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Joseph Biederman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis lifespan comorbidities and neurobiology
2007Co-Authors: Thomas J. Spencer, Joseph Biederman, Eric MickAbstract:In this report, we provide an evidence-based overview of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including diagnosis, prevalence, developmental expression of symptoms, persistence, the heterogeneity of functional outcome, impairment in afflicted adults, psychiatric comorbidity, pathophysiology, genetics, psychosocial and biologic risk factors, and neurobiology. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is an early-onset, highly prevalent neurobehavioral Disorder, with genetic, environmental, and biologic etiologies, that persists into adolescence and adulthood in a sizable majority of afflicted children of both sexes. It is characterized by behavioral symptoms of inattention, Hyperactivity, and impulsivity across the life cycle and is associated with considerable morbidity and disability. Comorbidity is a distinct clinical feature of both childhood and adult ADHD. Although its etiology remains unclear, emerging evidence documents its strong neurobiologic and genetic underpinnings. Despite the high diagnostic reliability and the robust evidence of the validity of ADHD, there are many underlying issues that remain to be resolved. These include establishing developmentally appropriate diagnostic criteria at older ages, further elaborating the impact of gender on symptom expression, and examining risk and protective factors in relationship to prevention or amelioration of ADHD as well as related functional impairments.
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attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder a selective overview
2005Co-Authors: Joseph BiedermanAbstract:Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous Disorder that is associated with tremendous financial burden, stress to families, and adverse academic and vocational outcomes. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is highly prevalent in children worldwide, and the prevalence of this Disorder in adults is increasingly recognized. Studies of adults with a diagnosis of childhood-onset ADHD indicate that clinical correlates--demographic, psychosocial, psychiatric, and cognitive features--mirror findings among children with ADHD. Predictors of persistence of ADHD include family history of the Disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial adversity. Family studies of ADHD have consistently supported its strong familial nature. Psychiatric Disorders comorbid with childhood ADHD include oppositional defiant and conduct Disorders, whereas mood and anxiety Disorders are comorbid with ADHD in both children and adults. Pregnancy and delivery complications, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and adverse family environment variables are considered important risk factors for ADHD. The etiology of ADHD has not been clearly identified, although evidence supports neurobiologic and genetic origins. Structural and functional imaging studies suggest that dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical pathways, as well as imbalances in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD. Medication with dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity seems to reduce ADHD symptoms by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake. Such alterations in dopaminergic and noradrenergic function are apparently necessary for the clinical efficacy of pharmacologic treatments of ADHD.
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efficacy of adderall for attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder a meta analysis
2002Co-Authors: Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph BiedermanAbstract:Stimulant medication has, for many years, been the pharmacological treatment of choice for children and adults with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have shown Adde...
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attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder across the lifespan
2002Co-Authors: Timothy E. Wilens, Joseph Biederman, Thomas J. SpencerAbstract:Attention deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral Disorder presenting for treatment in youth. ADHD is often chronic with prominent symptoms and impairment spanning into adulthood. ADHD is often associated with co-occurring anxiety, mood, and disruptive Disorders, as well as substance abuse. The diagnosis of ADHD by careful review of symptoms and impairment is both reliable and valid. Recent genetic, imaging, neurochemistry, and neuropsychological data support the biological underpinning of the Disorder. All aspects of an individual's life must be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Pharmacotherapy, including stimulants, antidepressants, and antihypertensives, plays a fundamental role in the management of ADHD across the lifespan.
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neurobiology of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
1998Co-Authors: Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph BiedermanAbstract:Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset, clinically heterogeneous Disorder of inattention, Hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Family, twin, adoption, segregation analysis, and molecular genetic studies show that is has a substantial genetic component. Although their results are still tentative, molecular genetic studies suggest that three genes may increase the susceptibility to ADHD: the D4 dopamine receptor gene, the dopamine transporter gene, and the D2 dopamine receptor gene. Studies of environmental adversity have implicated pregnancy and delivery complications, marital distress, family dysfunction, and low social class. The pattern of neuropsychological deficits found in ADHD children implicate executive functions and working memory; this pattern is similar to what has been found among adults with frontal lobe damage, which suggests that the frontal cortex or regions projecting to the frontal cortex are dysfunctional in at least some ADHD children. Moreover, neuroimaging studies implicate frontosubcortical pathways in ADHD. Notably, these pathways are rich in catecholamines, which have been implicated in ADHD by the mechanism of action of stimulants--the class of drugs that effectively treats many ADHD children. Yet human studies of the catecholamine hypothesis of ADHD have produced conflicting results, perhaps due to the insensitivity of peripheral measures.
Stephen V. Faraone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genetics of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
2019Co-Authors: Stephen V. Faraone, Henrik LarssonAbstract:Decades of research show that genes play an vital role in the etiology of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its comorbidity with other Disorders. Family, twin, and adoption studies show that ADHD runs in families. ADHD’s high heritability of 74% motivated the search for ADHD susceptibility genes. Genetic linkage studies show that the effects of DNA risk variants on ADHD must, individually, be very small. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated several genetic loci at the genome-wide level of statistical significance. These studies also show that about a third of ADHD’s heritability is due to a polygenic component comprising many common variants each having small effects. From studies of copy number variants we have also learned that the rare insertions or deletions account for part of ADHD’s heritability. These findings have implicated new biological pathways that may eventually have implications for treatment development.
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efficacy of adderall for attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder a meta analysis
2002Co-Authors: Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph BiedermanAbstract:Stimulant medication has, for many years, been the pharmacological treatment of choice for children and adults with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have shown Adde...
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neurobiology of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
1998Co-Authors: Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph BiedermanAbstract:Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset, clinically heterogeneous Disorder of inattention, Hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Family, twin, adoption, segregation analysis, and molecular genetic studies show that is has a substantial genetic component. Although their results are still tentative, molecular genetic studies suggest that three genes may increase the susceptibility to ADHD: the D4 dopamine receptor gene, the dopamine transporter gene, and the D2 dopamine receptor gene. Studies of environmental adversity have implicated pregnancy and delivery complications, marital distress, family dysfunction, and low social class. The pattern of neuropsychological deficits found in ADHD children implicate executive functions and working memory; this pattern is similar to what has been found among adults with frontal lobe damage, which suggests that the frontal cortex or regions projecting to the frontal cortex are dysfunctional in at least some ADHD children. Moreover, neuroimaging studies implicate frontosubcortical pathways in ADHD. Notably, these pathways are rich in catecholamines, which have been implicated in ADHD by the mechanism of action of stimulants--the class of drugs that effectively treats many ADHD children. Yet human studies of the catecholamine hypothesis of ADHD have produced conflicting results, perhaps due to the insensitivity of peripheral measures.
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patterns of psychiatric comorbidity cognition and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
1993Co-Authors: Joseph Biederman, Timothy E. Wilens, Thomas J. Spencer, Stephen V. Faraone, Dennis K Norman, Kathleen A Lapey, Eric Mick, Belinda Krifcher Lehman, Alysa E DoyleAbstract:OBJECTIVE Although attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a common Disorder of childhood, its status as a Disorder in adults is not clear. The authors reasoned that if the adult diagnosis of the Disorder is a valid clinical entity, it should be similar to the childhood Disorder with regard to patterns of psychiatric and cognitive findings. METHODS Eighty-four adults with a clinical diagnosis of childhood-onset attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder confirmed by structured interview who were referred for treatment were studied. Findings were compared with those from a preexisting study group of referred children with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, nonreferred adult relatives of those children who also had attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and adults without the Disorder who were relatives of normal children. Subjects were evaluated with a comprehensive battery of psychiatric, cognitive, and psychosocial assessments. RESULTS The referred and nonreferred adults with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were similar to one another but more disturbed and impaired than the comparison subjects without the Disorder. The pattern of psychopathology, cognition, and functioning among the adults with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder approximated the findings for children with the Disorder. CONCLUSIONS These results show that referred and nonreferred adults with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder have a pattern of demographic, psychosocial, psychiatric, and cognitive features that mirrors well-documented findings among children with the Disorder. These findings further support the validity of the diagnosis for adults.
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evidence for the independent familial transmission of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and learning disabilities results from a family genetic study
1993Co-Authors: Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph Biederman, Dennis K Norman, Belinda Krifcher Lehman, Kate Keenan, Larry J Seidman, Roselyn Kolodny, Ilana Kraus, James M Perrin, Wei ChenAbstract:Objective The purpose of the study was to clarify the relationship between attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and learning disabilities. Method The authors assessed learning disabilities in a sample of 140 children with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and in 120 normal comparison children. They also assessed a sample of the probands' 822 first-degree relatives. Results The risk for learning disabilities was highest among relatives of probands with both attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and learning disabilities. The two Disorders did not cosegregate in families. There was nonrandom mating between spouses with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and learning disabilities. Conclusions The two Disorders are transmitted independently in families, and their co-occurrence may be due to nonrandom mating. Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is likely to be etiologically independent from learning disabilities.
Thomas Roth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate on sleep in adults with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
2009Co-Authors: Lenard A Adler, Richard H Weisler, Mohamed Hamdani, David W Goodman, Thomas RothAbstract:Background Sleep problems are common in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) on sleep quality in adults with ADHD.
Richard H Weisler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate on sleep in adults with attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
2009Co-Authors: Lenard A Adler, Richard H Weisler, Mohamed Hamdani, David W Goodman, Thomas RothAbstract:Background Sleep problems are common in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) on sleep quality in adults with ADHD.
Russell A Barkley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psychosocial interventions in attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
2008Co-Authors: Kevin M Antshel, Russell A BarkleyAbstract:This brief overview of psychosocial treatment approaches to attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) concentrates on the two that receive the greatest research support, parent training in child behavior management and teacher training in classroom management. Cognitive-behavioral training of children who have ADHD has little evidence of efficacy and group social skills training has mixed or limited evidence of effectiveness. Research should focus on more theoretically driven psychosocial treatment approaches, on potential side effects or adverse events associated with this form of intervention, and on the complex pathways that affect impairment in major life activities that could guide subsequent treatment design for such impairments.
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psychosocial treatments for attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children
2002Co-Authors: Russell A BarkleyAbstract:This article provides a brief overview of the major psychosocial treatments that have some efficacy for the management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. Parent training in effective child behavior management methods, classroom behavior modification methods and academic interventions, and special educational placement appear to have the greatest promise of efficacy. Augmenting these, additional family therapy in problem-solving and communication skills and the coordination of multiple school resources across the day may be necessary. To be effective in improving prognosis, treatments must be maintained over extended periods of time.
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dsm iv field trials for attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents
1994Co-Authors: Benjamin B Lahey, Joseph Biederman, Jeffrey H Newcorn, Russell A Barkley, George W Hynd, Brooks Applegate, Keith Mcburnett, Laurence L Greenhill, Peter S Jensen, John E RichtersAbstract:OBJECTIVE Optimal diagnostic thresholds were determined for DSM-IV attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and the psychometric properties were compared to alternative definitions. METHOD Structured diagnostic interviews of multiple informants for 380 clinic-referred youths aged 4-17 years were conducted. In addition, standardized clinicians' validation diagnoses of attention deficit Disorder were obtained to assess agreement with clinical judgment. Measures of impairment were obtained to assess the accuracy of identifying youth with an impairing condition. RESULTS Three subtypes of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined types) were distinguished on the basis of the degree of deviance on separate dimensions of inattention and Hyperactivity-impulsivity. These three subtypes were found to differ in terms of types of impairment, age, and sex ratio, but not ethnicity. In terms of case identification of attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, DSM-IV was found to be very similar to DSM-III-R, except that DSM-IV identified more impaired girls and preschool children. CONCLUSIONS These results support the decision to subdivide the heterogeneous category of DSM-III-R attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder into three subtypes. The resulting DSM-IV definition appears to be somewhat less biased toward the symptom pattern typical of elementary school boys.
