]Arsenobetaine was orally administered to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. Arsenobetaine was distributed to most organs within both species. Nevertheless, there were species differences in tissue distribution and excretory pattern. The highest level of Arsenobetaine in Atlantic salmon was present in muscle tissue, while high levels of Arsenobetaine were found in both muscle and liver (including gall bladder) from Atlantic cod. The results suggest that the major route of excretion was via urine, which seemed to be more important in Atlantic cod than in Atlantic salmon. Elimination of Arsenobetaine via bile appeared to be negligible in both species.
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Arsenobetaine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): influence of seawater adaptation
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP, 2004Co-Authors: Heidi Amlund, Marc H.g. BerntssenAbstract:Abstract Glycine betaine has been suggested to improve the maintenance of ionic and osmotic homeostasis during seawater adaptation in teleost fish. Arsenobetaine may also behave as an osmolyte, due to its structural similarity to glycine betaine. The influence of seawater adaptation on intestinal uptake and muscle accumulation of Arsenobetaine in the teleost Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was investigated. Atlantic salmon (freshwater and seawater adapted) were given a single oral dose of Arsenobetaine, which was absorbed over the intestine within 6 h after exposure. Seawater adapted Atlantic salmon had significantly higher levels of accumulated Arsenobetaine in blood compared to the freshwater adapted salmon. However, seawater adaptation had no effect on the levels of accumulated Arsenobetaine in muscle tissue. Similar retention of the administered dose was found in muscle tissue in both freshwater and seawater adapted salmon, with 49±6% and 50±10% retention after 144 h, respectively. Results indicate that muscle retention was not influenced by salinity in seawater adapting teleosts.