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Matt Field - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effects of reward and loss anticipation on Attentional Bias for reward-related stimuli.
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Paweł Jędras, Andrew Jones, Andrej Stancak, Matt FieldAbstract:Attentional Biases for reward-related (e.g., food, alcohol) cues are moderated by the expectation of imminent reward availability, but the psychological mechanisms that underlie this effect are unclear. We report two studies in which we investigated if effects of reward gain anticipation are specific to the type of reward that is anticipated, and if anticipation of loss has comparable effects to anticipation of reward gain. We used an eye tracking task to investigate the effects of anticipation of gain (experiment 1) or loss (experiment 2) of alcohol and chocolate on Attentional Bias for alcohol and chocolate pictures using full crossover designs; the effects of uncertain outcomes were investigated in both experiments. Results indicated robust effects of anticipation of reward gain and uncertainty on Attentional Bias that were outcome-specific (experiment 1). However Attentional Bias was not influenced by loss anticipation (experiment 2). Our findings demonstrate that anticipation of reward gain increases Attentional Bias for the type of reward that is anticipated, but anticipation of loss does not influence Attentional Bias.
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less than meets the eye reappraising the clinical relevance of Attentional Bias in addiction
Addictive Behaviors, 2015Co-Authors: Paul Christiansen, Tim M. Schoenmakers, Matt FieldAbstract:Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in Attentional Bias in addiction, particularly its clinical relevance. Specifically, numerous articles claimed to demonstrate either that (1) Attentional Bias measured in treatment settings could predict subsequent relapse to substance use, or (2) direct modification of Attentional Bias reduced substance use and improved treatment outcomes. In this paper, we critically evaluate empirical studies that investigated these issues. We show that the evidence regarding both of these claims is decidedly mixed, and that many of the studies that appear to yield positive findings have serious methodological and statistical limitations. We contend that the available literature suggests that Attentional Bias for drug cues fluctuates within individuals because it is an output of the underlying motivational state at that moment in time, but there is no convincing evidence that it exerts a causal influence on substance use. Future research should make use of experience sampling methodology to characterise the clinical significance of fluctuations in Attentional Bias over time.
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Pharmacological interventions to modulate Attentional Bias in addiction.
CNS spectrums, 2013Co-Authors: Maartje Luijten, Matt Field, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Attentional Bias in substance-dependent patients is the tendency to automatically direct attention to substance-related cues in the environment. Preclinical models suggest that Attentional Bias emerges as a consequence of dopaminergic activity evoked by substance-related cues. The aim of the current review is to describe pharmacological mechanisms underlying Attentional Bias in humans and to critically review empirical studies that aimed to modulate Attentional Bias in substance-dependent patients by using pharmacological agents. The findings of the reviewed studies suggest that Attentional Bias and related brain activation may be modulated by dopamine. All of the reviewed studies investigated acute effects of pharmacological agents, while measurements of chronic pharmacological treatments on Attentional Bias and clinically relevant measures such as relapse are yet lacking. Therefore, the current findings should be interpreted as a proof of principle concerning the role of dopamine in Attentional Bias. At the moment, there is too little evidence for clinical applications. While the literature search was not limited to dopamine, there is a lack of studies investigating the role of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems in substance-related Attentional Bias. A focus on neurotransmitter systems such as acetylcholine and noradrenaline could provide new insights regarding the pharmacology of substance-related Attentional Bias.
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The clinical relevance of Attentional Bias in substance use disorders
CNS spectrums, 2013Co-Authors: Matt Field, Reshmi Marhe, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Individuals with substance use disorders typically show an "Attentional Bias" for substance-related cues: Those cues are able to grab and hold the attention, in preference to other cues in the environment. We discuss the theoretical context for this work before reviewing the measurement of Attentional Bias, and its relationship to motivational state and relapse to substance use after a period of abstinence. Finally, we discuss the implications of this research for the treatment of substance use disorders. We conclude that Attentional Bias is associated with subjective craving, and that moment-by-moment fluctuations in Attentional Bias may precede relapse to substance use. The evidence regarding the predictive relationship between Attentional Bias assessed in treatment contexts and subsequent relapse is inconsistent. Furthermore, there is currently insufficient evidence to endorse Attentional Bias modification as a treatment for substance use disorders. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are highlighted.
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Neurobiological substrate of smoking-related Attentional Bias
NeuroImage, 2010Co-Authors: Maartje Luijten, Wim Van Den Brink, Dick J. Veltman, Robert Hester, Matt Field, Marion Smits, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Substance-dependent patients automatically and involuntarily allocate their attention to drug cues in the environment, a process referred to as Attentional Bias. Attentional Bias is increased during periods of subjective craving and predictive of treatment outcome and relapse in substance dependence. Despite recent theoretical and clinical advances with regard to Attentional Bias, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are largely unknown. The objective of the current study was to investigate the neural substrate of Attentional Bias and associated subjective craving in smokers. A group of smokers (n = 20) and a group of age- and gender-matched nonsmoking controls (n = 22) were recruited from the general population and participated in a single session of fMRI scanning while Attentional processes were manipulated. Main outcome measures were blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI activation during an Attentional Bias paradigm and self-reported cigarette craving. Results of the current study show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the superior parietal gyrus, and the superior temporal gyrus were more strongly activated in smokers, as compared to controls, when they had to pay attention to task-relevant information (line counting) while smoking cues were present as distracters (Attentional Bias). Subjective craving measures during Attentional Bias correlated with brain activation in the insula and putamen. To our knowledge, this is the first controlled study that shows the brain regions involved in Attentional Bias in smokers. The current study demonstrates that brain regions contributing to top-down Attentional processing are implicated in Attentional Bias in smokers, suggesting that smokers have to employ more Attentional resources to focus on a standard cognitive task when smoking cues are present.
Ingmar H.a. Franken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pharmacological interventions to modulate Attentional Bias in addiction.
CNS spectrums, 2013Co-Authors: Maartje Luijten, Matt Field, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Attentional Bias in substance-dependent patients is the tendency to automatically direct attention to substance-related cues in the environment. Preclinical models suggest that Attentional Bias emerges as a consequence of dopaminergic activity evoked by substance-related cues. The aim of the current review is to describe pharmacological mechanisms underlying Attentional Bias in humans and to critically review empirical studies that aimed to modulate Attentional Bias in substance-dependent patients by using pharmacological agents. The findings of the reviewed studies suggest that Attentional Bias and related brain activation may be modulated by dopamine. All of the reviewed studies investigated acute effects of pharmacological agents, while measurements of chronic pharmacological treatments on Attentional Bias and clinically relevant measures such as relapse are yet lacking. Therefore, the current findings should be interpreted as a proof of principle concerning the role of dopamine in Attentional Bias. At the moment, there is too little evidence for clinical applications. While the literature search was not limited to dopamine, there is a lack of studies investigating the role of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems in substance-related Attentional Bias. A focus on neurotransmitter systems such as acetylcholine and noradrenaline could provide new insights regarding the pharmacology of substance-related Attentional Bias.
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The clinical relevance of Attentional Bias in substance use disorders
CNS spectrums, 2013Co-Authors: Matt Field, Reshmi Marhe, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Individuals with substance use disorders typically show an "Attentional Bias" for substance-related cues: Those cues are able to grab and hold the attention, in preference to other cues in the environment. We discuss the theoretical context for this work before reviewing the measurement of Attentional Bias, and its relationship to motivational state and relapse to substance use after a period of abstinence. Finally, we discuss the implications of this research for the treatment of substance use disorders. We conclude that Attentional Bias is associated with subjective craving, and that moment-by-moment fluctuations in Attentional Bias may precede relapse to substance use. The evidence regarding the predictive relationship between Attentional Bias assessed in treatment contexts and subsequent relapse is inconsistent. Furthermore, there is currently insufficient evidence to endorse Attentional Bias modification as a treatment for substance use disorders. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are highlighted.
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individual differences in anterior cingulate activation associated with Attentional Bias predict cocaine use after treatment
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013Co-Authors: Reshmi Marhe, Marion Smits, Maartje Luijten, Ben J M Van De Wetering, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Drug-dependent patients often relapse into drug use after treatment. Behavioral studies show that enhanced Attentional Bias to drug cues is a precursor of relapse. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined whether brain regions involved in Attentional Bias are predictive of cocaine use after treatment. Attentional Bias-related brain activity was measured—with a cocaine Stroop task—in cocaine-dependent patients during their first week in detoxification treatment and was used to predict cocaine use at 3-month follow-up. The predictive value of Attentional Bias-related brain activity in a priori defined regions of interest, in addition to other measures such as self-reports of substance severity, craving, and behavioral Attentional Bias were examined. The results show that craving in the week before treatment and individual variability in Attentional Bias-related activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) were significant predictors of days of cocaine use at 3-month follow-up and accounted for 45% in explained variance. Brain activity in the dACC uniquely contributed 22% of explained variance to the prediction model. These findings suggest that hyperactive Attentional Bias-related brain activity in the dACC might be a biomarker of relapse vulnerability as early as in the first week of detoxification treatment. Ultimately, this may help to develop individually tailored treatment interventions to reduce relapse risk.
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Neurobiological substrate of smoking-related Attentional Bias
NeuroImage, 2010Co-Authors: Maartje Luijten, Wim Van Den Brink, Dick J. Veltman, Robert Hester, Matt Field, Marion Smits, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Substance-dependent patients automatically and involuntarily allocate their attention to drug cues in the environment, a process referred to as Attentional Bias. Attentional Bias is increased during periods of subjective craving and predictive of treatment outcome and relapse in substance dependence. Despite recent theoretical and clinical advances with regard to Attentional Bias, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are largely unknown. The objective of the current study was to investigate the neural substrate of Attentional Bias and associated subjective craving in smokers. A group of smokers (n = 20) and a group of age- and gender-matched nonsmoking controls (n = 22) were recruited from the general population and participated in a single session of fMRI scanning while Attentional processes were manipulated. Main outcome measures were blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI activation during an Attentional Bias paradigm and self-reported cigarette craving. Results of the current study show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the superior parietal gyrus, and the superior temporal gyrus were more strongly activated in smokers, as compared to controls, when they had to pay attention to task-relevant information (line counting) while smoking cues were present as distracters (Attentional Bias). Subjective craving measures during Attentional Bias correlated with brain activation in the insula and putamen. To our knowledge, this is the first controlled study that shows the brain regions involved in Attentional Bias in smokers. The current study demonstrates that brain regions contributing to top-down Attentional processing are implicated in Attentional Bias in smokers, suggesting that smokers have to employ more Attentional resources to focus on a standard cognitive task when smoking cues are present.
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a meta analytic investigation of the relationship between Attentional Bias and subjective craving in substance abuse
Psychological Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Matt Field, Marcus R Munafo, Ingmar H.a. FrankenAbstract:Theoretical models of addiction suggest that Attentional Bias for substance-related cues should be associated with self-reported craving. The authors evaluated the strength of the association by performing a meta-analysis on 68 independent data sets from which correlation coefficients between subjective craving and Attentional Bias indices were derived. Additional stratified analyses were conducted to identify any variables that might moderate the association between craving and Attentional Bias. The primary meta-analysis indicated a significant, albeit weak (r = .19), association between Attentional Bias and craving. Stratified analyses revealed that the association was larger for illicit drug and caffeine craving than for alcohol and tobacco craving, larger for direct measures of attention (eye movement measures and event-related potential measures) than for indirect behavioral measures of Attentional Bias, and larger when craving strength was high than when it was low (all ps < .05). The size of the correlation did not differ among patients in treatment and individuals who were not seeking treatment. These results suggest that Attentional Bias and craving are related phenomena, although the relationship is generally modest and appears to be moderated by various factors. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Willem Van Der Does - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Attentional Bias modification in posttraumatic stress disorder a randomized controlled trial
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 2013Co-Authors: Maartje Schoorl, Peter Putman, Willem Van Der DoesAbstract:Background: Attentional Bias modification (ABM) is a new treatment for anxiety disorders. Three randomized controlled clinical trials have shown positive effects of ABM in social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. This study investigated the efficacy of ABM in outpatients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Randomized controlled double-blind trial (n = 102). ABM and control treatment consisted of eight 20-min sessions over the course of 3 weeks. Symptoms and Attentional Bias were assessed before and after treatment and at 3-week follow-up. Results: ABM and the control treatment were equally effective in reducing the symptoms of PTSD. The effect sizes of the improvement (from before to after treatment) were 0.66 for ABM and 0.46 for the control treatment, which is comparable to the effect sizes of pill-placebos in pharmacotherapy trials of chronic PTSD. Both treatments did not affect Attentional Bias. The acceptability and tolerability of ABM was moderate. Conclusions: This version of ABM is not an effective treatment of PTSD.
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The effects of a visual search Attentional Bias modification paradigm on Attentional Bias in dysphoric individuals.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Anne-wil Kruijt, Peter Putman, Willem Van Der DoesAbstract:Abstract Background and Objectives Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) may constitute a new type of treatment for affective disorders. ABM refers to computerized training programs that have been developed based on laboratory findings in experimental psychology. Meta-analyses have reported moderate effect sizes in anxiety disorders. Two small studies have also claimed an effect in dysphoria. Furthermore, a series of studies in individuals with low self-esteem has shown that they benefit from a single session of an ABM variant based on a visual search task. The current study tested the working mechanism of visual search ABM in dysphoria. Methods Forty dysphoric individuals engaged in a single session of ABM training or control training. Attentional Bias for positive and negative facial expressions was assessed pre- and post training. Positive and negative mood states were assessed throughout the procedure. Results Attentional training had no effect on Attentional Bias. Positive and negative mood states were not differentially affected by training condition. Limitations Small treatment effects may have gone undetected and there are some methodological differences with prior research. Conclusion We found no evidence that engaging in a single session of a visual search ABM modifies Attentional Biases for happy, sad or disgusted facial expressions.
Patrick J.f. Clarke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effects of Attentional Bias modification on emotion regulation.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: Bram Van Bockstaele, Lies Notebaert, Colin Macleod, Elske Salemink, Patrick J.f. Clarke, Bruno Verschuere, Susan M. Bögels, Reinout W. WiersAbstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In two experiments, we investigated the effects of Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) on emotion regulation, i.e. the manner in which people influence emotional experiences. We hypothesized that decreases in Attentional Bias to threat would impair upregulation and improve downregulation of negative emotions, while increases in Attentional Bias to threat would improve upregulation and impair downregulation of negative emotions. METHODS: Using the emotion-in-motion paradigm (Experiment 1, N = 60) and the visual search task (Experiment 2, N = 58), we trained participants to attend to either threatening or positive stimuli and we assessed emotion intensity while observing, upregulating, and downregulating emotions in response to grids of mixed emotional pictures. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, the attend positive group reported more positive emotions while merely watching grids of training pictures and the attend threat group showed impaired upregulation of negative affect. In Experiment 2, the attend threat group reported intensified negative emotions for all three instructions, while the attend positive group remained largely stable over time. LIMITATIONS: We cannot unequivocally attribute these changes in emotion regulation to changes in Attentional Bias, as neither of the experiments yielded significant changes in Attentional Bias to threat. CONCLUSIONS: By showing that Attentional Bias modification procedures affect the manner in which people deal with emotions, we add empirical weight to the conceptual overlap between Attentional Bias modification and emotion regulation.
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Attentional Bias mediates the effect of neurostimulation on emotional vulnerability
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2017Co-Authors: Lies Notebaert, Colin Macleod, Patrick J.f. Clarke, Nigel T M Chen, Julian BasanovicAbstract:Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique which has garnered recent interest in the potential treatment for emotion-based psychopathology. While accumulating evidence suggests that tDCS may attenuate emotional vulnerability, critically, little is known about underlying mechanisms of this effect. The present study sought to clarify this by examining the possibility that tDCS may affect emotional vulnerability via its capacity to modulate Attentional Bias towards threatening information. Fifty healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive either anodal tDCS (2 mA/min) stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or sham. Participants were then eye tracked during a dual-video stressor task designed to elicit emotional reactivity, while providing a concurrent in-vivo measure of Attentional Bias. Greater Attentional Bias towards threatening information was associated with greater emotional reactivity to the stressor task. Furthermore, the active tDCS group showed reduced Attentional Bias to threat, compared to the sham group. Importantly, Attentional Bias was found to statistically mediate the effect of tDCS on emotional reactivity, while no direct effect of tDCS on emotional reactivity was observed. The findings are consistent with the notion that the effect of tDCS on emotional vulnerability may be mediated by changes in Attentional Bias, holding implications for the application of tDCS in emotion-based psychopathology. The findings also highlight the utility of in-vivo eye tracking measures in the examination of the mechanisms associated with DLPFC neuromodulation in emotional vulnerability.
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The Attentional Bias modification approach to anxiety intervention
Clinical Psychological Science, 2015Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Patrick J.f. ClarkeAbstract:Anxiety vulnerability and dysfunction are characterized by an Attentional Bias to threat. Cognitive training procedures designed to modify selective Attentional responding to threat originally were developed to test the hypothesis that this Attentional Bias causally contributes to anxious disposition. The capacity of Attentional Bias modification (ABM) training to alleviate dysfunctional anxiety has since attracted growing interest, and the present article reviews studies that have evaluated this therapeutic potential. When intended ABM training has successfully reduced attention to threat, it also has reduced anxiety vulnerability and symptomatology with a high degree of reliability. When the delivery of intended ABM training has not resulted in such anxiety reduction, this typically has reflected the failure to successfully modify Attentional selectivity as required. We discuss ways in which ABM training procedures may be refined to optimize their capacity to reduce Attentional Bias to threat, to improv...
Kai Spiegelhalder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sleep related Attentional Bias in insomnia a state of the science review
Clinical Psychology Review, 2015Co-Authors: Kamelia Harris, Kai Spiegelhalder, Colin A. Espie, Kenneth Macmahon, Heather Cleland Woods, Simon D KyleAbstract:Prominent models of insomnia posit that sleep-related Attentional Bias plays an important role in the development and maintenance of insomnia. Here we conduct the first systematic review of the sleep-related Attentional Bias construct, indexed through reaction time-based experimental tasks. Literature search identified 13 studies that met pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Included studies involved between-group comparisons (poor sleepers versus controls), as well as sleep manipulations and correlational investigations with healthy sleepers. For studies involving comparisons between poor sleepers and healthy controls, effect size estimates were computed for task-relevant dependent variables. Six of the nine studies comparing poor sleepers and controls revealed statistically significant group differences in support of a differential sleep-related Attentional Bias (medium-to-large effect sizes), with flicker, dot-probe and Posner tasks being most sensitive to group effects. Due to the paucity of studies and variability in design and measurement, no conclusions could be reached regarding manipulation or induction of Attentional Bias in good sleepers. Results from the relatively small number of studies support the presence of sleep-related Attentional Bias in insomnia; however, its role in the development and/or maintenance of insomnia remains to be elucidated. We set out a research agenda aimed at advancing the understanding of sleep-related attention Bias.
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Is sleep-related Attentional Bias due to sleepiness or sleeplessness?
Cognition & Emotion, 2009Co-Authors: Kai Spiegelhalder, Colin A. Espie, Dieter RiemannAbstract:Sleep-related Attentional Bias is a well-documented finding in patients with primary insomnia. To address the question of whether Attentional preference for sleep-related stimuli is due to sleepiness (as measured by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale; SSS) or sleeplessness (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI) we investigated 105 non-clinical participants with two Attentional Bias tasks, an emotional Stroop task and a newly introduced mixed-modality task. The emotional Stroop task revealed significant positive linear relationships between sleep-related Attentional Bias and both poor sleep quality and sleepiness. Additionally, we found a significant negative interaction effect between these two variables on the cognitive Bias. This means that Attentional Bias scores are reduced when poor sleep quality is associated with high sleepiness and high sleep quality is associated with low sleepiness. We did not find any significant result in the mixed-modality task. The results suggest that sleep-related Attentional Bias can be elicited by both sleepiness and sleeplessness.
