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Manuel Morcillo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • marine Atmospheric Corrosion of carbon steel a review
    Materials, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jenifer Alcantara, Ivan Diaz, Daniel De La Fuente, Belen Chico, J Simancas, Manuel Morcillo
    Abstract:

    The Atmospheric Corrosion of carbon steel is an extensive topic that has been studied over the years by many researchers. However, until relatively recently, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the action of marine chlorides. Corrosion in coastal regions is a particularly relevant issue due the latter’s great importance to human society. About half of the world’s population lives in coastal regions and the industrialisation of developing countries tends to concentrate production plants close to the sea. Until the start of the 21st century, research on the basic mechanisms of rust formation in Cl−-rich atmospheres was limited to just a small number of studies. However, in recent years, scientific understanding of marine Atmospheric Corrosion has advanced greatly, and in the authors’ opinion a sufficient body of knowledge has been built up in published scientific papers to warrant an up-to-date review of the current state-of-the-art and to assess what issues still need to be addressed. That is the purpose of the present review. After a preliminary section devoted to basic concepts on Atmospheric Corrosion, the marine atmosphere, and experimentation on marine Atmospheric Corrosion, the paper addresses key aspects such as the most significant Corrosion products, the characteristics of the rust layers formed, and the mechanisms of steel Corrosion in marine atmospheres. Special attention is then paid to important matters such as coastal-industrial atmospheres and long-term behaviour of carbon steel exposed to marine atmospheres. The work ends with a section dedicated to issues pending, noting a series of questions in relation with which greater research efforts would seem to be necessary.

  • Atmospheric Corrosion data of weathering steels a review
    Corrosion Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: Manuel Morcillo, Ivan Diaz, H Cano, Belen Chico, Daniel De La Fuente
    Abstract:

    Abstract Extensive information on the Atmospheric Corrosion of weathering steel has been published in the scientific literature. The contribution of the present work is to provide a bibliographic review of the reported information, which mostly concerns the weathering steel ASTM A-242. This review addresses issues such as rust layer stabilisation times, steady-state steel Corrosion rates, and situations where the use of unpainted weathering steel is feasible. It also analyses the effect of exposure conditions. Finally it approaches the important matter of predicting the long-term behaviour of weathering steel reviewing the different prediction models published in the literature.

  • long term Atmospheric Corrosion of mild steel
    Corrosion Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Daniel De La Fuente, Ivan Diaz, Belen Chico, J Simancas, Manuel Morcillo
    Abstract:

    Abstract A great deal of information is available on the Atmospheric Corrosion of mild steel in the short, mid and even long term, but studies of the structure and morphology of Corrosion layers are less abundant and generally deal with those formed in just a few years. The present study assesses the structure and morphology of Corrosion product layers formed on mild steel after 13 years of exposure in five Spanish atmospheres of different types: rural, urban, industrial and marine (mild and severe). The Corrosion layers have been characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Long-term Corrosion is seen to be more severe in the industrial and marine atmospheres, and less so in the rural and urban atmospheres. In all cases the Corrosion rate is seen to decrease with exposure time, stabilising after the first 4–6 years of exposure. The most relevant aspects to be noted are (a) the great compaction of the rust layers formed in the rural and urban atmospheres, (b) the formation of hematite and ferrihydrite phases (not commonly found) in the industrial and marine atmospheres, respectively and (c) identification of the typical morphological structures of lepidocrocite (sandy crystals and flowery plates), goethite (cotton balls structures) and akaganeite (cotton balls structures and cigar-shaped crystals).

  • effect of distance from sea on Atmospheric Corrosion rate
    Corrosion, 1999
    Co-Authors: S Feliu, Manuel Morcillo, Belen Chico
    Abstract:

    Abstract The influence of the distance from sea constitutes one of the most important aspects of Atmospheric Corrosion in coastal areas. Empirically, it is known that the effect of marine atmospher...

  • the prediction of Atmospheric Corrosion from meteorological and pollution parameters i annual Corrosion
    Corrosion Science, 1993
    Co-Authors: S Feliu, Manuel Morcillo
    Abstract:

    Abstract Worldwide Atmospheric Corrosion and environmental data, compiled in a comprehensive literature survey were statistically processed for establishing general Corrosion damage functions for mild steel, zinc, copper and aluminium, in terms of simple meteorological and pollution parameters. The regression equations thus developed account for 83, 62, 59 and 41% of the variance in the annual Corrosion data for zinc, steel, aluminium and copper, respectively. The goodness of the fits of data from rural atmospheres is considerably lower.

Daniel De La Fuente - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Atmospheric Corrosion of zinc in coastal atmospheres
    'Wiley', 2019
    Co-Authors: Fuentes María, Daniel De La Fuente, Llorente Irene, Chico Belén, Jiménez, José Antonio, Morcillo Manuel
    Abstract:

    The Atmospheric Corrosion of zinc in pure marine coastal atmospheres has not been extensively studied. This paper presents the results obtained in six pure marine atmospheres located at different distances from the seashore in the same coastal area with annual chloride deposition rates of between 47 and 1142 mg · m · day. Zinc specimens were exposed for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in two annual exposure sequences starting 6 months apart. Tests were performed to determine the Corrosion rate and its evolution with exposure time. Quantitative (Rietveld) grazing X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (C 1s) were applied to analyze the Corrosion products formed. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry were employed to study the morphology of the Corrosion layers. The most relevant findings of this study are: (a) the presence of hydrozincite [Zn(CO)(OH)]; (b) the aqueous precipitation can be a major controlling factor of the Atmospheric Corrosion of zinc in atmospheres with low chloride deposition rates (30–50 mg · m· day); and (c) the formation of zinc hydroxysulfates also takes place due to the presence of sulfate ions in the marine aerosol.Peer Reviewe

  • Atmospheric Corrosion of weathering steels. Overview for engineers. Part I: Basic concepts
    'Elsevier BV', 2019
    Co-Authors: Morcillo Manuel, Chico Belén, Díaz Iván, Cano H., Daniel De La Fuente
    Abstract:

    The Atmospheric Corrosion of weathering steel (WS)has been extensively discussed in the scientific literature, but a comprehensive overview of this topic from an engineering viewpoint is currently lacking. The present publication seeks to fill this gap, providing engineers, designers and steel manufacturers with an insight into the current state of knowledge on this important structural material and presenting key research findings in a way that promotes their practical application. The Part I of this review is addressed to various aspects of WS Atmospheric Corrosion, such as Corrosion mechanisms, Corrosion products and layers, effect of exposure environment conditions and long term performance. A number of design and metallurgical considerations is also focused.Peer Reviewe

  • Atmospheric Corrosion of weathering steels. Overview for engineers. Part II: Testing, inspection, maintenance
    'Elsevier BV', 2019
    Co-Authors: Morcillo Manuel, Chico Belén, Díaz Iván, Cano H., Daniel De La Fuente
    Abstract:

    The Atmospheric Corrosion of weathering steel (WS) has been extensively discussed in the scientific literature, but a comprehensive overview of this topic from an engineering viewpoint is currently lacking. The present publication seeks to fill this gap, providing engineers, designers and steel manufacturers with an insight into the current state of knowledge on this important structural material and presenting key research findings in a way that promotes their practical application. The Part II of this review sets out the methods available to evaluate the protective ability of rust layers and describes testing, inspection and maintenance techniques. The paper ends with a number of examples of Corrosion problems in WS structures, an overview of new advanced WS, and considers the painting of WS in highly corrosive atmospheres.Peer Reviewe

  • Effect of Cu, Cr and Ni alloying elements on mechanical properties and Atmospheric Corrosion resistance of weathering steels in marine atmospheres of different aggressivities
    'Wiley', 2018
    Co-Authors: Cano H., Daniel De La Fuente, Díaz Iván, Chico Belén, Morcillo Manuel
    Abstract:

    This paper studies the individual and combined effect of adding Cu (0.26–1.06 wt%), Cr (0.54 wt%) and Ni (0.92–2.92 wt%) alloying elements to carbon steel with regard to mechanical behaviour and Atmospheric Corrosion resistance in two marine atmospheres with different chloride deposition rates (20 and 71 mg Cl/m · d). Mechanical properties are assessed in terms of yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, hardness and weldability, while Atmospheric Corrosion resistance is evaluated by determination of Corrosion losses, rust layer structure, and nature of the Corrosion products formed. The best Atmospheric Corrosion resistance is obtained with weathering steel (3 wt% Ni), which would be suitable for use unpainted in marine atmospheres of moderate salinity (≤20 mg Cl/m · d), though a longer cooling time would be required during its manufacture in order to assure adequate weldability.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this study from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (CICYT‐MAT 2008‐06649). They thank also Prof. Sebastián Medina (CENIM‐CSIC) for the help offered during the fabrication of the steels. H. Cano and I. Díaz also acknowledge the PhD scholarships financed by FPI/MINECO and CSIC JAE Programme, respectively.Peer Reviewe

  • marine Atmospheric Corrosion of carbon steel a review
    Materials, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jenifer Alcantara, Ivan Diaz, Daniel De La Fuente, Belen Chico, J Simancas, Manuel Morcillo
    Abstract:

    The Atmospheric Corrosion of carbon steel is an extensive topic that has been studied over the years by many researchers. However, until relatively recently, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the action of marine chlorides. Corrosion in coastal regions is a particularly relevant issue due the latter’s great importance to human society. About half of the world’s population lives in coastal regions and the industrialisation of developing countries tends to concentrate production plants close to the sea. Until the start of the 21st century, research on the basic mechanisms of rust formation in Cl−-rich atmospheres was limited to just a small number of studies. However, in recent years, scientific understanding of marine Atmospheric Corrosion has advanced greatly, and in the authors’ opinion a sufficient body of knowledge has been built up in published scientific papers to warrant an up-to-date review of the current state-of-the-art and to assess what issues still need to be addressed. That is the purpose of the present review. After a preliminary section devoted to basic concepts on Atmospheric Corrosion, the marine atmosphere, and experimentation on marine Atmospheric Corrosion, the paper addresses key aspects such as the most significant Corrosion products, the characteristics of the rust layers formed, and the mechanisms of steel Corrosion in marine atmospheres. Special attention is then paid to important matters such as coastal-industrial atmospheres and long-term behaviour of carbon steel exposed to marine atmospheres. The work ends with a section dedicated to issues pending, noting a series of questions in relation with which greater research efforts would seem to be necessary.

Kaneaki Tsuzaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hydrogen entry into fe and high strength steels under simulated Atmospheric Corrosion
    Electrochimica Acta, 2011
    Co-Authors: Eiji Akiyama, Zuogui Zhang, Tadashi Shinohara, Kaneaki Tsuzaki
    Abstract:

    Abstract Electrochemical hydrogen permeation tests of Fe sheets under two cyclic Corrosion test (CCT) conditions were performed to understand hydrogen entry behavior under Atmospheric Corrosions. Hydrogen entry into 1300 MPa-class high strength steels under two CCT conditions was also investigated using thermal desorption analysis. One CCT consisted of salt spray, dry and wet stages (Salt Spray CCT; SSCCT), and the other consisted of dry and wet stages after NaCl deposition (Dry–Wet CCT; DWCCT). The Corrosion rates of Fe and the steels were almost constant under SSCCT and they decreased under DWCCT with time. Nevertheless, both CCTs resulted in increases in hydrogen permeation current and diffusible hydrogen content with time indicating enhancement of hydrogen entry. Corrosion current monitored by means of an Atmospheric Corrosion monitoring sensor consisting of Fe anode and Ag cathode decreased obviously under dry stage of the CCTs, whereas hydrogen permeation was high at the beginning of the dry stage. The discrepancy between hydrogen entry and Corrosion rate indicates that the hydrogen entry is not directly controlled by Corrosion rate. Increase in acidity of underlying rust layer with growth of rust layer monitored using a W/WO 3 electrode is considered to be one of the factors affecting the hydrogen entry efficiency.

  • evaluation of hydrogen entry into high strength steel under Atmospheric Corrosion
    Corrosion Science, 2010
    Co-Authors: Eiji Akiyama, Mao Qiu Wang, Katsuhiro Matsukado, Kaneaki Tsuzaki
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen entry into high strength steels by Atmospheric Corrosion has been investigated to evaluate their susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. High strength steels were corroded by dry/wet cyclic Corrosion after NaCl deposition. The maximum diffusible hydrogen concentration around the surface was successfully obtained by means of thermal desorption analysis after keeping the specimens at high humidity to reproduce enhanced hydrogen entry influenced by the rust layer and to homogenize the hydrogen distribution. Despite decrease in Corrosion rate, hydrogen content in specimens did not decrease. Decrease of pH in inner rust layer is responsible for the enhanced hydrogen entry into steel.

Jan-erik Svensson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • localized Atmospheric Corrosion of magnesium aluminum alloys produced by semisolid casting a 2d and 3d investigation
    Corrosion, 2021
    Co-Authors: Mehrdad Shahabinavid, Jan-erik Svensson, Lars-gunnar Johansson, Mats Halvarsson, Antoine Allanore, Nick Birbilis, Mohsen Esmaily
    Abstract:

    The localized Corrosion of the two magnesium-aluminum alloys AM50 and AZ91 produced by a semisolid casting method was investigated under Atmospheric Corrosion conditions, in the presence of NaCl. Gravimetry confirmed the beneficial effect from ambient levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in suppressing Corrosion through the formation of magnesium hydroxy carbonates. Both 2D and 3D characterization revealed that ambient CO2 has a strong influence on the morphology and rate of localized Corrosion. In CO2-free atmosphere, the alloys suffered localized Corrosion resulting in clustered and interconnected cavities that extended deep into the material. In contrast, Corrosion in the presence of ambient levels of CO2 (400 ppm) resulted in evenly distributed shallow Corrosion sites. The results indicate that CO2 neutralizes the cathodic areas resulting in diminished cathodic activity and inhibiting NaCl(aq) droplet coalescence.

  • the influence of relative humidity and temperature on the acetic acid vapour induced Atmospheric Corrosion of lead
    Corrosion Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Annika Niklasson, Lars-gunnar Johansson, Jan-erik Svensson
    Abstract:

    Abstract The acetic-acid induced Atmospheric Corrosion of lead was studied at 22.0 °C and 30–95% RH and at 4 °C and 95% RH. The samples were exposed to synthetic air with careful control of relative humidity, temperature, acetic acid concentration (170 ppb) and flow conditions. Reference exposures were carried out in clean humid air. Samples were analysed by gravimetry, ion chromatography, quantitative carbonate analysis, ESEM and XRD. Traces of acetic acid vapour strongly accelerate the Atmospheric Corrosion of lead. The Corrosion rate is only weakly dependent on relative humidity in the range 95–50% RH. The accumulated amount of acetate is independent of RH in the range 95–40%. Lead Corrosion in humid air in the presence of acetic acid vapour exhibits a negative correlation with temperature. The crystalline Corrosion products formed on lead in the presence of acetic acid vapour were lead acetate oxide hydrate (Pb(CH 3 COO) 2  · 2PbO · H 2 O) and massicot (β-PbO) together with plumbonacrite (Pb 10 O(CO 3 ) 6 (OH) 6 ) or hydrocerussite (Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ). The transformation of lead acetate oxide hydrate into hydrocerussite and vice versa was also studied. The mechanism of Corrosion is addressed, and the implications of this study for combating the Corrosion of lead organ pipes in historical organs are discussed.

  • air pollutant concentrations and Atmospheric Corrosion of organ pipes in european church environments
    Studies in Conservation, 2008
    Co-Authors: Annika Niklasson, Lars-gunnar Johansson, Sarka Langer, Karine Arrhenius, Lars Rosell, Carl Johan Bergsten, Jan-erik Svensson
    Abstract:

    Abstract: The Atmospheric environment inside and outside historical organs in several European regions is reported. In each region, comparisons were made between an instrument suffering organ pipe Corrosion and an organ without Corrosion problems. Concentrations of acetic acid (ethanoic acid), formic acid (methanoic acid), acetaldehyde (ethanal), formaldehyde (methanal) and other volatile organic compounds in the organ environment were determined using active sampling. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded. In addition, polished metal samples that mimic the material used in the historical organ pipes have been exposed in the organ wind systems for up to 22 months. High concentrations of acetic acid and formic acid vapours are present in the wind system of the corroded organs. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are also present in smaller amounts. The main source of acetic acid is the wood from which the wind system is built. In contrast, formic acid is generated in the chruch environment outside the wind system. The results show that the two organic acids play an important role in the Atmospheric Corrosion of organ pipes. It is suggested that the Corrosion of lead pipes in historical organs can be effectively reduced by removing the sources of gaseous acetic acid and formic acid in the wind system and in the chruch environment.

  • scanning kelvin probe force microscopy a useful tool for studying Atmospheric Corrosion of mgal alloys in situ
    Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2004
    Co-Authors: Bengtsson D Blucher, Michael Rohwerder, Jan-erik Svensson, Lars-gunnar Johansson, Martin Stratmann
    Abstract:

    Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) is used to study the initial stages of Atmospheric Corrosion of an AlMg alloy and of physical vapor deposition (PVD) deposited 2 μm Al dots on pure Mg. The latter system is used as a model of a two-phase AlMg alloy. The influence of CO2 was studied in situ in humid air using SKPFM. This method allows for the in situ investigation of the evolution of the Volta potential during exposure, the resolution being in the submicrometer range. The temperature was 22.0°C, and the relative humidity was 85 or 95%. The concentration of CO2 was <1 or 350 ppm. The Corrosion products were analyzed by gravimetry, ion chromatography, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning Kelvin probe, and Auger electron spectroscopy. We found that the initial stages of Atmospheric Corrosion on magnesium are influenced by the presence of cathodic PVD-deposited aluminum. A similar effect was seen in the case of AZ91D, the aluminum-rich β-phase forming the cathodic areas. The β-phase is nobler compared to the substrate because of the higher Al content. In the absence of CO2, the Corrosion attack is localized in nature whereas the presence of ambient levels of CO2 results in a more general Corrosion attack. The inhibitive effect of CO2 on the Atmospheric Corrosion of AZ91D is explained by the formation of a passivating layer of Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2⋅5H2O. In the absence of CO2, the increase in pH originating from the cathodic reaction results in the dissolution of aluminum in the passive layer. A Corrosion mechanism is proposed explaining the behavior in the two environments.

  • the influence of carbon dioxide on the Atmospheric Corrosion of some magnesium alloys in the presence of nacl
    Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2002
    Co-Authors: Rakel Wreland Lindstrom, Jan-erik Svensson, Lars-gunnar Johansson
    Abstract:

    The influence of ambient concentrations of carbon dioxide on the NaCl-induced Atmospheric Corrosion of high purity die-cast MgAl alloys (AM20 and AM60) and MgAlZn alloy (AZ91) is reported. Samples ...

Zhenyao Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.